Metabolite profiling of Schizochytrium sp. by GC-MS, an oleaginous microbial source of biodiesel.

The chemical screening carried out on Schizochytrium sp. biomass led the identification of 24 types of organic compounds belonging to n-alkanes, 1-alkenes, 1-alkanols, free fatty acids, methyl and ethyl esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, saturated tri- and diglycerides, unsaturated monoglycerides, wax esters, sterols, triterpenes, and mono- and sesquiterpenes. Moreover, a sample containing fully saturated ethyl biodiesel was obtained experimentally with a yield of 28.72% w/w of the crude extract, and an average chain length of 15.52 carbons. This strain produced no toxins, but showed important nutrients, making it potentially applicable to the field of functional food, and biodiesel production.

Metabolite profiling of Schizochytrium sp. by GC-MS, an oleaginous microbial source of biodiesel

The chemical screening carried out on Schizochytrium sp. biomass led the identification of 24 types of organic compounds belonging to n-alkanes, 1-alkenes, 1-alkanols, free fatty acids, methyl and ethyl esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, saturated tri- and diglycerides, unsaturated monoglycerides, wax esters, sterols, triterpenes, and mono- and sesquiterpenes. Moreover, a sample containing fully saturated ethyl biodiesel was obtained experimentally with a yield of 28.72% w/w of the crude extract, and an average chain length of 15.52 carbons. This strain produced no toxins, but showed important nutrients, making it potentially applicable to the field of functional food, and biodiesel production.

Metabolite profiling of Schizochytrium sp. by GC-MS, an oleaginous microbial source of biodiesel

The chemical screening carried out on Schizochytrium sp. biomass led the identification of 24 types of organic compounds belonging to n-alkanes, 1-alkenes, 1-alkanols, free fatty acids, methyl and ethyl esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, saturated tri- and diglycerides, unsaturated monoglycerides, wax esters, sterols, triterpenes, and mono- and sesquiterpenes. Moreover, a sample containing fully saturated ethyl biodiesel was obtained experimentally with a yield of 28.72% w/w of the crude extract, and an average chain length of 15.52 carbons. This strain produced no toxins, but showed important nutrients, making it potentially applicable to the field of functional food, and biodiesel production.

Efecto inhibidor del aceite de trementina sobre el desarrollo de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) / Inhibitory effect of turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae growth

INTRODUCCIÓN: en la lucha por la protección del medio ambiente es de vital importancia encontrar formas alternativas de control para el combate de insectos vectores de importancia médica. Una fuente de ello lo constituyen las plantas que posean principios activos potentes y con alta estabilidad química con acción insecticida. OBJETIVO: evaluar la posible existencia de un efecto inhibidor del desarrollo en larvas de Aedes aegypti de un aceite de trementina modificado fotoquímicamente. MÉTODOS: se utilizaron larvas de Ae. aegypti de una cepa susceptible a insecticida criada en el insectario del Instituto de Medicina Tropical. Diariamente durante una semana después de la exposición a la concentración letal que provoca 90 por ciento de mortalidad se contó la mortalidad de larvas y pupas, la cantidad de adultos emergidos y su sexo, además de los adultos que quedaban adheridos a las exuvias. RESULTADOS: se observó una alta mortalidad larval y pupal en los sobrevivientes a la concentración letal que provoca 90 por ciento de mortalidad una semana después a la exposición, se alcanzó 39,46 por ciento de mortalidad. Las larvas que completaron su desarrollo hasta adultos correspondieron a 60,54 por ciento del total de larvas sobrevivientes. La proporción de hembras y machos en el control se comportó de forma muy similar, mientras que en los expuestos se obtuvo un número mayor de machos que de hembras. Al calcular el porcentaje de inhibición de la eclosión, este resultó 36,47 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: se demostró la actividad del aceite de trementina como larvicida e inhibidor del crecimiento en Ae. aegypti (AU)

