Atención de la urgencia quirúrgica durante la pandemia COVID-19. Recomendaciones de la Asociación Española de Cirujanos / Emergency Surgery and Trauma Care During COVID-19 Pandemic. Recommendations of the Spanish Association of Surgeons

La infección por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 [COVID-19]) ha determinado la necesidad de la reorganización de muchos centros hospitalarios en el mundo. España, como uno de los epicentros de la enfermedad, ha debido asumir cambios en la práctica totalidad de su territorio. Sin embargo, y desde el inicio de la pandemia, en todos los centros que atienden urgencias quirúrgicas ha sido necesario el mantenimiento de su cobertura, aunque igualmente ha sido inevitable introducir directrices especiales de ajuste al nuevo escenario que permitan el mantenimiento de la excelencia en la calidad asistencial. Este documento desarrolla una serie de indicaciones generales para la cirugía de urgencias y la atención al politraumatizado desarrolladas desde la literatura disponible y consensuadas por un subgrupo de profesionales desde el grupo general Cirugía-AEC-COVID-19. Estas medidas van encaminadas a contemplar un riguroso control de la exposición en pacientes y profesionales, a tener en cuenta las implicaciones de la pandemia sobre diferentes escenarios perioperatorios relacionados con la urgencia y a una adaptación ajustada a la situación del centro en relación con la atención a pacientes infectados

New coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) has determined the necessity of reorganization in many centers all over the world. Spain, as an epicenter of the disease, has been forced to assume health policy changes in all the territory. However, and from the beginning of the pandemic, every center attending surgical urgencies had to guarantee the continuous coverage adopting correct measures to maintain the excellence of quality of care. This document resumes general guidelines for emergency surgery and trauma care, obtained from the available bibliography and evaluated by a subgroup of professionals designated from the general group of investigators Cirugía-AEC-COVID-19 from the Spanish Association of Surgeons, directed to minimize professional exposure, to contemplate pandemic implications over different urgent perioperative scenarios and to adjust decision making to the occupational pressure caused by COVID-19 patients

Emergency surgery and trauma care during COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations of the Spanish Association of Surgeons / Atención de la urgencia quirúrgica durante la pandemia COVID-19. Recomendaciones de la Asociación Española de Cirujanos

New coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) has determined the necessity of reorganization in many centers all over the world. Spain, as an epicenter of the disease, has been forced to assume health policy changes in all the territory. However, and from the beginning of the pandemic, every center attending surgical urgencies had to guarantee the continuous coverage adopting correct measures to maintain the excellence of quality of care. This document resumes general guidelines for emergency surgery and trauma care, obtained from the available bibliography and evaluated by a subgroup of professionals designated from the general group of investigators Cirugía-AEC-COVID-19 from the Spanish Association of Surgeons, directed to minimize professional exposure, to contemplate pandemic implications over different urgent perioperative scenarios and to adjust decision making to the occupational pressure caused by COVID-19 patients

La infección por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-COV-2 (enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 [COVID-19]) ha determinado la necesidad de la reorganización de muchos centros hospitalarios en el mundo. España, como uno de los epicentros de la enfermedad, ha debido asumir cambios en la práctica totalidad de su territorio. Sin embargo, y desde el inicio de la pandemia, en todos los centros que atienden urgencias quirúrgicas ha sido necesario el mantenimiento de su cobertura, aunque igualmente ha sido inevitable introducir directrices especiales de ajuste al nuevo escenario que permitan el mantenimiento de la excelencia en la calidad asistencial. Este documento desarrolla una serie de indicaciones generales para la cirugía de urgencias y la atención al politraumatizado desarrolladas desde la literatura disponible y consensuadas por un subgrupo de profesionales desde el grupo general Cirugía-AEC-COVID-19. Estas medidas van encaminadas a contemplar un riguroso control de la exposición en pacientes y profesionales, a tener en cuenta las implicaciones de la pandemia sobre diferentes escenarios perioperatorios relacionados con la urgencia y a una adaptación ajustada a la situación del centro en relación con la atención a pacientes infectados

[Emergency Surgery and Trauma Care During COVID-19 Pandemic. Recommendations of the Spanish Association of Surgeons]. / Atención de la urgencia quirúrgica durante la pandemia COVID-19. Recomendaciones de la Asociación Española de Cirujanos.

New coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) has determined the necessity of reorganization in many centers all over the world. Spain, as an epicenter of the disease, has been forced to assume health policy changes in all the territory. However, and from the beginning of the pandemic, every center attending surgical urgencies had to guarantee the continuous coverage adopting correct measures to maintain the excellence of quality of care. This document resumes general guidelines for emergency surgery and trauma care, obtained from the available bibliography and evaluated by a subgroup of professionals designated from the general group of investigators Cirugía-AEC-COVID-19 from the Spanish Association of Surgeons, directed to minimize professional exposure, to contemplate pandemic implications over different urgent perioperative scenarios and to adjust decision making to the occupational pressure caused by COVID-19 patients.

Acute abdomen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

Systemic lupus erithematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multiorgan involvement caused principally by vasculitis of small vessels. The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most frequently affected by SLE, with abdominal pain as the most common symptom. An early diagnosis and treatment of lupus enteritis is essential to avoid complications like hemorrhage or perforation, with up to 50 % of mortality rate. However, differential diagnosis sometimes is difficult, especially with other types of gastrointestinal diseases as digestive involvement of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), moreover when both entities may coexist. We describe the case of a patient with both diseases that was diagnosed with lupus enteritis and treated with steroid therapy; the patient had an excellent response.

Abdomen agudo en paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico y síndrome antifosfolípido. Importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz / Acute abdomen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Importance of early diagnosis and treatment

El lupus eritematoso sistémico es una enfermedad autoinmune con afectación multivisceral causada principalmente por vasculitis de pequeño vaso. El tracto gastrointestinal es uno de los órganos más frecuentemente afectados, siendo el dolor abdominal el síntoma predominante. La enteritis lúpica requiere un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces para evitar complicaciones como la hemorragia digestiva y la perforación intestinal, que pueden alcanzar una mortalidad de hasta el 50 %. Su diagnóstico a veces se ve dificultado por la presencia de otras patologías con afectación gastrointestinal similar como ocurre en el síndrome antifosfolípido. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con ambas enfermedades que fue diagnosticada de enteritis lúpica y tratada de forma conservadora con terapia corticoidea de choque. La paciente tuvo una respuesta excelente al tratamiento

Systemic lupus erithematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multiorgan involvement caused principally by vasculitis of small vessels. The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most frequently affected by SLE, with abdominal pain as the most common symptom. An early diagnosis and treatment of lupus enteritis is essential to avoid complications like hemorrhage or perforation, with up to 50 % of mortality rate. However, differential diagnosis sometimes is difficult, especially with other types of gastrointestinal diseases as digestive involvement of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), moreover when both entities may coexist. We describe the case of a patient with both diseases that was diagnosed with lupus enteritis and treated with steroid therapy; the patient had an excellent response

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: Surgical indications and technical procedures.

Necrosis of pancreatic parenchyma or extrapancreatic tissues is present in 10%-20% of patients with acute pancreatitis, defining the necrotizing presentation frequently associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. During the initial phase of acute necrotizing pancreatitis the most important pillars of medical treatment are fluid resuscitation, early enteral nutrition, endoscopic retrograde colangiopancreatography if associated cholangitis and intensive care unit support. When infection of pancreatic or extrapancreatic necrosis occurs, surgical approach constitutes the most accepted therapeutic option. In this context, we have recently assited to changes in time for surgery (delaying the indication if possible to around 4 wk to deal with "walled-off" necrosis) and type of access for necrosectomy: from a classical open approach (with closure over large-bore drains for continued postoperative lavage or semiopen techniques with scheduled relaparotomies), trends have changed to a "step-up" philosophy with initial percutaneous drainage and posterior minimally invasive or endoscopic access to the retroperitoneal cavity for necrosectomy if no improvement has been previously achieved. These approaches are progressively gaining popularity and morbidity and mortality rates have decreased significantly. Therefore, a staged, multidisciplinary, step-up approach with minimally invasive or endoscopic access for necrosectomy is widely accepted nowadays for management of pancreatic necrosis.

