Which anthropometric equation to predict body fat percentage is more strongly associated with maximum oxygen uptake in adolescents? A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Identifying the relationship between maximum consumption of oxygen and body fat percentage is important due to increased cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the association between body fat percentage determined by three predictive equations using anthropometric measures (Lohman, Boileau, and Slaughter) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). We also aimed to estimate the capacity of these equations for explaining VO2max variations in adolescents according to sex. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in high schools in São José, Southern Brazil. METHODS: This study included 879 adolescents (14-19 years) from Southern Brazil. Aerobic fitness was assessed using the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test. The independent variable was body fat percentage predicted by the Lohman, Boileau, and Slaughter equations. Analyses adjusted for sociodemographic variables, physical activity level, and sexual maturation were performed with P value < 0.05. RESULTS: All anthropometric prediction equations used to estimate body fat percentage explained VO2max variations in adolescents. In male adolescents, both regression models based on the Boileau et al.12 and Lohman10 equations revealed higher explanatory power for VO2max (20%) compared with that based on the Slaughter et al.13 equation (19%). In female adolescents, the model based on the anthropometric equation of Slaughter et al.13 showed the greatest explanatory power for VO2max (18%). CONCLUSION: The inverse relationship between VO2max and body fat intensifies the need for effective intervention programs that prioritize maintenance of appropriate body fat and aerobic fitness levels because inadequate levels of both factors result in negative health consequences.

Association between lipid and glycemic profile and total body and trunk fat in children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV.

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic alterations and body fat redistribution are common in people living with HIV using antiretroviral therapy and increase the risk of premature cardiovascular diseases. AIM: To verify the presence of difference in the lipid and glycemic profile in relation to different total body and trunk fat phenotypes in children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV+. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 62 children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV+. Lipid and glycemic profiles were obtained from blood samples. Total and trunk fat mass (FM) was obtained by DXA. Analysis of covariance was used to verify if there is difference in the lipid and glycemic profile between total body and trunk fat phenotypes. RESULTS: In males, in the covariate-adjusted model, it was observed that boys with high total FM had higher triglyceride values (mean: 164.9 mg/dl-1 ±31.2) compared to those with low and adequate total FM. In females, in adjusted models, it was observed that girls with high total FM had higher total cholesterol (mean: 181.6 mg/dl-1 ±13.8) and LDL-C values (mean: 111.8 mg/dl-1 ±12.0), compared to those with low and adequate total FM. Girls with trunk FM had higher total cholesterol (mean: 181.6 mg/dl-1 ± 13.8), LDL-C (mean: 71.3 mg/dl-1 ± 9.6) and blood glucose values (91.6 mg/dl-1 ± 2.2). CONCLUSION: Boys with high total FM had higher triglyceride levels, while in females, it was observed that girls with high total FM and high trunk FM had higher total cholesterol, LDL-C and blood glucose values. High body fat in children and adolescents living with HIV is related to metabolic changes in the lipid and glycemic profile, with specificities of sex and fat location.

Which anthropometric equation to predict body fat percentage is more strongly associated with maximum oxygen uptake in adolescents? A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Identifying the relationship between maximum consumption of oxygen and body fat percentage is important due to increased cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the association between body fat percentage determined by three predictive equations using anthropometric measures (Lohman, Boileau, and Slaughter) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). We also aimed to estimate the capacity of these equations for explaining VO2max variations in adolescents according to sex. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in high schools in São José, Southern Brazil. METHODS: This study included 879 adolescents (14-19 years) from Southern Brazil. Aerobic fitness was assessed using the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test. The independent variable was body fat percentage predicted by the Lohman, Boileau, and Slaughter equations. Analyses adjusted for sociodemographic variables, physical activity level, and sexual maturation were performed with P value < 0.05. RESULTS: All anthropometric prediction equations used to estimate body fat percentage explained VO2max variations in adolescents. In male adolescents, both regression models based on the Boileau et al.12 and Lohman10 equations revealed higher explanatory power for VO2max (20%) compared with that based on the Slaughter et al.13 equation (19%). In female adolescents, the model based on the anthropometric equation of Slaughter et al.13 showed the greatest explanatory power for VO2max (18%). CONCLUSION: The inverse relationship between VO2max and body fat intensifies the need for effective intervention programs that prioritize maintenance of appropriate body fat and aerobic fitness levels because inadequate levels of both factors result in negative health consequences.

