ABSTRACT
Th17 is a lymphocyte T helper (Th) subpopulation relevant in the control and regulation of the immune response characterized by the production of interleukin (IL)-17. This crucial cytokine family acts through their binding to the IL-17 receptors (IL-17R), having up to six members. Although the biology of fish Th17 is well-recognized, the molecular and functional characterization of IL-17 and IL-17R has been limited. Thus, our aim was to identify and characterize the IL-17R repertory and regulation in the two main Mediterranean cultured fish species, the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Our in silico results showed the clear identification of six members in each fish species, from IL-17RA to IL-17RE-like, with well-conserved gene structure and protein domains with their human orthologues. All of them showed wide and constitutive transcription in naïve tissues but with highest levels in mucosal tissues, namely skin, gill or intestine. In leucocytes, T mitogens showed the strongest up-regulation in most of the il17 receptors though il17ra resulted in inhibition by most stimulants. Interestingly, in vivo nodavirus infection resulted in alterations on the transcription of il17 receptors. While nodavirus infection led to some increments in the il17ra, il17rb, il17rc and il17rd transcripts in the susceptible European sea bass, many down-regulations were observed in the resistant gilthead seabream. Our data identify the presence and conservation of six coding IL-17R in gilthead seabream and European sea bass as well as their differential regulation in vitro and upon nodavirus infection. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-024-00225-1.
ABSTRACT
The increased knowledge of functional foods has led to the development of a new generation of health products, including those containing probiotics and products derived from them. Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 (SpPdp11) is a strain described as a probiotic that exerts important beneficial effects on several farmed fish. However, the use of live probiotic cells in aquaculture has limitations such as uncertain survival and shelf life, which can limit their efficacy. In addition, its efficacy can vary across species and hosts. When probiotics are administered orally, their activity can be affected by the environment present in the host and by interactions with the intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, live cells can also produce undesired substances that may negatively impact the host as well as the risk of potential virulence reversion acquired such as antibiotic resistance. Therefore, new alternatives emerged such as postbiotics. Currently, there is no knowledge about the postbiotic potential of SpPdp11 in the aquaculture industry. Postbiotic refers to the use of bacterial metabolites, including extracellular products (ECPs), to improve host physiology. However, the production of postbiotic metabolites can be affected by various factors such as cultivation conditions, which can affect bacterial metabolism. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the postbiotic potential of ECPs from SpPdp11 under different cultivation conditions, including culture media, temperature, growth phase, and salinity. We analyzed their hydrolytic, antibacterial, antiviral, and cytotoxic capacity on several fish cell lines. The results obtained have demonstrated how each ECP condition can exert a different hydrolytic profile, reduce the biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens relevant to fish, lower the titer of nervous necrosis virus (NNV), and exert a cytotoxic effect on different fish cell lines. In conclusion, the ECPs obtained from SpPdp11 have different capacities depending on the cultivation conditions used. These conditions must be considered in order to recover the maximum number of beneficial capacities or to choose the appropriate conditions for specific activities.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Probiotics , Shewanella putrefaciens , Animals , Shewanella putrefaciens/physiology , Probiotics/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Nurses , Professional Competence , Disease Prevention , Infection Control/instrumentation , Infection Control/methods , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Nurse's Role , Nurse-Patient Relations , Health Systems/standards , Preventive Medicine/instrumentation , Preventive Medicine/methods , Clinical Protocols/standards , SpainABSTRACT
Introducción: Actualmente la mayoría de las madres conocen la importancia de la lactancia materna tanto para la madre como para el hijo desde el punto de vista nutritivo y de desarrollo así como afectivo y de prevención de patologías; pero algunas madres desconocen que una técnica de lactancia inadecuada puede llegar a ocasionar problemas tempranos en las mamas y con ello, en numerosas ocasiones, el abandono temprano del amamantamiento. Objetivos: En este estudio se plantean las principales alteraciones mamarias puerperales que pueden estar asociadas a una técnica de lactancia ineficaz. Metodología: Se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, Pubmed y The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Se incluyen los trabajos relacionados con el objetivo del presente texto. Resultados: Los estudios consultados evalúan la asociación entre la aparición de problemas mamarios y la utilización de una técnica de lactancia inadecuada y la eficacia de los tratamientos tras la aparición de las lesiones. Conclusiones: La asociación entre la aparición de problemas tempranos en las mamas asociados a una técnica de lactancia materna inadecuada es evidente. Se concluye que la prevención es el mejor tratamiento, lugar donde desarrolla una importante labor el profesional sanitario(AU)
Introduction: Currently, most mothers know the importance of breastfeeding for both the mother and the child from the nutritional point of view and emotional development as well as prevention and pathologies, but some mothers know that inadequate breastfeeding technique can cause early problems in the breasts and thus, in many cases, the early abandonment of lactation. Objective: In this study the main puerperal breast abnormalities that may be associated with ineffective breastfeeding technique, due to insufficient maternal education about it are set out. Method: We performed a literature research in the following databases: Medline, Pubmed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Works related to the objective of this text are included. Results: Consulted studies evaluated the association between the onset of breast problems and the use of inappropriate lactation technique and the efficacy of treatments after the onset of the lesions. Conclusions: The association between the occurrences of early problems in the breast associated with breastfeeding technique is evident. We conclude that prevention is the best treatment, where important work develops a healthcare professional(AU)