Infección de sitio quirúrgico tras apendicectomía urgente: tasa global y tipo según la vía de abordaje (abierta/laparoscópica) / Postappendectomy surgical site infection: Overall rate and type according to open/laparoscopic approach

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la incidencia y el perfil de la infección de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) postapendicectomía en relación con la vía de abordaje (abierta [AA] vs laparoscópica [AL]).Material y método Estudio observacional analítico de cohortes, con pacientes > 14 años intervenidos por sospecha de apendicitis aguda a lo largo de 4 años (2007-2010) en un hospital de tercer nivel (n = 868), divididos en 2 grupos según la vía de abordaje para la apendicectomía (AL, grupo de estudio, 135; AA, grupo control, 733). Variable resultado: ISQ, global y por tipos. Estratificación del riesgo infeccioso mediante: a) índice NNIS (bajo riesgo: NNIS 0E, 0 y 1; alto riesgo: NNIS 2 y 3); b) estadio evolutivo apendicular (bajo riesgo: normal o flemonoso; alto riesgo: gangrenoso o perforado). Análisis estadístico: software SPSS. Resultado principal y análisis estratificado con el test de χ2. Parámetros de riesgo: OR cruda y de Mantel-Haenszel respectivamente, con su IC 95% y aceptando significación estadística con p < 0,05.ResultadosAmbos grupos fueron homogéneos en cuanto a edad, género, ASA y formas evolucionadas. ISQ global: 13,4% (más de la mitad detectadas en el seguimiento tras el alta). Distribución: AA, 13% (superficial 9%, profunda 2%, órgano-espacio 2%); AL, 14% (superficial 5%, profunda 1%, órgano-espacio 8%) (global: n.s.; distribución: p < 0,000). El análisis estratificado mostró asociación entre ISQ parietal/acceso abierto e ISQ órgano-espacio/abordaje laparoscópico y que resulta especialmente evidente en pacientes de alto riesgo de ISQ postoperatoria (NNIS alto o presentación evolucionada).Conclusión La AA conlleva un mayor riesgo de ISQ parietal y la AL de órgano-espacio. Esta asociación es especialmente evidente en pacientes con especial riesgo de ISQ

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence and profile of surgical site infection (SSI) after laparoscopic (LA) oropen (OA) appendicectomy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational and analytical study was conducted on patients older than 14 years old with suspected acute appendicitis operated on within a 4-year period (2007-2010) at a third levelhospital (n = 868). They were divided in two groups according to the type of appendicectomy (LA, study group, 135; OA, control group, 733). The primary endpoint was a surgical site infection (SSI), and to determine the overall rate and types (incisional/organ-space). The risk of SSI was stratified by: i) National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) index (low risk: 0E, 0 and 1; high risk: 2 and 3); ii) status on presentation (low risk: normal or phlegmonous; high risk: gangrenous or perforated). The statisticalanalysis was performed using the software SPSS. The main result and stratified analysis was determined with 2, and the risk parameters using OR and Mantel-Haenszel OR with 95%CI, accepting statistical significance with P < .05. RESULTS: Age, gender, ASAindex and incidence of advanced cases were similar in both groups. The overall lSSI rate was 13.4% (more than a half of them detected during follow-up after discharge). Type of SSI: OA,13% (superficial 9%, deep 2%, organ-space 2%); AL, 14% (superficial 5%, deep 1%, organ-space 8%) (overall:not significant; distribution: P < .000). Stratified analysis showed that there is an association between incisional SSI/OA and organ-space SSI/LA, and is particularly stronger in those patients with high risk of postoperative SSI (high risk NNIS or gangrenous-perforated presentation).CONCLUSION: OA and LA are associated with a higher rate of incisional and organ-space SSI respectively. This is particularly evident in patients with high risk of SSI

[Post-appendectomy surgical site infection: overall rate and type according to open/laparoscopic approach]. / Infección de sitio quirúrgico tras apendicectomía urgente: tasa global y tipo según la vía de abordaje (abierta/laparoscópica).