Anthropometric indicators of body fat as discriminators of low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the discriminatory power of anthropometric indicators of body fat (BF) for identifying low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as the association between cutoff points and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 1132 students (age 14-19 years). The following anthropometric variables were measured according to international standards: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), triceps skinfold thickness (TR), subscapular skinfold (SS), suprailiac skinfold (SI), sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (∑TR + SS), and sum of triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds (∑TR + SS + SI). The BF percentage was calculated using the equations of Lohman (1986) (%FL), Slaughter et al. (1988) (%FS), and Boileau et al. (1985) (%FB). RESULTS: Except for TR, WC, WHtR and BMI, boys with values for the other anthropometric indicators (SS, SI, ∑TR + SS, ∑TR + SS + SI, %FL, %FS, %FB) above the cutoff point were more likely to have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Girls with values for TR, ∑TR + SS, %FB and %FL above the cutoff points were more likely to have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric indicators had discriminatory power to identify low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The reported anthropometric indicators, indexes and equations can be used by healthcare professionals in clinical practice and by school teachers as a simple, fast and inexpensive alternative to identify low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Oxygen uptake and indicators of obesity: meta-analysis including 17,604 adolescents / Consumo de oxígeno e indicadores de obesidad: metanálisis incluindo 17.604 adolescentes / Consumo de oxigênio e indicadores de obesidade: metanálise incluindo 17.604 adolescentes

ABSTRACT Introduction: Low aerobic fitness levels are associated with excess body adiposity in adolescents. However, studies that have analyzed this association in adolescents have used different methods and measures to evaluate aerobic fitness, making it difficult to compare the results. Objective: To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of studies that have analyzed the association between aerobic fitness and anthropometric body adiposity indicators in adolescents aged 10-19 years. Methods: A systematic search was performed in May 2016, updated in March 2017, in the following electronic databases: LILACS (BIREME), Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. Results: Twenty-three studies were selected. The meta-analysis indicated that as the aerobic fitness levels increased, the BMI, waist circumference and body fat percentage values of the adolescents decreased. Conclusion: There is a negative association between aerobic fitness (evaluated by measuring maximum oxygen uptake in the 20-meter Shuttle Run test) and the body fat percentage, BMI and waist circumference of adolescents and a negative association between aerobic fitness (assessed by measuring the number of laps in the 20-meter Shuttle Run test) and body fat percentage. However, caution is required in the interpretation of data due to the heterogeneity of the studies analyzed. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review of studies with level II of evidence.

RESUMEN Introducción: La evidencia sugiere que los niveles bajos de aptitud aeróbica están asociados a un exceso de adiposidad corporal en los adolescentes. Sin embargo, los estudios que analizaron esta asociación en adolescentes utilizaron diferentes métodos y medidas para evaluar la aptitud aeróbica, lo que dificulta la comparación de los resultados encontrados. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática con metanálisis de estudios que evaluaron la asociación entre aptitud aeróbica e indicadores antropométricos de adiposidad corporal en adolescentes de 10 a 19 años. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en mayo de 2016, actualizada em marzo de 2017, en las bases de datos electrónicas: LILACS (BIREME), Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), Scopus y SPORTDiscus. Esta revisión incluyó estudios transversales con adolescentes de 10 a 19 años que analizaron la asociación entre la aptitud aeróbica (con diferentes métodos de evaluación) y los indicadores antropométricos de la adiposidad corporal (utilizando la antropometría como método). Resultados: Se seleccionaron 23 estudios. El metanálisis indicó que a medida que aumentaban los niveles de aptitud aeróbica, el IMC, la circunferencia de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa corporal de los adolescentes disminuían. Conclusión: Existe una asociación negativa entre la aptitud aeróbica (evaluada por el test Shuttle Run 20 metros mediante el consumo máximo de oxígeno) y el porcentaje de grasa, IMC y circunferencia de cintura de los adolescentes y una asociación negativa entre la aptitud aeróbica evaluada por el test Shuttle Run 20 metros según el número de vueltas y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Sin embargo, se requiere precaución al interpretar los datos debido a la heterogeneidad de los estudios analizados. Nivel de evidencia II; Revisión sistemática de estudios de nivel II

