ABSTRACT
Candida albicans is the most commonly implicated agent in invasive human fungal infections. The disease could be presented as minimal symptomatic candidemia or can be fulminant sepsis. Candidemia is associated with a high rate of mortality and high healthcare and hospitalization costs. The surveillance programs have reported the distribution of other Candida species reflecting the trends and antifungal susceptibilities. Previous studies have demonstrated that C. glabrata more frequently presents fluconazole-resistant strains. Extracts from Mexican plants have been reported with activity against pulmonary mycosis, among them Colubrina greggii. In the present study, extracts from the aerial parts (leaves, flowers, and fruits) of this plant were evaluated against clinical isolates of several species of Candida (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis) by the broth microdilution assay. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, three antifungal glycosylated flavonoids were isolated and characterized. The isolated compounds showed antifungal activity only against C. glabrata resistant to fluconazole, and were non-toxic toward brine shrimp lethality bioassay and in vitro Vero cell line assay. The ethyl acetate and butanol extracts, as well as the fractions containing the mixture of flavonoids, were more active against Candida spp.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida glabrata/drug effects , Candida/drug effects , Colubrina/chemistry , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Animals , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Artemia/drug effects , Candida/isolation & purification , Chlorocebus aethiops , Drug Resistance, Fungal/drug effects , Flavonoids/chemistry , Flavonoids/isolation & purification , Fluconazole/pharmacology , Glycosylation , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Phytochemicals/chemistry , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry , Toxicity Tests , Vero CellsABSTRACT
The essential oils from Magnolia grandiflora and Chrysactinia mexicana leaves, and from Schinus molle leaves and fruit, were characterized by gas chromatography/flame-ionization detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-eight compounds from M. grandiflora leaves were identified (representing 93.6% of the total area of the gas chromatogram), with the major component being bornyl acetate (20.9%). Colorless and yellow oils were obtained from the C. mexicana leaves with 18 (86.7%) and 11 (100%) compounds identified, respectively. In both fractions, the principal component was sylvestrene (36.8% and 41.1%, respectively). The essential oils ofS. molle leaves and fruit were each separated into colorless and yellow fractions, in which 14 (98.2) and 20 (99.8%) compounds were identified. The main component was alpha-phellandrene in all fractions (between 32.8% and 45.0%). The M. grandiflora oil displayed antifungal activity against five dermatophyte strains. The oils from S. molle and M. grandiflora leaves had antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, which cause skin infections that potentially may lead to sepsis. However, the antioxidant activities of all oils were small (half maximal effective concentration values >250 microg/mL).
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/analysis , Antioxidants/analysis , Magnoliopsida/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Anacardiaceae/chemistry , Asteraceae/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Magnolia/chemistry , Mexico , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
Molecular studies of the genome of the fungus Coccidioides have demonstrated two nearly identical, but well-identified species, Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii, known as "California" and "non-California" species, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine, through molecular methods, whether both species of Coccidioides are present in Mexican patients with coccidioidomycosis and to estimate, their geographical distribution in Mexico. We analyzed 56 clinical isolates of Coccidioides spp. from Mexican patients. Molecular identification of each strain was done by means of real time PCR using TaqMan(R) probes to amplify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four target sequences, loci, named proline 157, proline 174, hexokinase 149 and glucose-synthase 192. SNP analysis identified two of the 56 isolates as Coccidioides immitis and the remaining 54 as C. posadasii. The dual probe assay that included proline 157, proline 174 and glucose-synthase 192 gave consistent results on SNP differentiation between the two species. In contrast, the template matching hexokinase 149 gave negative results for any species in 34 samples. Our results did not show geographical overlap of the species, and they also confirmed that C. posadasii is the most frequent species in Mexico. A vast majority of C. posadasii strains were localized in the north-central region of the country.
