ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the characteristics of women during pregnancy/immediate postpartum cycles and the product of their pregnancy. METHOD: Data collection was conducted for a period of three months in 2011, in six maternity hospitals in the State of São Paulo. The data were obtained in an interview with the women after the end of the pregnancy and collected from hospital records. The sample included 7,058 women hospitalized for abortion or childbirth in five hospitals from SUS (Unified Health System) and from only one hospital for private health insurance patients and their 6,602 conceptuses (live births and stillborns). Statistical analysis was based on χ2 tests, with a significance level of α = 5%. RESULTS: It was observed that 6,530 women gave birth and 528 showed interruption of pregnancy. Regarding age, 1,448 were teenagers (20.5%). There were no deaths during hospitalization and 99.8% of women received a medical discharge. Maternal morbidity in the current pregnancy was analyzed, showing urinary tract infection, anemia and excessive vomiting as the main problems. The rate of cesarean sections accounted for 31.1% and complications in childbirth and postpartum were shown, respectively, by 834 (12.8%) and 265 (4.1%) women. The characteristics of the conceptuses were also studied: gestation length (9.3% of preterm among live births, and 68% among the stillborn); birth weight (underweight in 8.2% among live births, and 66% among the stillborn) and morbidity, measured by congenital anomalies and other diseases; these diseases were responsible for ICU stay, transfers to better-equipped hospitals (10 cases) and 37 deaths. Thirteen live births were still hospitalized at the end of the investigation.
Subject(s)
Live Birth , Stillbirth , Adolescent , Adult , Birth Weight , Child , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Pregnancy , Premature Birth , Young AdultABSTRACT
The present study investigated the characteristics of women during pregnancy/immediate postpartum cycles and the product of their pregnancy. Data collection was conducted for a period of three months in 2011, in six maternity hospitals in the State of São Paulo. The data were obtained in an interview with the women after the end of the pregnancy and collected from hospital records. The sample included 7,058 women hospitalized for abortion or childbirth in five hospitals from SUS (Unified Health System) and from only one hospital for private health insurance patients and their 6,602 conceptuses (live births and stillborns). Statistical analysis was based on χ2 tests, with a significance level of α = 5%. It was observed that 6,530 women gave birth and 528 showed interruption of pregnancy. Regarding age, 1,448 were teenagers (20.5%). There were no deaths during hospitalization and 99.8% of women received a medical discharge. Maternal morbidity in the current pregnancy was analyzed, showing urinary tract infection, anemia and excessive vomiting as the main problems. The rate of cesarean sections accounted for 31.1% and complications in childbirth and postpartum were shown, respectively, by 834 (12.8%) and 265 (4.1%) women. The characteristics of the conceptuses were also studied: gestation length (9.3% of preterm among live births, and 68% among the stillborn); birth weight (underweight in 8.2% among live births, and 66% among the stillborn) and morbidity, measured by congenital anomalies and other diseases; these diseases were responsible for ICU stay, transfers to better-equipped hospitals (10 cases) and 37 deaths. Thirteen live births were still hospitalized at the end of the investigation.
A pesquisa estudou as características de mulheres no ciclo gravídico/puerperal imediato e do produto de sua gestação. A coleta dos dados, relativos a três meses, em 2011, foi feita em seis maternidades do Estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos em entrevista com a mulher após o desfecho da gestação e coletados nos prontuários hospitalares. Participaram 7.058 mulheres internadas por aborto ou parto em cinco hospitais do SUS e um, somente, para pacientes de convênio privado, e seus 6.602 conceptos (nascidos vivos e nascidos mortos). A análise estatística baseou-se em testes χ Observou-se que 6.530 mulheres tiveram parto e 528 apresentaram interrupção da gestação. Quanto à idade, 1.448 eram adolescentes (20,5%). Não ocorreu óbito durante a internação e 99,8% das mulheres receberam alta médica. Morbidade materna na gestação atual foi analisada, aparecendo infecção urinária, anemia e vômitos exagerados como os principais problemas. A taxa de cesáreas correspondeu a 31,1% e intercorrências no parto e puerpério apresentaram-se, respectivamente, em 834 (12,8%) e 265 mulheres (4,1%). Estudaram-se características dos conceptos: duração de gestação (9,3% de pré-termo, entre os nascidos vivos, e 68%, entre os nascidos mortos); peso ao nascer (baixo peso em 8,2%, entre os nascidos vivos, e 66%, entre os nascidos mortos) e morbidade, medida pelas anomalias congênitas e outras patologias; esses agravos foram responsáveis por permanência em UTI, transferências para hospital de maior complexidade (10 casos) e 37 óbitos. Treze nascidos vivos ainda permaneciam internados ao término da investigação.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Live Birth , Stillbirth , Birth Weight , Infant, Premature , Premature BirthABSTRACT
Objetivo: descrever as características das gestantes adolescentes internadas em hospitais no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em seis maternidades públicas e privadas durante três meses de 2001, com adolescentes gestantes de 10 a 19 anos de idade, mediante entrevistas e consultas aos prontuários e cadernetas de pré-natal. Resultados: foram incluídas 1.448 gestantes adolescentes; houve 71 abortos, 16 natimortos e nove óbitos entre os 1.367 nascidos vivos (0,7 por cento); a maioria das gestantes (79,8 por cento) era primigesta, 11,7 por cento referiram ter fumado, 8,8 por cento consumiram álcool e 1,2 por cento informaram uso de drogas ilícitas durante a gestação; a proporção de adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos que iniciaram o pré-natal ao terceiro trimestre (9,3 por cento) foi maior do que aquela entre 15 e 19 anos (3,3 por cento). Conclusão: observou-se elevada prevalência de fatores de risco gestacional entre as adolescentes, como tabagismo, consumo de álcool e início tardio do pré-natal.