RESUMO Introdução: Os baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbica estão associados ao excesso de adiposidade corporal em adolescentes. Porém, os estudos que analisaram essa associação em adolescentes, utilizaram diferentes métodos e medidas para avaliar a aptidão aeróbica, o que dificulta a comparação dos resultados. Objetivos: Realizar uma revisão sistemática com metanálise de estudos que analisaram a associação entre aptidão aeróbica e indicadores antropométricos de adiposidade corporal em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos. Métodos: Realizou-se busca sistemática em maio de 2016, atualizada em março de 2017, nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas: LILACS (BIREME), Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), Scopus e SPORTDiscus. Resultados: Foram selecionados 23 estudos. A metanálise indicou que à medida que aumentavam os níveis de aptidão aeróbica, diminuíam os valores de IMC, do perímetro da cintura e do percentual de gordura corporal dos adolescentes. Conclusões: Existe uma associação negativa entre aptidão aeróbica (avaliada pela medida da captação de oxigênio no teste de corrida de vaivém de 20 metros [20m Shuttle Run]) e percentual de gordura, IMC e perímetro da cintura dos adolescentes e associação negativa entre aptidão aeróbica (avaliada pela contagem de voltas no teste de vai e vem de 20 metros) e percentual de gordura corporal. Contudo, é necessária cautela na interpretação dos dados devido à heterogeneidade dos estudos analisados. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática de Estudos de Nível II

[Assistance programs for physical activity in Brazilian schools: a review based on the RE-AIM model]. / Programas de intervenção para atividade física nas escolas brasileiras: revisão com base no modelo RE-AIM.

The analysis of physical activity (PA) assistance programs is of major importance to ensure progress in the area. The Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) tool has been broadly disseminated in the literature. This study set out to identify PA assistance programs among Brazilian students and analyze them using the RE-AIM tool. The search was conducted in the Lilacs, SportDiscus, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhot, PsycINFO and PubMed databases. After thoroughly researching titles, abstracts and studies, 15 articles (seven PA assistance programs) were included. The programs were conducted in the past decade at public schools in the South and Southeast of Brazil. Multicomponent (education and teacher training) strategies were used with positive results in the practice of PA. With respect to the results of the RE-AIM tool, it was found that the most reported dimensions were "reach" (74%), followed by "efficacy" (48%), "adoption" (43%), "implementation" (35%) and "maintenance" (5%). The indicators most frequently mentioned were those related to the internal validity of the program: demographic and behavioral information of the target population, method of identification of the target population, sample size, participation rate and number of organizational units involved.

Analisar programas de intervenção para atividade física (AF) é de grande importância para auxiliar o avanço na área. A ferramenta RE-AIM vem sendo amplamente difundida na literatura. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou identificar programas de intervenção para AF em escolares brasileiros e analisá-los por meio da ferramenta RE-AIM. A busca foi realizada nas bases Lilacs, SportDiscus, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhot, Psycinfo e PubMed. Após leitura de títulos, resumos e estudos na íntegra, foram inclusos 15 artigos (sete programas de intervenção para AF). Verificou-se que os programas foram realizados nos últimos dez anos, em escolas públicas, com a maior parte nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas estratégias multicomponentes (educativas e treinamento de professores), com resultados positivos na prática de AF. Quanto às dimensões do RE-AIM, verificou-se que "alcance" foi a mais relatada (74%), seguida de "efetividade/eficácia" (48%), "adoção" (43%), "implementação" (35%) e "manutenção" (5%). Os indicadores mais mencionados foram aqueles referentes à validade interna do programa: informação demográfica e comportamental da população alvo, método de identificação da população-alvo, tamanho da amostra, taxa de participação e número de unidades organizacionais envolvidas.

Programas de intervenção para atividade física nas escolas brasileiras: revisão com base no modelo RE-AIM / Assistance programs for physical activity in Brazilian schools: a review based on the RE-AIM model

Resumo Analisar programas de intervenção para atividade física (AF) é de grande importância para auxiliar o avanço na área. A ferramenta RE-AIM vem sendo amplamente difundida na literatura. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou identificar programas de intervenção para AF em escolares brasileiros e analisá-los por meio da ferramenta RE-AIM. A busca foi realizada nas bases Lilacs, SportDiscus, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhot, Psycinfo e PubMed. Após leitura de títulos, resumos e estudos na íntegra, foram inclusos 15 artigos (sete programas de intervenção para AF). Verificou-se que os programas foram realizados nos últimos dez anos, em escolas públicas, com a maior parte nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas estratégias multicomponentes (educativas e treinamento de professores), com resultados positivos na prática de AF. Quanto às dimensões do RE-AIM, verificou-se que "alcance" foi a mais relatada (74%), seguida de "efetividade/eficácia" (48%), "adoção" (43%), "implementação" (35%) e "manutenção" (5%). Os indicadores mais mencionados foram aqueles referentes à validade interna do programa: informação demográfica e comportamental da população alvo, método de identificação da população-alvo, tamanho da amostra, taxa de participação e número de unidades organizacionais envolvidas.

