Assessing the Efficacy of ChatGPT in Solving Questions Based on the Core Concepts in Physiology.

Background and objective ChatGPT is a large language model (LLM) generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot trained through deep learning to produce human-like language skills and analysis of simple problems across a wide variety of subject areas. However, in terms of facilitating the transfer of learning in medical education, a concern has arisen that while AI is adept at applying surface-level understanding, it does not have the necessary in-depth knowledge to act at an expert level, particularly in addressing the core concepts. In this study, we explored the efficacy of ChatGPT in solving various reasoning questions based on the five core concepts applied to different modules in the subject of physiology. Materials and methods In this study, a total of 82 reasoning-type questions from six modules applicable to the five core concepts were created by the subject experts. The questions were used to chat with the conversational AI tool and the responses generated at first instance were considered for scoring and analysis. To compare the scores among various modules and five core concepts separately, the Kruskal-Wallis test along with post hoc analysis were used. Results The overall mean score for the modules (60 questions) was 3.72 ±0.26 while the average score obtained for the core concepts (60 questions) was 3.68 ±0.30. Furthermore, statistically significant differences (p=0.05 for modules and p=0.024 for core concepts) were observed among various modules as well as core concepts. Conclusion The significant differences observed in the scores among various modules and core concepts highlight the varying execution of the same software tool, thereby necessitating the need for further evaluation of AI-enabled learning applications to enhance the transfer of learning among undergraduates.

Lipoma at an unusual site - an intrinsic laryngeal lipoma involving the aryepiglottic fold.

Lipomas are common tumours. However they are a rare occurrence in the larynx. They are an unusual cause for hoarseness of voice and may at times present acutely with respiratory distress due to significant airway compromise. The characteristic imaging features help to differentiate it from laryngeal malignancy and other common pathologies. We present a case of a laryngeal lipoma arising from the aryepiglottic fold, which was diagnosed on imaging and confirmed on histopathological examination after surgical excision. We also briefly discuss the differential diagnoses of this entity.

Surgical management and lymph-node biopsy of rare malignant cutaneous adnexal carcinomas: a population-based analysis of 7591 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prognosis of cutaneous adnexal malignancies, survival relative to surgical management, and utility of lymph-node biopsy. DESIGN: Population-based study of the SEER-18 database from 1975 to 2016. PARTICIPANTS: 7591 patients with sweat gland carcinoma, hidradenocarcinoma, spiradenocarcinoma, sclerosing sweat duct tumor/microcystic adnexal tumor (SSDT/MAC), porocarcinoma, eccrine adenocarcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma RESULTS: Five-year OS ranged from 68.0 to 82.6%, while 5-year DSS ranged from 94.6 to 99.0%. The majority of patients were treated with narrow (42.4%) or wide local excision (16.9%). DSS at 5 years showed that patients with stage IV had significantly poorer survival (50.3%) than I, II, or III (99.3%, 97.8%, and 89.0% respectively). 5-year OS was significantly higher for narrow excision (excision with < 1 cm margin, 78.5%) than observation (65.0%), excisional biopsy (66.8%), or wide local excision (WLE, 73.2%). Lymph-node biopsy was performed in a minority of cases (8.1%) and patients showed no significant difference in survival based on nodal status. The sensitivity and specificity of lymph-node biopsy for all malignancies were 46% and 80%, respectively. The PPV and NPV for that group were 0.46 and 0.80, respectively. Invasion of deep extradermal structures was a poor predictor of nodal positivity. CONCLUSIONS: These malignancies have excellent DSS. Narrow excisions demonstrate better 5-year DSS and OS compared with WLE. Lymph-node biopsy is a poor predictor of survival in advanced stage disease and utility is limited.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is associated with increased risk of lymphoma, melanoma, lung cancer, and bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) are at a higher risk of developing second malignancies. However, rates of incidence vary significantly across studies. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of articles published between 1950 and 2019 was performed to evaluate the risk of second malignancies in patients with CTCL. RESULTS: We identified 10 eligible studies, including 12 patient cohorts, with 5.9% to 16.8% of patients developing second malignancies. All studies showed a male predominance for patients developing second malignancies. The mean age across the studies ranged from 44.6 to 68.0 years. The time between the diagnosis of CTCL and second malignancy ranged from 2.1 to 5.4 years (mean, 3.29 y; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.69-5.15). Meta-analysis showed a standardized incidence ratio of 2.18 (95% CI, 1.43-2.93) for all malignancies. The standardized incidence ratios were 15.25 (95% CI, 7.70-22.79) for Hodgkin lymphoma, 4.96 (95% CI, 3.58-6.33) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.18-2.21) for lung cancer, 1.72 (95% CI, 1.18-2.21) for bladder cancer, and 3.09 (95% CI, 1.77-6.43) for melanoma. CONCLUSIONS: We find that patients with CTCL are at increased risk of second malignancies, especially Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer, and melanoma. These findings provide evidence of a population at increased risk of malignancy. Early detection may decrease the morbidity burden of second malignancies, thus providing a strong rationale for prospective screening studies.