Objective: to describe the characteristics of the pregnancy-puerperal cycle of hospitalized teenagers in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in five public and one private maternity hospitals over a three month period in 2011 with teenagers aged 10-19, through interviews and consulting medical records and antenatal care forms. Results: 1,448 pregnant teenagers were included in the study. There were 71 miscarriages and 16 stillbirths. Nine of the 1,367 live births died. 23.5 per cent had Caesarean sections. For the majority (79.8 per cent) it was their first pregnancy 11.7 per cent reporting smoking, 8.8 per cent alcohol use and 1.2 per cent illicit drug use during pregnancy. The proportion of those aged 10-14 starting antenatal care in the third trimester of pregnancy (9.3 per cent) was higher than among those aged 15-19 (3.3 per cent). Conclusion: the results show the importance of the problem of teenage pregnancy and changes in their reproductive health care are recommended.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Pregnancy in Adolescence/statistics & numerical data , Maternal and Child Health , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Health Statistics , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
This study compared the regular and decaffeinated coffees in relation to antioxidant capacity, levels of some antioxidant molecules and stability of these parameters over a six-month period under different storage conditions. The regular coffee samples analyzed right after the industrial production showed higher antioxidant capacity (ORAC and DPPH), the same levels of phenolic compounds and higher levels of phenolic acids than decaffeinated coffee. After six months, the closed packs of both the grades kept under vacuum at 20°C did not show significant changes from the initial results; the open packs stored at 4°C showed small but statistically significant reductions and the open packs stored at 20°C showed higher and statistically significant losses (p < 0.05). Oxygen was the most important factor for these losses but temperature also played an important role. Tests showed that the storage conditions were very important to preserve the quality of coffees regarding the analyzed parameters.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: Os países que superaram as taxas de mortalidade infantil mostram, hoje em dia, a concentração de mortes no período neonatal e, dentro dele, principalmente na primeira semana de vida (após neonatais precoces). Dentre as causas de morte, como algumas doenças começaram a ser controladas, foi verificado um aumento proporcional significativo da participação das malformações congênitas. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de malformações congênitas (AC) ao nascer em conceptos (natimortos e nascidos vivos) de mulheres internadas em instituições localizadas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em quatro hospitais da cidade de São Paulo durante três meses no segundo semestre de 2011...(AU)
INTRODUCTION: Countries that have overcome high infant mortality rates show, nowadays, concentration of deaths in the neonatal period and, within it, mainly in the first week of life (early neonatal deaths). Regarding causes of death, as some diseases have started to be controlled, a significant proportional increase in the participation of congenital malformations has been verified. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of congenital malformations (CM) at birth in conceptuses (stillbirths and live births) of women hospitalized in institutions located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out at 4 hospitals in the city of São Paulo during 3 months in the 2nd semester of 2011...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Congenital Abnormalities , Infant, Newborn , Infant Mortality , Mortality Registries , Hospital Records , Health Information Systems , Birth Certificates , Maternal and Child Health , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: Os países que superaram as taxas de mortalidade infantil mostram, hoje em dia, a concentração de mortes no período neonatal e, dentro dele, principalmente na primeira semana de vida (após neonatais precoces). Dentre as causas de morte, como algumas doenças começaram a ser controladas, foi verificado um aumento proporcional significativo da participação das malformações congênitas. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de malformações congênitas (AC) ao nascer em conceptos (natimortos e nascidos vivos) de mulheres internadas em instituições localizadas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em quatro hospitais da cidade de São Paulo durante três meses no segundo semestre de 2011...