Abstract The analysis of physical activity (PA) assistance programs is of major importance to ensure progress in the area. The Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) tool has been broadly disseminated in the literature. This study set out to identify PA assistance programs among Brazilian students and analyze them using the RE-AIM tool. The search was conducted in the Lilacs, SportDiscus, SciELO, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhot, PsycINFO and PubMed databases. After thoroughly researching titles, abstracts and studies, 15 articles (seven PA assistance programs) were included. The programs were conducted in the past decade at public schools in the South and Southeast of Brazil. Multicomponent (education and teacher training) strategies were used with positive results in the practice of PA. With respect to the results of the RE-AIM tool, it was found that the most reported dimensions were "reach" (74%), followed by "efficacy" (48%), "adoption" (43%), "implementation" (35%) and "maintenance" (5%). The indicators most frequently mentioned were those related to the internal validity of the program: demographic and behavioral information of the target population, method of identification of the target population, sample size, participation rate and number of organizational units involved.

Prevalence of Brazilian children and youth who meet health criteria for cardiorespiratory fitness: systematic review / Prevalência de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros que atenderam critérios de saúde para aptidão cardiorrespiratória: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract The study aimed to systematically review the literature to identify the prevalence of Brazilian children and adolescents that meet health criteria for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The search was performed in the electronic databases (PubMED, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) and list of references of identified articles. Inclusion criteria were: population composed of children and/or adolescents (0-19 years or average age up to 19 years); studies with Brazilian children and/or adolescents and observational studies with cross-sectional or longitudinal design. The process of analysis of studies involved reading titles, abstracts and full texts. After these phases, 60 articles were eligible. Regarding the design, two studies were longitudinal. Of the total studies included, 49 presented moderate methodological quality values and 11 presented low methodological quality values, according to National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute instrument. The prevalence of children and adolescents who met CRF health criteria varied among studies (7.5% to 70.4%), and this variation was higher in girls than in boys. Total of 49.093 individuals aged 6-19 years were surveyed to compute all of these studies, resulting in 32.2% of subjects (27.7% of boys and 28.4% of girls) with CRF levels adequate for health around Brazil. These results may help to screen the pediatric population at risk if CRF is considered as a health measure.

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo revisar sistematicamente a literatura para identificar a prevalência de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros que atendem aos critérios de saúde para aptidão cardiorrespiratória (CRF). A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMED, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, SPORTDiscus e Web of Science) e lista de referências dos artigos identificados. Os critérios de inclusão foram: população considerada criança e/ou adolescente (idade de 0 a 19 anos ou com média de idade até 19 anos); estudos com amostra de crianças e/ou adolescentes de nacionalidade brasileira e estudos observacionais com delineamento transversal ou longitudinal. O processo de análise dos estudos envolveu leitura de títulos, resumos e textos completos. Após essas fases, 60 artigos foram elegíveis. Em relação ao delineamento, dois estudos foram longitudinais. Do total de estudos incluídos, 49 estudos apresentaram valores moderados para qualidade metodológica e 11 apresentaram valores baixos para qualidade metodológica, conforme instrumento da National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. As prevalências de crianças e adolescentes que atenderam aos critérios de saúde para CRF variaram entre os estudos (7.5% a 70.4%), sendo essa variação maior nas meninas que nos meninos. Total de 49.093 jovens de seis a 19 anos foi pesquisado ao computar todos esses estudos e isso resultou em 32,2% de sujeitos (27,7% dos meninos e 28,4% das meninas) com níveis adequados de CRF para a saúde ao redor do Brasil. Esses resultados podem auxiliar no rastreamento da população pediátrica que se encontra em risco se for considerado a CRF como medida de saúde.