Increased risk of second primary hematologic and solid malignancies in patients with mycosis fungoides: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is associated with increased risk of second primary hematologic malignancies, but its association with second primary solid tumors is less well characterized. OBJECTIVE: This retrospective analysis seeks to assess the risk of being diagnosed with a second primary hematologic or solid malignancy in patients with MF. DESIGN: We performed an analysis of patients diagnosed with MF from 2000 through 2015 in the United States cancer registries of SEER-18 (N = 6742). RESULTS: Relative risks were estimated by using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). Among 6742 patients, there were 511 (7.5%) second cancer events (SIR, 10.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.29-11.07). These included 184 (36.0%) hematologic malignancies (SIR, 39.71; 95% CI, 34.05-46.05) and 327 (64.0%) solid tumor malignancies (SIR, 7.33; 95% CI, 6.56-8.17). Patients with MF were at increased risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma; Hodgkin lymphoma; melanoma; and lung, female breast, prostate, colon, and renal cancers. Females were at higher risk than males (P < .05). All ethnic groups showed a statistically significant elevation in SIRs. Elevation of SIRs was observed across all stages of MF. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Patients with MF are at increased risk for diagnosis of second primary malignancies and should be carefully screened for discernable signs and symptoms of second malignancies.

Variable loss of CD30 expression by immunohistochemistry in recurrent cutaneous CD30+ lymphoid neoplasms treated with brentuximab vedotin.

AIMS: Brentuximab vedotin is a monoclonal anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate that has been used to treat a variety of CD30+ neoplasms. The phenomenon of antigen loss has been observed in patients treated with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. This study seeks to assess for antigen loss in the setting of recurrent CD30+ neoplasms treated with brentuximab vedotin. METHODS: We report nine cases of persistent/recurrent cutaneous CD30+ lymphoid neoplasms that demonstrated variable CD30 expression after treatment with brentuximab vedotin. Cases include MF (n = 6), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (n = 1), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), both primary (n = 1) and systemic (n = 1). RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining revealed decreased CD30 expression following brentuximab vedotin therapy in seven of nine cases. In these seven cases, the pre-treatment percent of tumor cells staining for CD30 ranged from 10% to 100% (mean 50.0%, SD 27.8%), compared to 5% to 50% (mean 14.5%, SD 14.8%, P = 0.003) at recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: This case series highlights the finding that CD30 positivity can be variable in recurrences after treatment with anti-CD30 antibodies. This serves to raise awareness of the phenomenon of antigen loss after treatment with brentuximab vedotin and underscores the utility of performing multiple biopsies and/or employing molecular diagnostic techniques in patients with recurrent/persistent disease.

Internal Carotid Artery Bleed: A Rare Complication of Invasive Sphenoidal Aspergillosis.

BACKGROUND: Invasive sinonasal aspergillosis is rarely seen in immunocompetent individuals. It may involve adjacent intracranial and intraorbital structures causing high morbidity and mortality. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a rare case of invasive Aspergillus sinusitis in a young, immunocompetent woman causing headache and vision loss. Endoscopic débridement under general anesthesia was complicated by rupture of a mycotic cavernous carotid artery aneurysm. This was managed by packing with muscle and fascia followed by endovascular coiling. Subsequently, the aneurysm extended intradurally and caused fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: This case emphasizes the need for early diagnosis of invasive fungal sinusitis to prevent intracranial complications and fatal outcome. When the diagnosis is made, aggressive treatment with surgical débridement and adjuvant antifungal therapy is required. Internal carotid artery involvement is a rare but life-threatening complication of invasive fungal sinusitis.