INTRODUCTION: Countries that have overcome high infant mortality rates show, nowadays, concentration of deaths in the neonatal period and, within it, mainly in the first week of life (early neonatal deaths). Regarding causes of death, as some diseases have started to be controlled, a significant proportional increase in the participation of congenital malformations has been verified. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of congenital malformations (CM) at birth in conceptuses (stillbirths and live births) of women hospitalized in institutions located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out at 4 hospitals in the city of São Paulo during 3 months in the 2nd semester of 2011...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Birth Certificates , Congenital Abnormalities , Health Information Systems , Hospital Records , Infant Mortality , Infant, Newborn , Maternal and Child Health , Mortality Registries , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: o padrão espacial de distribuição de renda do município de São Paulo, frequentemente generalizado como sendo "radial", tem sido muito questionado pela literatura recente. São Paulo tem uma complexa distribuição de características sociais e demográficas entre seus distritos, o que dificulta a análise por meio de modelos estatísticos que permitam a inclusão somente de algumas variáveis de cada vez, como as regressões lineares. O presente estudo objetiva identificar os distritos do município que possam ser considerados como "comparáveis" pelo uso da metodologia estatística conhecida como propensity score matching. METODOLOGIA: os 96 distritos do município de São Paulo foram analisados separadamente; foram incluídas 16 variáveis no modelo, sendo o índice de Gini a variável que permitiu a separação de distritos entre expostos (alta desigualdade) ou não expostos (baixa desigualdade). Do total de distritos, 27 foram considerados comparáveis com algum outro, isto é, possuíram valores de propensity score com uma distância menor de 0,1 de outro com tipo de exposição diferente. RESULTADOS: das 16 variáveis incluídas, 9 apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os distritos incluídos e excluídos, o que é esperado pela metodologia. Dos 17 pares de distritos formados, apenas 3 foram compostos por distritos de uma mesma região administrativa e apenas 1 por distritos que faziam fronteira entre si. CONCLUSÃO: a análise da diferença no padrão de distribuição das variáveis, permitida pelo uso do propensity score matching, indica a dificuldade de dividir a cidade segundo regiões. Para entender São Paulo é preciso considerar suas particularidades e suas complexas distribuições espaciais.
OBJECTIVES: The spatial pattern of income distribution in the Municipality of São Paulo, considered to be of a "radial" type, has been challenged by recent studies due to the complex distribution of social and demographic characteristics between its distritos. This demands an in-depth analysis that takes into consideration a multitude of variables in order to control for local heterogeneity. This study aims to identify the distritos of São Paulo that can be defined as "comparable" to another one, by using a statistical methodology known as propensity score matching.METHODOLOGY:The 96 distritos of the Municipality of São Paulo were analyzed separately. 16 variables were included in the model, and the Gini coefficient was used to define "exposure" (high inequality) and "non-exposure" (low inequality). Of the distritos, 27 were considered "comparable".RESULTS: Of the 16 variables inserted in the model, nine presented a statistically significant difference between included and excluded distritos, which is expected by this methodology. Of the 17 pairs of distritos considered to be comparable, only three were composed of distritos situated in the same administrative region, and only one was composed of bordering distritos.CONCLUSION: The complex spatial distribution of the propensity score in the Municipality of São Paulo indicates that it is very difficult to divide the city according to its geographical regions. In order to understand how the distritos of São Paulo affect the health of its residents, it is important to take into consideration its many particularities and how they are spatially distributed.