Clusters of anthropometric indicators of body fat associated with maximum oxygen uptake in adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate different clusters of anthropometric indicators (body mass index | BMI |, waist circumference | WC |, waist-to-height ratio | WHtR |, triceps skinfold |TR SF|, subscapular skinfold |SE SF|, sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfolds | ΣTR + SE |, and sum of the triceps, subscapular and suprailiac folds | ΣTR + SE + SI|) associated with the VO2max levels in adolescents. METHODS: The study included 1,132 adolescents (aged 14-19 years) enrolled in public schools of São José, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in the 2014 academic year. The dependent variable was the cluster of anthropometric indicators (BMI, WC, WHtR, TR SF, SE SF, SI SF, ΣTR + SE and ΣTR + SE + SI) of excess body fat. The independent variable was maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), estimated by the modified Canadian aerobic fitness test-mCAFT. Control variables were: age, skin color, economic level, maternal education, physical activity and sexual maturation. Multinomial logistic regression was used for associations between the dependent and independent variables. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify the association between adolescents with all anthropometric indicators in excess and independent variables. RESULTS: One in ten adolescents presented all anthropometric indicators of excess body fat. Multinomial regression showed that with each increase of one VO2max unit, the odds of adolescents having three, four, five or more anthropometric indicators of excess body fat decreased by 0.92, 0.85 and 0.73 times, respectively. In the binary regression, this fact was reconfirmed, demonstrating that with each increase of one VO2max unit, the odds of adolescents having simultaneously the eight anthropometric indicators of excess body fat decreased by 0.55. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that with each increase of one VO2max unit, adolescents decreased the odds of simultaneously presenting three or more anthropometric indicators of excess body fat, regardless of biological, economic and lifestyle factors. In addition, the present study identified that one in ten adolescents had all anthropometric indicators of excess body fat.

Prevalence and factors associated with sedentary behavior in the school recess among adolescents

To estimate the prevalence of sedentary behavior in school recess and to verify sociodemographic factors (sex, age, economic level and type of school), anthropometric indicators (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference) and lifestyle (level of physical activity and eating habits) associated with adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional study with 583 adolescents (aged 11-17 years), from the city of Criciúma, Brazil. Sedentary behavior during school recess was self-reported. Sociodemographic and lifestyle information was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. BMI was calculated and waist circumference was measured. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The prevalence of sedentary behavior during school recess was 50.6% (male 44.5%, female 56.7%). Adolescents aged 14-17 years (male [OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.26-3.53], female [OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.46-4.34]), from private schools (male [OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.49-4.37], female [OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.23-3.78]) were more likely to remain in sedentary behavior during school recess. Girls with high waist circumference (OR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.01-2.84) and inadequate eating habits (OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.05-4.24) were more likely to remain in sedentary behavior during school recess. Conclusion: Half of the adolescents presented sedentary behavior during school recess. Adolescents from private schools and in the age group of 14-17 years and girls with high waist circumference and inadequate eating habits were more likely to remain in sedentary behavior during school recess.(AU)

Simultaneous Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescents Associated with Higher Economic Class in the Northeast of Brazil.

DESIGN: The social, cultural, and economic context can be an important variable in the perception and adoption of risk behaviors in adolescents. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of simultaneous health risk behaviors and associated socioeconomic factors in adolescents living in the metropolitan region of Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil. METHODS: The sample consisted of 2,207 high school students aged 13-18 years. The risk behaviors measured were "low levels of physical activity," "excessive daily TV time," "high consumption of alcoholic beverages on a single occasion," "involvement in fights," "smoking cigarettes," "carrying firearms," and "marijuana consumption." Information was obtained through self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Considering the results, it was observed that female adolescents and those aged up to 16 years were less likely to have two or more health risk behaviors compared to males and those aged 17 years or more, respectively. It was also found that both high- and middle-income level adolescents had higher prevalence of having two or more health risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that male adolescents older than 16 years with better socioeconomic level were more exposed to the simultaneous presence of several health risk behaviors.

Prevalence and factors associated with stages of behavior change for physical activity in adolescents: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To analyze prevalence and factors associated with stages of behavior change for physical activity in adolescents. DATA SOURCES: A search was performed in SciELO, PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and LILACS. The search terms were "behavior change" OR "stages of change" OR "stages of readiness" OR "readiness to change" OR "transtheoretical model" OR "process to change" OR "decisional balance", and "motor activity" OR "physical activity" OR "physical exercise" and "adolescent" OR "students". After the eligibility criteria, 18 articles were selected. RESULTS: The highest prevalence of adolescents in the precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages was found in the Germany, South Korea, and Iran while there were more adolescents in the action and maintenance in South Korea and Brazil. The evidence of association indicated that females are more likely to be in precontemplation, contemplation and preparation. The evidence was inconclusive for age (in relation to the precontemplation, contemplation, action and maintenance stages), economic status (all stages), shift of study (when stratified by gender) and body composition (all stages). No association was found with parental level of education. CONCLUSION: The findings can help to guide interventions and further research on the topic of behavior changes for physical activity in adolescents.