Psoriasis, chronic tonsillitis, and biofilms: Tonsillar pathologic findings supporting a microbial hypothesis.

Group A Streptococcus has been identified as a possible etiologic agent in psoriasis in epidemiologic, immunologic, immunopathologic, medical, and surgical studies. Tonsillectomy has been shown to provide considerable relief to 75% of patients with plaque psoriasis. Even with the substantial evidence supporting group A Streptococcus as a causative pathogen in psoriasis, it is an elusive pathogen because it is not culturable, nor does it exhibit any positive serologic evidence of its presence. One possible reason for the negative cultures and negative serology findings with group A Streptococcus is the development of biofilms. We conducted a pathologic study to determine whether biofilms were present in the tonsillar tissues of 10 patients with psoriasis-6 men and 4 women, aged 25 to 64 years (mean: 48)-and in 10 age- and sex-matched controls with chronic tonsillitis who did not have psoriasis. We found that biofilms were present in every tonsillectomy specimen we examined, including those of the controls. Whereas psoriasis has been considered a "double hit" phenomenon, we believe that the development of skin lesions is likely attributable to the presence of the gene PSORS together with the biofilm in psoriasis patients rather than to the biofilm itself. Biofilms have been identified in both extra- and intracellular locations. We believe our findings add further evidence supporting a microbial pathogenesis of this disease.

Perceptions of U.S. dermatology residency program directors regarding the adequacy of phototherapy training during residency.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Phototherapy utilization has declined over the last 20 years despite its efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Adequacy of phototherapy training in residency may be a contributing factor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate perceptions of U.S. dermatology residency program directors (PDs) regarding the effectiveness of their programs' phototherapy training and what constitutes adequate phototherapy education. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to PDs to assess phototherapy training within their program; aspects such as dedicated time, exposure to different modalities, and barriers to resident education were surveyed. We assessed the statistical association between these aspects and the perception by PDs that a program's training was adequate. Statistical testing was reported using Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: A total of 42 PDs responded. Residency training in oral psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy (PUVA), home phototherapy, and excimer laser, respectively, is not provided in 19.0%, 31.0%, and 47.6% of programs. 38.1% of programs provide ≤5 hours of phototherapy training over 3 years of training. 59.5% of PDs cited lack of curriculum time as the most common barrier to phototherapy education. 19.0% of PDs reported completely adequate phototherapy training, which was significantly associated with inclusion of faculty-led didactics, assigned reading, or hands-on clinical training in the curriculum. CONCLUSIONS: There is a mismatch between the resources devoted to phototherapy education and the need for dedicated training reported by PDs. Limited time is allocated to phototherapy training during dermatology residency, and a large majority of PDs do not feel that the phototherapy training offered is completely adequate.

Infantile Intraosseous Maxillary Hemangioma.

BACKGROUND: Primary osseous hemangiomas of the facial skeleton mimic malignancy. Their location in maxillary sinus, especially in infants is extremely rare. CASE CHARACTERISTICS: 1- month-old full term boy with maxillary swelling. OBSERVATIONS: Biopsy from oral route revealed hemangioma showing vascular channels lined by endothelial cells. Patient improved on oral steroids. MESSAGE: Hemangiomas should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis of unilateral maxillary swelling in infants. Steroids may serve as the primary mode of treatment as opposed to tumor excision.

Screening and vaccinations in patients requiring systemic immunosuppression: an update for dermatologists.

Immunomodulatory agents are becoming an increasingly important tool in the dermatologist's armamentarium against autoimmune and auto-inflammatory conditions. This review addresses the guidelines for vaccination and screening studies prior to the initiation of immunomodulatory agents. Included are discussions of vaccination schedules, hepatitis vaccination and screening, tuberculosis screening, and specific screening recommendations for antimalarials, azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, and newer medications like apremilast and tofacitinib.