Subject(s)
Demography , Demography , Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Socioeconomic Factors , Social Medicine , Poverty , Social Problems , Per Capita Income , Urban Area , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Linear ModelsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: o padrão espacial de distribuição de renda do município de São Paulo, frequentemente generalizado como sendo "radial", tem sido muito questionado pela literatura recente. São Paulo tem uma complexa distribuição de características sociais e demográficas entre seus distritos, o que dificulta a análise por meio de modelos estatísticos que permitam a inclusão somente de algumas variáveis de cada vez, como as regressões lineares. O presente estudo objetiva identificar os distritos do município que possam ser considerados como "comparáveis" pelo uso da metodologia estatística conhecida como propensity score matching. METODOLOGIA: os 96 distritos do município de São Paulo foram analisados separadamente; foram incluídas 16 variáveis no modelo, sendo o índice de Gini a variável que permitiu a separação de distritos entre expostos (alta desigualdade) ou não expostos (baixa desigualdade). Do total de distritos, 27 foram considerados comparáveis com algum outro, isto é, possuíram valores de propensity score com uma distância menor de 0,1 de outro com tipo de exposição diferente. RESULTADOS: das 16 variáveis incluídas, 9 apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os distritos incluídos e excluídos, o que é esperado pela metodologia. Dos 17 pares de distritos formados, apenas 3 foram compostos por distritos de uma mesma região administrativa e apenas 1 por distritos que faziam fronteira entre si. CONCLUSÃO: a análise da diferença no padrão de distribuição das variáveis, permitida pelo uso do propensity score matching, indica a dificuldade de dividir a cidade segundo regiões. Para entender São Paulo é preciso considerar suas particularidades e suas complexas distribuições espaciais.(AU)
Subject(s)
Urban Area , Poverty , Per Capita Income , Demography , Demography , Social Problems , Socioeconomic Factors , Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Social Medicine , Linear Models , 28599ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, there is a higher male mortality in almost all ages and causes. The objective is to estimate and describe the trend in male mortality, between 1979/2007, in three State Capitals (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre). METHODS: The study populations refer to the residents in the three cities, in 1979/1981, 1990/1992, 1999/2001 and 2005/2007, and their deaths. The data source was Health Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Overall (crude/standardized) and specific mortality coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: Up to 24 years, men predominate in the population; after, it has been observed higher female participation and gender ratios ever lower. This fact is associated with high male mortality and the intense involvement of young men with external causes. Throughout the series, these causes were responsible for large risk estimates of male death. In 2005/2007, this group was the leading cause of death in men until the age 40-44 years. In the following age groups, deaths by circulatory system diseases are the main cause. CONCLUSION: These capitals show features of a developing city, with reduced fertility, increased longevity and consequent trend to an aging population. Estimates of the men high risk of dying make clear their vulnerability. The intensity with these events occur demand actions that will reduce the mortality rates of preventable diseases and the men's risky behaviors. It is necessary that men adopt healthier lifestyles habits, thus increasing life expectancy and reducing the gender differences in mortalities.
Subject(s)
Men's Health , Mortality/trends , Urban Health , Brazil/epidemiology , Cause of Death , Humans , Male , Sex Distribution , Time FactorsABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, verifica-se maior mortalidade masculina em praticamente todas as idades e na quase totalidade das causas. OBJETIVO: Estimar e descrever a tendência da mortalidade masculina, entre 1979 e 2007, em São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e Porto Alegre (RS). MATERIAL E MÉTODO: As populações de estudo referem-se aos residentes nas três capitais, nos triênios 1979/81, 1990/92, 1999/2001 e 2005/07 e respectivos óbitos. As fontes de dados incluíram Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e Sistemas de Informações em Saúde do Brasil. Calcularam-se os coeficientes de mortalidade gerais e específicos (brutos e padronizados). RESULTADOS: Verificaram-se declínio da proporção de crianças e de jovens e crescimento da proporção de idosos. Até 24 anos, os homens predominaram na população; a partir daí observaram-se maiores participações femininas e razões de sexos cada vez mais baixas, evidenciando, entre idosos, maior presença de mulheres, fato associado à elevada mortalidade masculina. Houve perda intensa de jovens por causas externas. Em 2005/07, este grupo correspondeu à principal causa de morte masculina até a faixa de 40-44 anos. Nos grupos etários seguintes, as doenças circulatórias foram a principal causa. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: As localidades evidenciam características de cidades em desenvolvimento, com redução da fecundidade, aumento da sobrevivência e envelhecimento populacional. As estimativas do elevado risco de morrer dos homens tornam clara sua vulnerabilidade, demandando ações que possibilitem redução da mortalidade por causas evitáveis, eliminando comportamentos de risco e incentivando ...
INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, there is a higher male mortality in almost all ages and causes. The objective is to estimate and describe the trend in male mortality, between 1979/2007, in three State Capitals (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre). METHODS: The study populations refer to the residents in the three cities, in 1979/1981, 1990/1992, 1999/2001 and 2005/2007, and their deaths. The data source was Health Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Overall (crude/standardized) and specific mortality coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: Up to 24 years, men predominate in the population; after, it has been observed higher female participation and gender ratios ever lower. This fact is associated with high male mortality and the intense involvement of young men with external causes. Throughout the series, these causes were responsible for large risk estimates of male death. In 2005/2007, this group was the leading cause of death in men until the age 40-44 years. In the following age groups, deaths by circulatory system diseases are the main cause. CONCLUSION: These capitals show features of a developing city, with reduced fertility, increased longevity and consequent trend to an aging population. Estimates of the men high risk of dying make clear their vulnerability. The intensity with these events occur demand actions that will reduce the mortality rates of preventable diseases and the men's risky behaviors. It is necessary that men adopt healthier lifestyles habits, thus increasing life expectancy and reducing the gender differences in mortalities. .
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Men's Health , Mortality/trends , Urban Health , Brazil/epidemiology , Cause of Death , Sex Distribution , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to verify perinatal mortality and its associated components in an investigation about the history of gestations/deliveries. METHODS: the study was carried out at six maternity hospitals in the State of São Paulo that were interested in participating in the research. The population was composed of 7,058 women, of whom 6,530 gave birth, the number of conceptuses was 6,602: 56 stillbirths and 6,546 live births, of which 28 died in the first week of life. Variables related to the mother, the pregnancy, the delivery and the conceptus were studied. RESULTS: the perinatal mortality coefficient was 12.7 per 1,000 births, 66.7% of the conceptuses were stillbirths and 33.3% were live births who died aged less than 7 days at the same hospital where they were born. Approximately 27% of the conceptuses were children of adolescent mothers and 44% of the mothers were primigravidae. Prenatal assistance was attended by 92% of the women, type of pregnancy showed 67.8% of preterm gestations with similar proportions for each one of the components. The coefficient for twin gestations was more than four times higher than the coefficient for mothers of singleton gestations. Regarding type of delivery, Cesarean sections corresponded to 31.1% of the total, and it is important to notice that there was a non-negligible amount of surgical deliveries in mothers whose product was a stillbirth. The coefficient according to sex was higher for males (1.8: 1), and as for birth weight, the highest proportion occurred among those who weighed less than 2,500g (67.9%). CONCLUSIONS: there was a relationship of the proportion of neonatal deaths in the first hours of life and the proportion of fetal deaths to the quality of the care offered in the women's pregnancy-puerperal cycle...(AU)
OBJETIVO: verificar a mortalidade perinatal e seus componentes associados em investigação sobre a história das gestações/partos. MÉTODO: o estudo foi feito em seis maternidades do Estado de São Paulo que manifestaram interesse em participar. A população foi composta de 7.058 mulheres, das quais 6.530 tiveram parto; o número de conceptos foi 6.602, sendo 56 nascidos mortos e 6.546 nascidos vivos, dos quais 28 morreram na primeira semana de vida. Variáveis relativas à mãe, à gravidez e ao parto e ao concepto foram estudadas. RESULTADOS: o coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal foi igual a 12,7 por mil nascimentos; 66,7% dos conceptos foram nascidos mortos e 33,3%, nascidos vivos, que morreram com menos de sete dias, no mesmo hospital em que nasceram. Cerca de 27% dos conceptos eram filhos de mães adolescentes e 44% eram primigestas. O pré-natal foi realizado por 92% das mulheres; o tipo de gestação mostrou 67,8% de gravidezes de pré-termo com proporções semelhantes para cada um dos componentes. O coeficiente para gestações duplas foi mais de quatro vezes o correspondente aos de mães de gestações únicas. Quanto ao tipo de parto, cesarianas corresponderam a 31,1% do total, sendo importante notar quantidade não desprezível de partos cirúrgicos em mães com produto nascido morto. O coeficiente segundo sexo mostrou-se maior no masculino (1,8: 1) e quanto ao peso ao nascer, a maior proporção ocorreu entre os que pesaram menos de 2.500g (67,9%). CONCLUSÕES: houve relação entre a proporção dos óbitos neonatais nas primeiras horas de vida e a de óbitos fetais com a qualidade da assistência oferecida no ciclo gravídico puerperal das mulheres...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Parturition , Perinatal Mortality , Pregnant Women , Maternal and Child Health , Risk Factors , Causality , Hospitals, Maternity , Unified Health System , Health Statistics , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to verify perinatal mortality and its associated components in an investigation about the history of gestations/deliveries. METHODS: the study was carried out at six maternity hospitals in the State of São Paulo that were interested in participating in the research. The population was composed of 7,058 women, of whom 6,530 gave birth, the number of conceptuses was 6,602: 56 stillbirths and 6,546 live births, of which 28 died in the first week of life. Variables related to the mother, the pregnancy, the delivery and the conceptus were studied. RESULTS: the perinatal mortality coefficient was 12.7 per 1,000 births, 66.7% of the conceptuses were stillbirths and 33.3% were live births who died aged less than 7 days at the same hospital where they were born. Approximately 27% of the conceptuses were children of adolescent mothers and 44% of the mothers were primigravidae. Prenatal assistance was attended by 92% of the women, type of pregnancy showed 67.8% of preterm gestations with similar proportions for each one of the components. The coefficient for twin gestations was more than four times higher than the coefficient for mothers of singleton gestations. Regarding type of delivery, Cesarean sections corresponded to 31.1% of the total, and it is important to notice that there was a non-negligible amount of surgical deliveries in mothers whose product was a stillbirth. The coefficient according to sex was higher for males (1.8: 1), and as for birth weight, the highest proportion occurred among those who weighed less than 2,500g (67.9%). CONCLUSIONS: there was a relationship of the proportion of neonatal deaths in the first hours of life and the proportion of fetal deaths to the quality of the care offered in the women's pregnancy-puerperal cycle...
