Relación entre el consumo de alcohol y el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 en los trabajadores / Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Risk Of Diabetes Type 2 in Workers

Introducción. El consumo de alcohol daña la mayoría de los órganos y sistemas de nuestro organismo, con un efecto nocivo sobre la diabetes tipo 2. En nuestro país, el consumo de alcohol es tolerado y socialmente bien considerado, lo que provoca que una parte importante de la población tenga una ingesta excesiva de alcohol. Por tanto, quisimos evaluar el efecto de la ingesta excesiva de alcohol en la población trabajadora y su efecto sobre el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo y transversal en 55.147 trabajadores españoles en el que se evaluó el efecto del consumo excesivo de alcohol sobre el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2. El riesgo de diabetes se evaluó con las escalas Findrisk y QDScore. El consumo de alcohol se evalúa con la unidad de bebida estándar, equivalente a 10 g de alcohol. Se considera consumo excesivo cuando se superan semanalmente 35 unidades de bebida estándar en hombres y 20 en mujeres. Resultados. El consumo excesivo de alcohol en comparación con no beber, beber poco o moderadamente aumenta el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 en ambas escalas de riesgo. La razón de probabilidades es 12,22 (IC 95 11,51-12,99) para la escala Findrisk y 13,36 (IC 95% 12,04-14,69) para el riesgo relativo con QDScore. Conclusión. El consumo excesivo de alcohol aumenta el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 con las escalas Findrisk y QDScore en la población laboral española

Introduction. Alcohol consumption damages most of the organs and systems of our organism, with a harmful effect on type 2 diabetes. In our country, alcohol consumption is tolerated and socially well regarded, which causes an important part of the population to have an excessive alcohol intake. Therefore, we want to evaluate the effect of excessive alcohol intake in the working population and its effect on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Methods. Descriptive and cross-sectional study in 55,147 Spanish workers in which the effect of excessive alcohol consumption on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes was assessed. Diabetes risk was assessed with the Findrisk and QDScore scales. Alcohol consumption is assessed with the standard drinking unit, equivalent to 10g of alcohol. Excessive consumption is considered when 35 standard drinking unit in men and 20 in women are exceeded weekly. Results. Heavy drinking compared to no, low or moderate drinking increases the risk of type 2 diabetes on both risk scales. The Odds ratio is 12.22 (CI 95 11.51-12.99) for the Findrisk scale and 13.36 (CI 95% 12.04-14.69) for the relative risk with QDScore. Conclusion. Excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of type 2 diabetes with the Findrisk and QDScore scales in the Spanish working population

[Glutamate, hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis and clinical manifestations in multiple sclerosis]. / Glutamato, eje hipotalamo-hipofiso-adrenal y manifestaciones clinicas en la esclerosis multiple.

TITLE: Glutamato, eje hipotalamo-hipofiso-adrenal y manifestaciones clinicas en la esclerosis multiple.

Vía de las lectinas, una ruta del complemento en construcción / Lectin pathway, a complement route under construction

ntroducción: El sistema del complemento puede ser activado por tres vías: clásica, alternativa y de las lectinas, esta última en fase de estudio para su completamiento. Objetivo: Describir hasta donde se ha avanzado en la construcción de la vía de las lectinas, sus iniciadores, activadores, reguladores, cascada enzimática y sus funciones biológicas. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sobre el tema en estudio empleando artículos de libre acceso en la base de datos Pubmed y los trabajos publicados por el grupo de trabajo de la Universidad de Goettigen, la Universidad de Aarhus en Dinamarca y el Laboratorio Central de Líquido Cefalorraquídeo (LABCEL) de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana en los últimos cinco años comprendidos en el período de enero de 2012 a marzo del 2017. Desarrollo: Los iniciadores de la vía de las lectinas son las moléculas de reconocimiento colectinas y ficolinas circulantes en sangre, que participan en muchos procesos del organismo. Los activadores de esta vía son las MASP 1, 2 presentes como proenzimas; y la MASP 3, MAp 19 y 44 actúan como reguladoras. La cascada enzimática luego del reconocimiento es similar a la ruta clásica. Conclusiones: Las colectinas y ficolinas inician la vía de las lectinas. Sus activadores son las MASP 1, 2. Los reguladores son la MASP-3, y las MAp 19 y 44. Similar a la clásica en su cascada enzimática. Es la más antigua en la filogenia por eso participa en muchos procesos en el organismo(AU)