Prevalência e fatores associados a baixos níveis de força lombar em adolescentes / Prevalence and factors associated with low lumbar strength in adolescents

INTRODUCTION: Low back pain is a multifactorial disorder and is one of the most common musculoskeletal discomfort in adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with low levels of lumbar force in adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 909 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years enrolled in public schools in São José, of Santa Catarina State - Southern Brazil. Lumbar force was analyzed by the lumbar extension test developed by a Canadian research group, which proposes different cutoffs according sex. Independent variables were sex, age, socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption, screen time, physical activity, aerobic fitness and mass body index. For data analysis, binary logistic regression was used, with significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The prevalence of low levels of lumbar force was 45.2%, being 36.2% for boys and 53.1% for girls. The population subgroups most likely to present low levels of lumbar force were females (OR: 1,99; CI95%: 1,52 to 2,60) and those adolescents with overweight (OR: 1,48; CI95%: 1,12 to 1,96. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the students had low levels of lumbar force. The girls, the adolescents with overweight and with excessive time in front of the screen most likely present low levels of lumbar force. The innovation of this study is modifiable factors such as the excessive time screen and overweight may be used to promote health interventions to improve levels of lumbar strength of youth.

INTRODUÇÃO: A lombalgia é uma doença multifatorial e é um dos desconfortos musculoesqueléticos mais comuns. OBJETIVO: Assim, o objetivo é analisar os fatores associados e estimar a prevalência de baixos níveis de força lombar em adolescentes. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 909 adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos, estudantes de escolas públicas da cidade de São José, Santa Catarina - Brasil. Analisou-se a força lombar por meio do teste de extensão lombar proposto pela Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Approach (CPAFLA) que propõe pontos de corte distintos para os sexos. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram: sexo, idade, nível econômico, tempo de tela, atividade física, aptidão aeróbia e Indíce de Massa corporal. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a regressão logística binária com nível de significância de 5% RESULTADOS: A prevalência de baixos níveis de força lombar foi de 45,2%, sendo 36,2% para os meninos e 53,1% para as meninas. Os subgrupos populacionais com maiores chances de baixos níveis de força lombar foram o sexo feminino (OR: 1,99; IC95%: 1,52-2,60) e adolescentes com excesso de peso (OR: 1,48; IC95%: 1,12-1,96. CONCLUSÃO: Quase metade dos estudantes apresentaram baixos níveis de força lombar. As meninas, os adolescentes com excesso de peso e os com tempo excessivo à frente da tela estiveram mais propícios a terem baixos níveis de força lombar. A novidade desse artigo é que fatores modificáveis, como o tempo de tela excessivo e o excesso de peso podem ser preteridos em intervenções de promoção da saúde que visem aprimorar os níveis de força dos jovens.

Comparison of three criteria for overweight and obesity classification among adolescents from southern Brazil

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of the classifications of overweight and obesity in adolescents according to three criteria for nutritional status classification (Conde & Monteiro, International Obesity Task Force - IOTF and Word Health Organization - WHO), and to investigate whether sociodemographic factors associated with overweight and obesity differ among the three criteria. METHOD: cross-sectional study with 1,132 adolescents (14-19 years old) living in Brazil. Body Mass Index (BMI) was classified according to three criteria for nutritional status. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic information. Sexual maturation was measured by self-reported Tanner stage ratings. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the Odds Ratio and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of the classification "overweight" (from here on referred to simply as "overweight") was 23.1% for WHO; 23.7% for Conde Monteiro criteria: and 19.2% for IOTF. Both boys and girls aged 17-19 were more likely to be overweight using the WHO and Conde & Monteiro criteria than those using the IOTF criteria. Girls in the post-pubertal maturational stage were less likely of being overweight or obese using the three criteria. CONCLUSION: The three criteria result in different prevalence measures, with WHO and Conde and Monteiro criteria being more approximate in terms of prevalence and correlated factors when compared to IOTF criteria.

Obesity in adolescents in Southern Brazil: association with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and maturational stage / Obesidade em adolescentes do Sul do Brasil: associação com fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida e estágio maturacional

Abstract Excess body fat is associated with chronic degenerative diseases, being a global public health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of obesity with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle (physical activity, dietary habits) and sexual maturation in high school students of a city in southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study with 820 adolescents enrolled in public high schools of São José, Santa Catarina, Brazil, aged 14-17 years. Obesity was estimated by body fat percentage (BF%). BF% was calculated using the Lohman equation, which considers the sum of skinfolds (triceps and subscapularis). Cutoff points proposed by William et al. were used to classify individuals into normal weight or obese. Independent variables were sex, age, economic status, parental education, eating habits, physical activity and sexual maturation. The prevalence of obesity was 17.2%. Females (OR: 4.22; 95% CI: 2.72-6.54) and young people at post-pubertal stage of sexual maturation (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.33-2.86) were more likely to have obesity. These results may help health authorities in the planning of public policies to prevent obesity.