OBJETIVO: verificar a mortalidade perinatal e seus componentes associados em investigação sobre a história das gestações/partos. MÉTODO: o estudo foi feito em seis maternidades do Estado de São Paulo que manifestaram interesse em participar. A população foi composta de 7.058 mulheres, das quais 6.530 tiveram parto; o número de conceptos foi 6.602, sendo 56 nascidos mortos e 6.546 nascidos vivos, dos quais 28 morreram na primeira semana de vida. Variáveis relativas à mãe, à gravidez e ao parto e ao concepto foram estudadas. RESULTADOS: o coeficiente de mortalidade perinatal foi igual a 12,7 por mil nascimentos; 66,7% dos conceptos foram nascidos mortos e 33,3%, nascidos vivos, que morreram com menos de sete dias, no mesmo hospital em que nasceram. Cerca de 27% dos conceptos eram filhos de mães adolescentes e 44% eram primigestas. O pré-natal foi realizado por 92% das mulheres; o tipo de gestação mostrou 67,8% de gravidezes de pré-termo com proporções semelhantes para cada um dos componentes. O coeficiente para gestações duplas foi mais de quatro vezes o correspondente aos de mães de gestações únicas. Quanto ao tipo de parto, cesarianas corresponderam a 31,1% do total, sendo importante notar quantidade não desprezível de partos cirúrgicos em mães com produto nascido morto. O coeficiente segundo sexo mostrou-se maior no masculino (1,8: 1) e quanto ao peso ao nascer, a maior proporção ocorreu entre os que pesaram menos de 2.500g (67,9%). CONCLUSÕES: houve relação entre a proporção dos óbitos neonatais nas primeiras horas de vida e a de óbitos fetais com a qualidade da assistência oferecida no ciclo gravídico puerperal das mulheres...
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Causality , Maternal and Child Health , Parturition , Perinatal Mortality , Pregnant Women , Risk Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Statistics , Hospitals, Maternity , Unified Health SystemABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze cause-specific mortality rates according to the relative income hypothesis. METHODS: All 96 administrative areas of the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, were divided into two groups based on the Gini coefficient of income inequality: high (>0.25) and low (<0.25). The propensity score matching method was applied to control for confounders associated with socioeconomic differences among areas. RESULTS: The difference between high and low income inequality areas was statistically significant for homicide (8.57 per 10,000; 95%CI: 2.60;14.53); ischemic heart disease (5.47 per 10,000 [95%CI 0.76;10.17]); HIV/AIDS (3.58 per 10,000 [95%CI 0.58;6.57]); and respiratory diseases (3.56 per 10,000 [95%CI 0.18;6.94]). The ten most common causes of death accounted for 72.30% of the mortality difference. Infant mortality also had significantly higher age-adjusted rates in high inequality areas (2.80 per 10,000 [95%CI 0.86;4.74]), as well as among males (27.37 per 10,000 [95%CI 6.19;48.55]) and females (15.07 per 10,000 [95%CI 3.65;26.48]). CONCLUSIONS: The study results support the relative income hypothesis. After propensity score matching cause-specific mortality rates was higher in more unequal areas. Studies on income inequality in smaller areas should take proper accounting of heterogeneity of social and demographic characteristics.
