Chitosan-Coated Liposome Formulations for Encapsulation of Ciprofloxacin and Etoposide.

Cancer and bacterial infections rank among the most significant global health threats. accounting for roughly 25 million fatalities each year. This statistic underscores the urgent necessity for developing novel drugs, enhancing current treatments, and implementing systems that boost their bioavailability to achieve superior therapeutic outcomes. Liposomes have been recognised as effective carriers; nonetheless, they encounter issues with long-term stability and structural integrity, which limit their pharmaceutical applicability. Chitosomes (chitosan-coated liposomes) are generally a good alternative to solve these issues. This research aims to demonstrate the effective individual encapsulation of ciprofloxacin (antibacterial, hydrophilic) and etoposide (anticancer, hydrophobic), within chitosomes to create more effective drug delivery systems (oral administration for ciprofloxacin, parenteral administration for etoposide). Thus, liposomes and chitosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique and were characterised through ATR-FTIR, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and release profiling. In both cases, the application of chitosomes enhanced long-term stability in size and surface charge. Chitosome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin formulations exhibited a slower and sustained release profile, while the combined effect of etoposide and chitosan showed heightened efficacy against the glioblastoma cell line U373. Therefore, coating liposomes with chitosan improved the encapsulation system's properties, resulting in a promising method for drug delivery.

Fail-Aware LIDAR-Based Odometry for Autonomous Vehicles.

Autonomous driving systems are set to become a reality in transport systems and, so, maximum acceptance is being sought among users. Currently, the most advanced architectures require driver intervention when functional system failures or critical sensor operations take place, presenting problems related to driver state, distractions, fatigue, and other factors that prevent safe control. Therefore, this work presents a redundant, accurate, robust, and scalable LiDAR odometry system with fail-aware system features that can allow other systems to perform a safe stop manoeuvre without driver mediation. All odometry systems have drift error, making it difficult to use them for localisation tasks over extended periods. For this reason, the paper presents an accurate LiDAR odometry system with a fail-aware indicator. This indicator estimates a time window in which the system manages the localisation tasks appropriately. The odometry error is minimised by applying a dynamic 6-DoF model and fusing measures based on the Iterative Closest Points (ICP), environment feature extraction, and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) methods. The obtained results are promising for two reasons: First, in the KITTI odometry data set, the ranking achieved by the proposed method is twelfth, considering only LiDAR-based methods, where its translation and rotation errors are 1.00 % and 0.0041 deg/m, respectively. Second, the encouraging results of the fail-aware indicator demonstrate the safety of the proposed LiDAR odometry system. The results depict that, in order to achieve an accurate odometry system, complex models and measurement fusion techniques must be used to improve its behaviour. Furthermore, if an odometry system is to be used for redundant localisation features, it must integrate a fail-aware indicator for use in a safe manner.

Colorenal fistula after renal tumour cryotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous cryoablation is increasingly utilized for renal cell carcinoma. Bowel injury is a known complication but is extremely rare. We herein present the case of a 58-year-old man diagnosed with a colorenal fistula after cryoablation of a left renal tumour. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A left renal tumour was incidentally found on abdominal CT examination performed for a slight increase in transaminases. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 31 × 32-mm solid, well-defined, cortical tumour at the lower pole of his left kidney. The patient was asymptomatic and had no distant metastasis. The decision was made to treat the tumour with percutaneous cryoablation, with good response to the technique. Two months later, the patient had recurrent urinary tract infections and pneumaturia. In the absence of improvement with antibiotic treatment, CT was performed and revealed a fistula connecting the descending colon and renal parenchyma. The decision was made to perform surgery to repair the defect caused by percutaneous cryotherapy. DISCUSSION: To reduce adverse effects of the procedure and preserve renal function, percutaneous ablation techniques have been developed. Internal injury is a known complication and it is particularly common in cases of renal tumours located in the upper and anterior kidney. The diagnosis is based on symptoms and imaging. Most colorenal fistulas have been treated conservatively with good results. CONCLUSION: The patient recovered from surgery and was discharged with no complications.

An unsuspected clinical condition: Appendicitis of appendicular residual, three cases report.