INTRODUCTION: in the fight for environmental protection, finding out alternative ways to control vectors that are important from the medical viewpoint is a must. Those plants having potent active principles and high chemical stability to act as pesticides can contribute to this end. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the possible inhibitory effect of photochemically-modified turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti larvae growth. METHODS: Aedes aegypti larvae of an insecticide-sensitive strain from the insect breeding site located in the Institute of Tropical Medicine were used. During a week after the exposure to the lethal dose causing 90 percent mortality, the mortality indexes of larvae and pupas were recorded as well as the number of emerged adults and their sex in addition to adults stuck to the exuvias. RESULTS: high larval and pupal mortality was observed in the survivors to the lethal dose causing 90 percent mortality after one week of the exposure; mortality index was 39,46 percent. Larvae which managed to grow to become adults amounted to 60,54 percent of the surviving larvae. Female to male ratio was very similar in the control whereas the exposed group showed a higher number of male adults. On estimating the hatching inhibition percentage, it got 36,47 percent. CONCLUSIONS: the activity of turpentine oil as larvicide and Ae. aegypti growth inhibitor was demonstrated (AU)

Efecto inhibidor del aceite de trementina sobre el desarrollo de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) / Inhibitory effect of turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae growth

INTRODUCCIÓN: en la lucha por la protección del medio ambiente es de vital importancia encontrar formas alternativas de control para el combate de insectos vectores de importancia médica. Una fuente de ello lo constituyen las plantas que posean principios activos potentes y con alta estabilidad química con acción insecticida. OBJETIVO: evaluar la posible existencia de un efecto inhibidor del desarrollo en larvas de Aedes aegypti de un aceite de trementina modificado fotoquímicamente. MÉTODOS: se utilizaron larvas de Ae. aegypti de una cepa susceptible a insecticida criada en el insectario del Instituto de Medicina Tropical. Diariamente durante una semana después de la exposición a la concentración letal que provoca 90 por ciento de mortalidad se contó la mortalidad de larvas y pupas, la cantidad de adultos emergidos y su sexo, además de los adultos que quedaban adheridos a las exuvias. RESULTADOS: se observó una alta mortalidad larval y pupal en los sobrevivientes a la concentración letal que provoca 90 por ciento de mortalidad una semana después a la exposición, se alcanzó 39,46 por ciento de mortalidad. Las larvas que completaron su desarrollo hasta adultos correspondieron a 60,54 por ciento del total de larvas sobrevivientes. La proporción de hembras y machos en el control se comportó de forma muy similar, mientras que en los expuestos se obtuvo un número mayor de machos que de hembras. Al calcular el porcentaje de inhibición de la eclosión, este resultó 36,47 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: se demostró la actividad del aceite de trementina como larvicida e inhibidor del crecimiento en Ae. aegypti (AU)

INTRODUCTION: in the fight for environmental protection, finding out alternative ways to control vectors that are important from the medical viewpoint is a must. Those plants having potent active principles and high chemical stability to act as pesticides can contribute to this end. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the possible inhibitory effect of photochemically-modified turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti larvae growth. METHODS: Aedes aegypti larvae of an insecticide-sensitive strain from the insect breeding site located in the Institute of Tropical Medicine were used. During a week after the exposure to the lethal dose causing 90 percent mortality, the mortality indexes of larvae and pupas were recorded as well as the number of emerged adults and their sex in addition to adults stuck to the exuvias. RESULTS: high larval and pupal mortality was observed in the survivors to the lethal dose causing 90 percent mortality after one week of the exposure; mortality index was 39,46 percent. Larvae which managed to grow to become adults amounted to 60,54 percent of the surviving larvae. Female to male ratio was very similar in the control whereas the exposed group showed a higher number of male adults. On estimating the hatching inhibition percentage, it got 36,47 percent. CONCLUSIONS: the activity of turpentine oil as larvicide and Ae. aegypti growth inhibitor was demonstrated (AU)

Efecto inhibidor del aceite de trementina sobre el desarrollo de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) / Inhibitory effect of turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae growth