OBJETIVO: Analisar causas básicas de óbito segundo a teoria de renda relativa. MÉTODOS: Os 96 distritos do Município de São Paulo, SP, foram divididos em dois grupos segundo desigualdade de renda, com base no índice de Gini (alta > 0,25 e baixa <0,25). Foi aplicada a metodologia propensity score matching para controlar por fatores de confusão referentes às diferenças socioeconômicas e demográficas entre os distritos. RESULTADOS: A diferença entre a mortalidade de distritos desiguais e mais igualitários foi estatisticamente significativa para homicídios (8,57 por 10.000 residentes [IC95% 2,60; 14,53]), doença isquêmica do coração (5,47 por 10.000 [IC95% 0,76; 10,17]), aids (3,58 por 10.000 [IC95% 0,58; 6,57]) e doenças respiratórias (3,56 por 10.000 [IC95% 0,18; 6,94]). As dez causas básicas mais frequentes foram responsáveis por 72,3% do total da diferença. A mortalidade infantil também foi estatisticamente maior para distritos mais desiguais (2,80 por 10.000 [IC95% 0,86; 4,74]), assim como mortalidade masculina (27,37 por 10.000 [IC95% 6,19; 48,55]) e feminina (15,07 por 10.000 [IC95% 3,65; 26,48]). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados encontrados estão de acordo com o esperado pela teoria da renda relativa. A mortalidade por todas as causas básicas analisadas foi maior em distritos mais desiguais depois do uso da metodologia do propensity score matching. Estudos sobre a desigualdade de renda realizados em regiões menores precisam levar em consideração a distribuição heterogênea das características sociais e demográficas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Cause of Death , Health Status Disparities , Income/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Homicide/statistics & numerical data , Poverty , Propensity Score , Social Class , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze cause-specific mortality rates according to the relative income hypothesis. METHODS: All 96 administrative areas of the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, were divided into two groups based on the Gini coefficient of income inequality: high (≥0.25) and low (<0.25). The propensity score matching method was applied to control for confounders associated with socioeconomic differences among areas. RESULTS: The difference between high and low income inequality areas was statistically significant for homicide (8.57 per 10,000; 95%CI: 2.60;14.53); ischemic heart disease (5.47 per 10,000 [95%CI 0.76;10.17]); HIV/AIDS (3.58 per 10,000 [95%CI 0.58;6.57]); and respiratory diseases (3.56 per 10,000 [95%CI 0.18;6.94]). The ten most common causes of death accounted for 72.30% of the mortality difference. Infant mortality also had significantly higher age-adjusted rates in high inequality areas (2.80 per 10,000 [95%CI 0.86;4.74]), as well as among males (27.37 per 10,000 [95%CI 6.19;48.55]) and females (15.07 per 10,000 [95%CI 3.65;26.48]). CONCLUSIONS: The study results support the relative income hypothesis. After propensity score matching cause-specific mortality rates was higher in more unequal areas. Studies on income inequality in smaller areas should take proper accounting of heterogeneity of social and demographic characteristics.
Subject(s)
Cause of Death , Health Status Disparities , Income/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Brazil , Child , Female , Homicide/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Poverty , Propensity Score , Social Class , Urban Population , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Support for the adverse effect of high income inequality on population health has come from studies that focus on larger areas, such as the US states, while studies at smaller geographical areas (eg, neighbourhoods) have found mixed results. METHODS: We used propensity score matching to examine the relationship between income inequality and mortality rates across 96 neighbourhoods (distritos) of the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: Prior to matching, higher income inequality distritos (Gini ≥ 0.25) had slightly lower overall mortality rates (2.23 per 10,000, 95% CI -23.92 to 19.46) compared to lower income inequality areas (Gini <0.25). After propensity score matching, higher inequality was associated with a statistically significant higher mortality rate (41.58 per 10,000, 95% CI 8.85 to 73.3). CONCLUSION: In São Paulo, the more egalitarian communities are among some of the poorest, with the worst health profiles. Propensity score matching was used to avoid inappropriate comparisons between the health status of unequal (but wealthy) neighbourhoods versus equal (but poor) neighbourhoods. Our methods suggest that, with proper accounting of heterogeneity between areas, income inequality is associated with worse population health in São Paulo.