INTRODUCTION: Stump appendicitis is a rare complication of appendectomy unusually included in the differential diagnosis. This is found in appendectomized patients with similar symptoms to those of a previous appendicitis. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We present three cases, two women and a man of 67, 30 and 24 years old, respectively. They underwent surgery at our centre and their appendectomies presented technical difficulties: problems when identifying the appendicular base or the complete appendicular structure. In the first case, diagnosis and therapy were performed with laparoscopy. The second case was diagnosed by an abdominal ultrasound (US) which revealed a tubular structure with thickened walls. An abscess was observed in the computed tomography (CT) scan for the third case and a laparotomy revealed the retained appendix. DISCUSSION: Although there are several factors that can contribute to this rare pathology, the main cause of stump appendicitis is the persistence of a large appendicular remnant. CT and US are very useful diagnosis tools. Treatment consists to a completion appendectomy of the stump which can be carried out by an open or a laparoscopic approach. CONCLUSION: In this rare pathology a prior history of appendicectomy can delay the diagnosis and increase its associated morbidity and even mortality. In patients with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant and previous appendectomy, it is important to include this pathology in the differential diagnosis, in order to not delay the treatment and thus avoid complications.

Metástasis de carcinoma de esófago en falange. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Metastatic carcinoma of the esophagus in phalanx. A case report and review of the literature

Las metástasis acrales en huesos o partes blandas de manos o pies son localizaciones poco comunes de la diseminación a distancia de una enfermedad oncológica. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar el caso de un paciente con cáncer de esófago con metástasis acral en mano izquierda y una revisión de trabajos acerca de esta rara entidad. (AU)

Acral metastases in bone or soft parts of the hands or feet are rare entities of distant dissemination of an oncological disease. The purpose of this paper work is to present a patient case with esophageal cancer with metastases acral in his left hand and to revie the literature about the pathology. (AU)

Metástasis de carcinoma de esófago en falange. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Metastatic carcinoma of the esophagus in phalanx. A case report and review of the literature

Las metástasis acrales en huesos o partes blandas de manos o pies son localizaciones poco comunes de la diseminación a distancia de una enfermedad oncológica. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar el caso de un paciente con cáncer de esófago con metástasis acral en mano izquierda y una revisión de trabajos acerca de esta rara entidad.

Acral metastases in bone or soft parts of the hands or feet are rare entities of distant dissemination of an oncological disease. The purpose of this paper work is to present a patient case with esophageal cancer with metastases acral in his left hand and to revie the literature about the pathology.

Estesioneuroblastoma con metástasis en médula ósea. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Esthesioneuroblastoma with bone marrow metastasis. A case report and review of the literature

El estesioneuroblastoma (ENB) es un tipo de cáncer poco común que se desarrolla en el área olfatoria de las fosas nasales, de baja malignidad con recidivas tardías locales. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico de ENB con metástasis en médula ósea y revisión de la literatura acerca de la patología.(AU)

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm that grows in the nostrils olfactoryãs area with low malignancy and late local relapses. The purpose of this paper work is to present a patient case with diagnosis of ENB and bone marrow metastasis, and to review the literature about the pathology.(AU)

Estesioneuroblastoma con metástasis en médula ósea. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Esthesioneuroblastoma with bone marrow metastasis. A case report and review of the literature

El estesioneuroblastoma (ENB) es un tipo de cáncer poco común que se desarrolla en el área olfatoria de las fosas nasales, de baja malignidad con recidivas tardías locales. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico de ENB con metástasis en médula ósea y revisión de la literatura acerca de la patología.

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm that grows in the nostrils olfactory’s area with low malignancy and late local relapses. The purpose of this paper work is to present a patient case with diagnosis of ENB and bone marrow metastasis, and to review the literature about the pathology.

Variantes de biopsias para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución del cáncer de mama / Biopsy variables for the diagnosis treatment and evolution of Breast Cancer

En este estudio se revisan los diferentes métodos de biopsias dirigidos a diagnosticar y a brindar información útil sobre el cáncer de mama. Se analizan en detalles la punción evacuadora de un quiste, la punción aspirativa con aguja fina, la biopsia con trocar o aguja gruesa incluyendo las estereotáxicas, los métodos abiertos por incisión y escisión, el estudio del ganglio centinela, las preparaciones de los bloques en congelación y parafina, la dosificación de receptores hormonales, además de otros métodos inmunohistoquímicos de marcadores celulares y factores genéticos implicados en el cáncer de mama. Toda esta información está destinada a mejorar el juicio terapéutico de los especialistas involucrados en el manejo de estas pacientes. Los autores hemos realizado un análisis crítico de todos estos métodos diagnósticos y pronósticos basados en nuestra experiencia y comparándola con la literatura internacional revisada