Introduction. The complement system can be activated in three ways: classical, alternative and lectins, the latter in the study phase for its completion. Objective. To describe the progress made in the construction of the lectin pathway, its initiators, activators, regulators, enzymatic cascade and its biological functions. Methods. A review was made on the subject under study using articles of free access in the Pubmed database and the works published by the working group of the University of Goettigen, the University of Aarhus in Denmark and the Central Laboratory of Cefalorraquìdeo liquid (LABCEL) of the University of Medical Sciences of Havana in the last five years included in the period from January 2012 to March 2017. Development. The initiators of the lectin pathway are the collectin recognition molecules and circulating ficolins in blood, which participate in many processes of the organism. The activators of this pathway are MASP 1, 2 present as proenzymes; and MASP 3, MAp 19 and 44 act as regulators. The enzymatic cascade after recognition is similar to the classical route. Conclusions. Collectins and ficolines initiate the lectin pathway. Its activators are MASP 1, 2. The regulators are MASP-3, and MAp 19 and 44. Similar to the classic in its enzymatic cascade. It is the oldest in phylogeny so it participates in many processes in the body.(AU)

[Colorectal cancer in Spain: Temporary disability and preventive occupational strategies]. / El cáncer colorrectal en España. Costes por incapacidad temporal y opciones preventivas desde las empresas.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in both sexes and the most frequent in the developed countries, if men and women are considered together as a group. It has an important associated morbidity and mortality in all countries and constitutes a public health problem with a high direct and indirect economic cost. The number of workdays lost due to temporary disability (TD) is one of the quantifiable references of these indirect costs. AIMS: To determine the indirect cost associated with TD due to colorectal cancer in Spain during the year 2011, a cost that aids in the prevention cost/benefit estimation. METHODS: The number of TD processes, the number of workdays lost due to TD, and the mean duration of those processes, based on the CIE 9-MC codes related to this pathology, as well as the calculated cost, using the Spanish minimum wage as a reference, during the period of January to December 2011, were all reviewed. RESULTS: Colorectal cancer in Spain during 2011 represented 1,046 TD processes, 202,784 workdays lost, and a mean process duration of 194 days/year. The resulting cost of the pathology due to TD was 4,335,521.92 euros. CONCLUSIONS: These results are beneficial for evaluating the usefulness of implementing public health support strategies for a greater reduction in colorectal cancer prevalence and mortality, and an improvement in quality of life of the affected individuals and their families, together with an economic savings resulting from a reduction in TD as a consequence of this disease.

[Traumatic spondyloptosis of L4-L5. A case report and literature review]. / Espondiloptosis traumática de L4-L5. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

The term Spondyloptosis is used to describe a grade V spondylolisthesis, being a subluxation bigger than 100%. The trauma spondyloptosis binding L5-S1 is reported the most prevalent. It is rare in the cephalad lumbar segment to the lumbosacral junction. Two cases of spondyloptosis of L4-L5 have been reported until August 2010, caused by high energy trauma, both with the L4 vertebral body presented an anterior displacement of the vertebral body of L5. We report a patient with traumatic spondyloptosis of L4-L5 caused by a high-energy mechanism. The mechanism of injury and surgical management are described and the clinical evaluation is performed with a minimum follow-up of 8 months.

New splicing mutation of MEN1 gene affecting the translocation of menin to the nucleus.