Subject(s)
Health Status Disparities , Income/statistics & numerical data , Mortality/trends , Propensity Score , Brazil , Confidence Intervals , Health Status , Humans , Logistic Models , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Study of the temporal activity of malaria vectors during the implantation of a hydroelectric power station on the River Paraná, intended to generate electrical energy. The river separates the States of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, in Brazil. The objective was to verify whether alterations occurred in the wealth and diversity indices of Anopheles, following two successive floods, extended to the temporal activity and nycthemeral rhythm followed over a five year period. METHODS: Mosquito capture was performed monthly using the Human Attraction Technique and Shannon Traps. The first, executed for 24h, provided the nycthemeral rhythm and the second, lasting 15 h, permitted the tracking of Anopheles during the two floods. RESULTS: The bimodal pattern of Anopheles darlingi defined before these floods was modified throughout the environment interventions. The same effect had repercussions on the populations of An albitarsis s.l., An triannulatus and An galvaoi. Activity prior to twilight was less affected by the environment alterations. CONCLUSIONS: The dam construction provoked changes in Anopheles temporal activity patterns, permitting classification of the area as an ecologically steady and unstable situation. Differences observed in Anopheles behavior due to the capture methods revealed the influence of solo and multiple attractiveness inside the populations studied.
Subject(s)
Anopheles/physiology , Biodiversity , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Floods , Insect Vectors/physiology , Power Plants , Animals , Anopheles/classification , Brazil , Population Density , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Study of the temporal activity of malaria vectors during the implantation of a hydroelectric power station on the River Paraná, intended to generate electrical energy. The river separates the States of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, in Brazil. The objective was to verify whether alterations occurred in the wealth and diversity indices of Anopheles, following two successive floods, extended to the temporal activity and nycthemeral rhythm followed over a five year period. METHODS: Mosquito capture was performed monthly using the Human Attraction Technique and Shannon Traps. The first, executed for 24h, provided the nycthemeral rhythm and the second, lasting 15h, permitted the tracking of Anopheles during the two floods. RESULTS: The bimodal pattern of Anopheles darlingi defined before these floods was modified throughout the environment interventions. The same effect had repercussions on the populations of An albitarsis s.l., An triannulatus and An galvaoi. Activity prior to twilight was less affected by the environment alterations. CONCLUSIONS: The dam construction provoked changes in Anopheles temporal activity patterns, permitting classification of the area as an ecologically steady and unstable situation. Differences observed in Anopheles behavior due to the capture methods revealed the influence of solo and multiple attractiveness inside the populations studied.
INTRODUÇÃO: Estudo da atividade horária de vetores da malária durante a implantação de uma represa no Rio Paraná, destinada à geração de energia elétrica. O rio separa os Estados de São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul, no Brasil. O objetivo foi verificar se as alterações na riqueza e diversidades de Anopheles diante de duas inundações sucessivas se estendiam à atividade horária e ritmo nictimeral numa série temporal de cinco anos. MÉTODOS: A captura de mosquito foi mensal, por meio dos métodos Técnica Atrativa Humana e Armadilha de Shannon. A primeira, executada durante 24 horas, forneceu o ritmo nictimeral e a segunda, com duração de 15 horas, para acompanhar os anofelinos durante as duas inundações. RESULTADOS: O padrão bimodal de Anopheles darlingi definido antes dessas inundações foi alterado ao longo das intervenções ambientais. O mesmo efeito repercutiu nas populações de An albitarsis s.l., An triannulatus e An galvaoi. A atividade pré-crepuscular foi a menos afetada pelas alterações ambientais. CONCLUSÕES: As barragens provocam mudanças no padrão de atividade horária dos anofelinos permitindo classificar a área em situação ecologicamente estável e instável. Diferenças observadas no comportamento dos anofelinos pelos métodos de captura mostram a influência da uni e múltipla atratividade dentro das populações estudadas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anopheles/physiology , Biodiversity , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Floods , Insect Vectors/physiology , Power Plants , Anopheles/classification , Brazil , Population Density , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Hydroelectric schemes modify the water flow and cause an impact on mosquito composition, thus justifying investigations. The aim of this study was to study anophelines in the area under the influence of a new lake and to evaluate their relative vulnerability to malaria. METHODS: Anopheles specimens were collected from the edges of the Porto Primavera reservoir, during the phases of reservoir filling until its maximum level was reached. The techniques used were attraction to humans, Shannon traps and entomological scoops. The richness and diversity indexes were used to measure the impact. The temporal distribution analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, taking the site, level and capture method as independent variables (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The density of Anopheles darlingi oscillated among the sites A, B and C, and the biggest peaks were located at B and C. After the lake reached its stable maximum level, there was a tendency for the density to decrease. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the risk of autochthonous malaria in the vicinity of the lake remained unchanged, but it is necessary to remain alert regarding sporadic human infections.