INTRODUCCIÓN: en la lucha por la protección del medio ambiente es de vital importancia encontrar formas alternativas de control para el combate de insectos vectores de importancia médica. Una fuente de ello lo constituyen las plantas que posean principios activos potentes y con alta estabilidad química con acción insecticida. OBJETIVO: evaluar la posible existencia de un efecto inhibidor del desarrollo en larvas de Aedes aegypti de un aceite de trementina modificado fotoquímicamente. MÉTODOS: se utilizaron larvas de Ae. aegypti de una cepa susceptible a insecticida criada en el insectario del Instituto de Medicina Tropical. Diariamente durante una semana después de la exposición a la concentración letal que provoca 90 por ciento de mortalidad se contó la mortalidad de larvas y pupas, la cantidad de adultos emergidos y su sexo, además de los adultos que quedaban adheridos a las exuvias. RESULTADOS: se observó una alta mortalidad larval y pupal en los sobrevivientes a la concentración letal que provoca 90 por ciento de mortalidad una semana después a la exposición, se alcanzó 39,46 por ciento de mortalidad. Las larvas que completaron su desarrollo hasta adultos correspondieron a 60,54 por ciento del total de larvas sobrevivientes. La proporción de hembras y machos en el control se comportó de forma muy similar, mientras que en los expuestos se obtuvo un número mayor de machos que de hembras. Al calcular el porcentaje de inhibición de la eclosión, este resultó 36,47 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: se demostró la actividad del aceite de trementina como larvicida e inhibidor del crecimiento en Ae. aegypti.

INTRODUCTION: in the fight for environmental protection, finding out alternative ways to control vectors that are important from the medical viewpoint is a must. Those plants having potent active principles and high chemical stability to act as pesticides can contribute to this end. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the possible inhibitory effect of photochemically-modified turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti larvae growth. METHODS: Aedes aegypti larvae of an insecticide-sensitive strain from the insect breeding site located in the Institute of Tropical Medicine were used. During a week after the exposure to the lethal dose causing 90 percent mortality, the mortality indexes of larvae and pupas were recorded as well as the number of emerged adults and their sex in addition to adults stuck to the exuvias. RESULTS: high larval and pupal mortality was observed in the survivors to the lethal dose causing 90 percent mortality after one week of the exposure; mortality index was 39,46 percent. Larvae which managed to grow to become adults amounted to 60,54 percent of the surviving larvae. Female to male ratio was very similar in the control whereas the exposed group showed a higher number of male adults. On estimating the hatching inhibition percentage, it got 36,47 percent. CONCLUSIONS: the activity of turpentine oil as larvicide and Ae. aegypti growth inhibitor was demonstrated.

[Inhibitory effect of turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) larvae growth]. / Efecto inhibidor del aceite de trementina sobre el desarrollo de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

INTRODUCTION: in the fight for environmental protection, finding out alternative ways to control vectors that are important from the medical viewpoint is a must. Those plants having potent active principles and high chemical stability to act as pesticides can contribute to this end. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the possible inhibitory effect of photochemically-modified turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti larvae growth. METHODS: Aedes aegypti larvae of an insecticide-sensitive strain from the insect breeding site located in the Institute of Tropical Medicine were used. During a week after the exposure to the lethal dose causing 90% mortality, the mortality indexes of larvae and pupas were recorded as well as the number of emerged adults and their sex in addition to adults stuck to the exuvias. RESULTS: high larval and pupal mortality was observed in the survivors to the lethal dose causing 90% mortality after one week of the exposure; mortality index was 39.46%. Larvae which managed to grow to become adults amounted to 60.54% of the surviving larvae. Female to male ratio was very similar in the control whereas the exposed group showed a higher number of male adults. On estimating the hatching inhibition percentage, it got 36.47%. CONCLUSIONS: the activity of turpentine oil as larvicide and Ae. aegypti growth inhibitor was demonstrated.

The low-molecular-weight fraction of exopolysaccharide II from Sinorhizobium meliloti is a crucial determinant of biofilm formation.