UNLABELLED: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a syndrome inherited in an autosomal dominant trait caused by the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene MEN1. OBJECTIVE: To communicate a family with a new heterozygous germ line mutation in the intronic region of MEN1 gene and to study its influence in the menin expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 5 members of a family with symptomatic hyperparathyroidism (HPT). One of them had also a neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor, and 2 had non-functional multinodular cortical adrenal hyperplasia compatible with the diagnosis of MEN1. After the mutation was identified, HSP92II restriction enzyme was used to determine both zygosity and segregation of the mutation. RT-PCR from leukocyte's isolated mRNA and western blot from pancreatic tumor tissue were performed. In vitro studies were done in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with reporter minigenes carrying the coding regions spanning exon (EX)-intron 9 and EX10 with the mutant and the wild type sequences. RESULTS: We identified a heterozygous G-to-T substitution in the intron-EX junction (IVS9-1 G>T) of MEN1 gene in the index case and the family members. The mRNA from patient's leukocytes was larger (934 bp) in comparison to the normal transcript (717 bp). Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that wild type (67 kDa) and two additional mutant proteins (approximately 55 and approximately 90 kDa) were expressed in the pancreatic tissue. The in vitro study showed a 45% nuclear localization of the mutated menin signal and a 95% in the wild type protein. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a new intronic heterozygous germ line mutation (IVS9-1G>T) of MEN1 gene in a family affected by MEN1 syndrome. This mutation alters the splice acceptor site of intron 9 that promotes an incorrect splicing, generating aberrant proteins without the nuclear localization signals necessary for the normal menin translocation to the nucleus.

Attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration: a cross-cultural study of male and female physicians and nurses in the United States and Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Inter-professional collaboration between physicians and nurses, within and between cultures, can help contain cost and insure better patient outcomes. Attitude toward such collaboration is a function of the roles prescribed in the culture that guide professional behavior. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to test three research hypotheses concerning attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration across genders, disciplines, and cultures. METHOD: The Jefferson Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration was administered to 639 physicians and nurses in the United States (n = 267) and Mexico (n = 372). Attitude scores were compared by gender (men, women), discipline (physicians, nurses), and culture (United States, Mexico) by using a three-way factorial analysis of variance design. RESULTS: Findings confirmed the first research hypothesis by demonstrating that both physicians and nurses in the United States would express more positive attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration than their counterparts in Mexico. The second research hypothesis, positing that nurses as compared to physicians in both countries would express more positive attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration, was also supported. The third research hypothesis that female physicians would express more positive attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration than their male counterparts was not confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Collaborative education for medical and nursing students, particularly in cultures with a hierarchical model of inter-professional relationship, is needed to promote positive attitudes toward complementary roles of physicians and nurses. Faculty preparation for collaboration is necessary in such cultures before implementing collaborative education.

Ivermectin treatment of mansonelliasis in Trinidad

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy and long-term effects of an intervention programme based on a single dose of Ivermectin (6 mg) administered during a double-blind placebo study of 40 persons with Mansonella ozzardi infections in Blanchisseuse, Trinidad. After four years, ivermectin reduced microfilariae levels by 82.2 percent. Short-and long-term effectiveness of the drug is contingent upon the initial microfilariae levels of patients. We conclude that a single dose of ivermectin reduces microfilariae densities and provides both short and long term reductions in M ozzardi microfilaremia.(AU)

Ivermectin treatment of mansonellosis in Trinidad.

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy and long-term effects of an intervention programme based on a single dose of Ivermectin (6 mg) administered during a double-blind placebo study of 40 persons with Mansonella ozzardi infections in Blanchisseuse, Trinidad. After four years, ivermectin reduced microfilariae levels by 82.2%. Short- and long-term effectiveness of the drug is contingent upon the initial microfilariae levels of the patient. We conclude that a single dose of ivermectin reduces microfilariae densities and provides both short- and long-term reductions in M ozzardi microfilaraemia.