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence and profile of surgical site infection (SSI) after laparoscopic (LA) or open (OA) appendicectomy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational and analytical study was conducted on patients older than 14years-old with suspected acute appendicitis operated on within a 4-year period (2007-2010) at a third level hospital (n=868). They were divided in two groups according to the type of appendicectomy (LA, study group, 135; OA, control group, 733). The primary endpoint was a surgical site infection (SSI), and to determine the overall rate and types (incisional/organ-space). The risk of SSI was stratified by: i)National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) index (low risk: 0E, 0 and 1; high risk: 2 and 3); ii)status on presentation (low risk: normal or phlegmonous; high risk: gangrenous or perforated). The statistical analysis was performed using the software SPSS. The main result and stratified analysis was determined with χ(2), and the risk parameters using OR and Mantel-Haenszel OR with 95%CI, accepting statistical significance with P<.05. RESULTS: Age, gender, ASA index and incidence of advanced cases were similar in both groups. The overall SSI rate was 13.4% (more than a half of them detected during follow-up after discharge). Type of SSI: OA, 13% (superficial 9%, deep 2%, organ-space 2%); AL, 14% (superficial 5%, deep 1%, organ-space 8%) (overall: not significant; distribution: P<.000). Stratified analysis showed that there is an association between incisional SSI/OA and organ-space SSI/LA, and is particularly stronger in those patients with high risk of postoperative SSI (high risk NNIS or gangrenous-perforated presentation). CONCLUSION: OA and LA are associated with a higher rate of incisional and organ-space SSI respectively. This is particularly evident in patients with high risk of SSI.

Empleo, eficacia y repercusión clínica del apoyo radiológico al diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda / Radiological support for diagnosis of acute appendicitis: Use, effectiveness and clinical repercussions

OBJETIVO: Analizar el incremento del apoyo radiológico solicitado para el diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda (AA), su justificación a partir de su repercusión clínica así como los parámetros de rentabilidad diagnóstica de ECO y TAC para esta enfermedad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional analítico de cohortes, con pacientes intervenidos por sospecha de AA en un hospital de tercer nivel, excluyendo menores de 14 años y gestantes. Grupo de estudio: enero de 2010-diciembre de 2011 (n1 = 419). Grupo control: muestra de pacientes entre 18 y 65 años intervenidos entre octubre de 2001 y septiembre de 2003 (n2 = 237). Variables de estudio en ambas muestras: 1) porcentaje de exploraciones realizadas como apoyo radiológico al diagnóstico de la apendicitis; 2) sensibilidad y valor predictivo positivo (VPP) de ECO y TAC; 3) tasa de cirugías en blanco y con diagnósticos diferentes de AA. Análisis estadístico: software SPSS, con test de la χ2, aceptando como significativos niveles de p < 0,05 y calculando la odds ratio (OR) con su intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: Ambas muestras fueron homogéneas en cuanto a edad, género o porcentaje de localizaciones atípicas y formas evolucionadas. El número de exploraciones solicitadas durante el periodo de estudio fue significativamente mayor que en el control (78,8 vs. 30,4%; p < 0,000). La sensibilidad de la TAC fue superior a la de la ECO (97 vs. 86%), aunque ambas pruebas presentaron valores similares de VPP (92 vs. 94%). El porcentaje de intervenciones con diagnóstico certero de AA fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de estudio (94,5 vs. 88,6%; p < 0,006; OR: 2,2; IC95% 1,25-4). CONCLUSIÓN: El incremento de solicitudes de apoyo radiológico al diagnóstico de AA conlleva un significativo aumento de intervenciones con diagnóstico certero