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium that elicits the formation of root organs called nodules on its host plant, Medicago sativa. Inside these structures, the bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is then used by the plant as a nitrogen source. The synthesis by S. meliloti of at least one exopolysaccharide, succinoglycan or EPS II, is essential for a successful symbiosis. While exopolysaccharide-deficient mutants induce the formation of nodules, they fail to invade them, and as a result, no nitrogen fixation occurs. Interestingly, the low-molecular-weight fractions of these exopolysaccharides are the symbiotically active forms, and it has been suggested that they act as signals to the host plant to initiate infection thread formation. In this work, we explored the role of these rhizobial exopolysaccharides in biofilm formation and their importance in the symbiotic relationship with the host. We showed that the ExpR/Sin quorum-sensing system controls biofilm formation in S. meliloti through the production of EPS II, which provides the matrix for the development of structured and highly organized biofilms. Moreover, the presence of the low-molecular-weight fraction of EPS II is vital for biofilm formation, both in vitro and in vivo. This is the first report where the symbiotically active fraction of EPS II is shown to be a critical factor for biofilm formation and root colonization. Thus, the ability of S. meliloti to properly attach to root surfaces and form biofilms conferred by the synthesis of exopolysaccharides may embody the main function of these symbiotically essential molecules.

Efectos del entrenamiento antiortostático sobre la dinámica cardiovascular en el ciclista joven / Effects of the antiortostatic. Trainning on the cardiovascular dinamics of the junior ciclist

Con el objetivo de comprobar la efectividad del método de entrenamiento antiortostático para elevar la capacidad del trabajo físico y esclarecer los mecanismos mediante los cuales dicho método logra sus efectos, se sometió a un grupo de 13 ciclistas del Equipo Escolar Provincial (Escuela de iniciación deportiva) de Villa Clara al citado entrenamiento, consistente el mismo en permanecer acostado en plano inclinado de 30§ con la cabeza hacia la posición más declive, por espacio de 15 minutos diariamente antes de hacer sus entrenamientos habituales. Se midió la capacidad de trabajo físico por el método clásico PWC170, al inicio y pasado seis meses de entrenamiento, al grupo experimental y a otro tomado como control. De igual forma se estudió la recuperación a la carga física, la reacción a la hipercapnea y el patrón ecocardiográfico de cada grupo al inicio y después de dos mesociclos de entrenamiento. Los resultados evidencian un mayor incremento de la capacidad de trabajo físico para el grupo experimental con relación al de control, acompañado también de un mayor incremento del gasto sistólico (G.S) y de la fracción de eyección (F.E) para el citado grupo experimental, lo que puede interpretarse como una consecuencia del entrenamiento antiortostático

Efectos del entrenamiento antiortostático sobre la dinámica cardiovascular en el ciclista joven / Effects of the antiortostatic. Trainning on the cardiovascular dinamics of the junior ciclist

Con el objetivo de comprobar la efectividad del método de entrenamiento antiortostático para elevar la capacidad del trabajo físico y esclarecer los mecanismos mediante los cuales dicho método logra sus efectos, se sometió a un grupo de 13 ciclistas del Equipo Escolar Provincial (Escuela de iniciación deportiva) de Villa Clara al citado entrenamiento, consistente el mismo en permanecer acostado en plano inclinado de 30§ con la cabeza hacia la posición más declive, por espacio de 15 minutos diariamente antes de hacer sus entrenamientos habituales. Se midió la capacidad de trabajo físico por el método clásico PWC170, al inicio y pasado seis meses de entrenamiento, al grupo experimental y a otro tomado como control. De igual forma se estudió la recuperación a la carga física, la reacción a la hipercapnea y el patrón ecocardiográfico de cada grupo al inicio y después de dos mesociclos de entrenamiento. Los resultados evidencian un mayor incremento de la capacidad de trabajo físico para el grupo experimental con relación al de control, acompañado también de un mayor incremento del gasto sistólico (G.S) y de la fracción de eyección (F.E) para el citado grupo experimental, lo que puede interpretarse como una consecuencia del entrenamiento antiortostático(AU)