Resumo O excesso de adiposidade corporal está associado a doenças crônicas degenerativas, sendo problema global de saúde pública. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação da obesidade com fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida (atividade física, hábitos alimentares) e maturação sexual em estudantes do ensino médio de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com 820 adolescentes de escolas públicas de São José, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com idade de 14 a 17 anos. A obesidade foi estimada por meio do percentual de gordura corporal (%G). O %G foi calculado por meio da equação de Lohman que considera o somatório de dobras cutâneas (Tríceps e Subescapular). Usou-se os pontos de corte proposto por Willian et al. para classificar os jovens em eutróficos ou obesos. As variáveis independentes foram sexo, idade, nível econômico, escolaridade dos pais, hábitos alimentares, nível de atividade física e maturação sexual. A prevalência de obesidade foi de 17,2%. O sexo feminino (OR: 4,22; IC95%: 2,72-6,54) e os jovens no estágio pós-púbere de maturação sexual (OR: 1,95; IC95%:1,33-2,86) apresentaram maiores chances de obesidade. Estes resultados podem auxiliar as autoridades do município para o planejamento de políticas públicas de prevenção a obesidade.

Clustering of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases among Adolescents from Southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous presence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases and the association of these risk factors with demographic and economic factors among adolescents from southern Brazil. METHODS: The study included 916 students (14-19 years old) enrolled in the 2014 school year at state schools in São José, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Risk factors related to lifestyle (i.e., physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, sedentary behaviour and unhealthy diet), demographic variables (sex, age and skin colour) and economic variables (school shift and economic level) were assessed through a questionnaire. Simultaneous behaviours were assessed by the ratio between observed and expected prevalences of risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The clustering of risk factors was analysed by multinomial logistic regression. The clusters of risk factors that showed a higher prevalence were analysed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The clustering of two, three, four, and five risk factors were found in 22.2%, 49.3%, 21.7% and 3.1% of adolescents, respectively. Subgroups that were more likely to have both behaviours of physical inactivity and unhealthy diet simultaneously were mostly composed of girls (OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.57-5.85) and those with lower socioeconomic status (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.05-3.21); simultaneous physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, sedentary behaviour and unhealthy diet were mainly observed among older adolescents (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.05-2.12). Subgroups less likely to have both behaviours of sedentary behaviour and unhealthy diet were mostly composed of girls (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38-0.89); simultaneous physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour and unhealthy diet were mainly observed among older individuals (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49-0.87) and those of the night shift (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.43-0.82). CONCLUSION: Adolescents had a high prevalence of simultaneous risk factors for NCDs. Demographic (gender and age) and economic (school shift) variables were associated with the most prevalent simultaneous behaviours among adolescents.

Overweight and factors associated in civil servants from Southern Brazil / Excesso de peso e fatores associados em servidores do Sul do Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of overweight and investigate its association with sociodemographic factors, physical activity level, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes in civil servants of a university in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The research was conducted with 339 civil servants aged above 18 years. Overweight was analyzed by self-reported body mass index. Physical activity level was evaluated using a questionnaire. Sociodemographic data (sex, age, economic status, educational level, marital status, and working hours) and information on the chronic diseases of interest (hypercholesterolemia and diabetes) were obtained from self-report. The association between overweight and the other variables was investigated using binary logistic regression. The prevalence of overweight was 50.6%. The groups most susceptible to overweight were: male civil servants (OR: 2.04; CI: 1.30-3.22), those less than 12 years of education (OR: 2.46; IC: 1.43-4.23), who were insufficiently active (OR: 1.64; CI: 1.03-2.60), and those with hypercholesterolemia (OR: 2.28; CI: 1.32-3.96). This study concluded that more than a half of the sample was overweight and that this condition was associated with male sex, educational level below 12 years, insufficient physical activity, and hypercholesterolemia.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso e verificar a associação com fatores sociodemográficos, nível de atividade física, hipercolesterolemia e diabetes em servidores universitários do Paraná, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada com 339 servidores públicos com idade acima de 18 anos. O excesso de peso foi avaliado por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal, autorelatado. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado por meio de questionário. Os dados sociodemográficos (sexo, idade, nível econômico, escolaridade, situação conjugal e jornada de trabalho) e as doenças crônicas (hipercolesterolemia e diabetes) foram avaliados por autorrelato. Para a associação entre o excesso de peso e as demais variáveis foi utilizada a regressão logística binária. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 50,6%. Os grupos mais suscetíveis ao excesso de peso foram: sexo masculino (OR: 2,04; IC: 1,30-3,22), escolaridade menor que 12 anos (OR: 2,46; IC: 1,43-4,23), insuficientemente ativos (OR: 1,64; IC: 1,03-2,60) e os que tinham hipercolesterolemia (OR: 2,28; IC: 1,32-3,96). Conclui-se que mais da metade da amostra estava com excesso de peso. Os fatores associados ao excesso de peso foram o sexo masculino, escolaridade menor que 12 anos, prática insuficiente de atividade física e hipercolesterolemia.