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze the increasing need of radiological support in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA), the clinical repercussions associated, and the parameters of diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scan for AA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational and analytical study. Cohort, patients operated on for suspected AA at a tertiary referral hospital. Pregnancy and < 14 years were exclusion criteria. Study group: January 2010-December 2011 (n1 = 419). CONTROL GROUP: set of patients aged 18 to 65 years old operated between October 2001-September 2003 (n2 = 237). Variables analyzed in both groups: 1) percentage of radiological support for diagnosis of acute appendicitis; 2) sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of ultrasound and CT scan; 3) rate of surgical explorations with negative result or with diagnosis other than acute appendicitis. Statistical analysis: SPSS software, χ2 test, statistical significance accepted with P<.05, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: Age, gender, percentage of atypical locations and gangrenous/perforated episodes were similar in both groups. The number of radiological examinations needed for diagnosis was significantly higher in the study group (78.8% vs. 30.4%, P < .0,000). Sensitivity was significantly superior for CT than for ultrasound scan (97% vs. 86%), but PPV was similar in both tests (92% vs. 94%). Surgical exploration percent values with diagnosis of acute appendicitis was significantly higher in the study group (94.5% vs. 88.6%; P < .006, OR 2.2; CI 95% 1.25-4). CONCLUSIONS: CT and ultrasound scan are excellent diagnostic tools for acute appendicitis, and have contributed to a significant increase in surgical explorations with correct diagnosis

[Radiological support for diagnosis of acute appendicitis: use, effectiveness and clinical repercussions]. / Empleo, eficacia y repercusión clínica del apoyo radiológico al diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze the increasing need of radiological support in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA), the clinical repercussions associated, and the parameters of diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scan for AA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational and analytical study. Cohort, patients operated on for suspected AA at a tertiary referral hospital. Pregnancy and <14 years were exclusion criteria. STUDY GROUP: January 2010-December 2011 (n1=419). CONTROL GROUP: set of patients aged 18 to 65 years old operated between October 2001-September 2003 (n2=237). Variables analyzed in both groups: 1) percentage of radiological support for diagnosis of acute appendicitis; 2) sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of ultrasound and CT scan; 3) rate of surgical explorations with negative result or with diagnosis other than acute appendicitis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: SPSS software, χ(2) test, statistical significance accepted with P<.05, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: Age, gender, percentage of atypical locations and gangrenous/perforated episodes were similar in both groups. The number of radiological examinations needed for diagnosis was significantly higher in the study group (78.8% vs. 30.4%, P<.0,000). Sensitivity was significantly superior for CT than for ultrasound scan (97% vs. 86%), but PPV was similar in both tests (92% vs. 94%). Surgical exploration percent values with diagnosis of acute appendicitis was significantly higher in the study group (94.5% vs. 88.6%; P<.006, OR 2.2; CI 95% 1.25-4). CONCLUSIONS: CT and ultrasound scan are excellent diagnostic tools for acute appendicitis, and have contributed to a significant increase in surgical explorations with correct diagnosis.

Posterior approach (Kraske procedure) for surgical treatment of presacral tumors.

Presacral tumors are rare, but can comprise a great variety of histological types. Congenital tumors are the most common. Once the diagnosis is established, surgical resection is essential because of the potential for malignancy or infection. Previous biopsy is not necessary or may be even harmful. To decide the best surgical approach (abdominal, sacral or combined) an individual and multidisciplinary analysis must be carried out. We report three cases of cystic presacral masses in which a posterior approach (Kraske procedure) enabled complete resection, the only way to decrease local recurrence. All patients had a satisfactory recovery. A brief overview of retrorectal tumors is presented, focusing on classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis and surgical management.