Factors associated with low levels of aerobic fitness among adolescents / Prevalência e fatores associados a baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia em adolescentes

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of low aerobic fitness levels and to analyze the association with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and excess body fatness among adolescents of southern Brazil. Methods: The study included 879 adolescents aged 14-19 years the city of São José/SC, Brazil. The aerobic fitness was assessed by Canadian modified test of aerobic fitness. Sociodemographic variables (skin color, age, sex, study turn, economic level), sexual maturation and lifestyle (eating habits, screen time, physical activity, consumption of alcohol and tobacco) were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Excess body fatness was evaluated by sum of skinfolds triceps and subscapular. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Prevalence of low aerobic fitness level was 87.5%. The girls who spent two hours or more in front screen, consumed less than one glass of milk by day, did not smoke and had an excess of body fatness had a higher chance of having lower levels of aerobic fitness. White boys with low physical activity had had a higher chance of having lower levels of aerobic fitness. Conclusions: Eight out of ten adolescents were with low fitness levels aerobic. Modifiable lifestyle factors were associated with low levels of aerobic fitness. Interventions that emphasize behavior change are needed.

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia e analisar sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida e excesso de adiposidade corporal em adolescentes de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo com 879 adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos de São José, SC, Brasil. A aptidão aeróbia foi avaliada pelo teste canadense modificado de aptidão aeróbia. Variáveis sociodemográficas (cor da pele, idade, sexo, turno de estudo, nível econômico), maturação sexual e estilo de vida (hábitos alimentares, tempo de tela, nível de atividade física, consumo de álcool e de tabaco) foram avaliados por questionário auto administrado. O excesso de adiposidade corporal foi avaliado pelo somatório das dobras cutâneas do tríceps e sub escapular. Empregou-se a regressão logística para a estimativa de odds ratio e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A prevalência de baixo nível de aptidão aeróbia foi de 87,5%. As garotas que gastavam duas horas ou mais em frente à tela, que consumiam menos de um copo de leite ao dia, as não fumantes e com excesso de adiposidade corporal apresentaram mais chances de ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Os garotos de cor de pele branca e que eram pouco ativos fisicamente apresentaram mais chances de ter baixo nível de aptidão aeróbia. Conclusões: Oito em cada dez adolescentes estavam com baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Fatores modificáveis do estilo de vida foram associados com baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Intervenções que enfatizem a mudança de comportamento são necessárias.

[Factors associated with low levels of aerobic fitness among adolescents]. / Prevalência e fatores associados a baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia em adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of low aerobic fitness levels and to analyze the association with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and excess body fatness among adolescents of southern Brazil. METHODS: The study included 879 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years the city of São José/SC, Brazil. The aerobic fitness was assessed by Canadian modified test of aerobic fitness. Sociodemographic variables (skin color, age, sex, study turn, economic level), sexual maturation and lifestyle (eating habits, screen time, physical activity, consumption of alcohol and tobacco) were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Excess body fatness was evaluated by sum of skinfolds triceps and subscapular. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Prevalence of low aerobic fitness level was 87.5%. The girls who spent two hours or more in front screen, consumed less than one glass of milk by day, did not smoke and had an excess of body fatness had a higher chance of having lower levels of aerobic fitness. White boys with low physical activity had had a higher chance of having lower levels of aerobic fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Eight out of ten adolescents were with low fitness levels aerobic. Modifiable lifestyle factors were associated with low levels of aerobic fitness. Interventions that emphasize behavior change are needed.