ABSTRACT
Understanding micro-seismicity is a critical question for earthquake hazard assessment. Since the devastating earthquakes of Izmit and Duzce in 1999, the seismicity along the submerged section of North Anatolian Fault within the Sea of Marmara (comprising the "Istanbul seismic gap") has been extensively studied in order to infer its mechanical behaviour (creeping vs locked). So far, the seismicity has been interpreted only in terms of being tectonic-driven, although the Main Marmara Fault (MMF) is known to strike across multiple hydrocarbon gas sources. Here, we show that a large number of the aftershocks that followed the M 5.1 earthquake of July, 25th 2011 in the western Sea of Marmara, occurred within a zone of gas overpressuring in the 1.5-5 km depth range, from where pressurized gas is expected to migrate along the MMF, up to the surface sediment layers. Hence, gas-related processes should also be considered for a complete interpretation of the micro-seismicity (~M < 3) within the Istanbul offshore domain.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the independent effect of clinical and non clinical factors on the mode of delivery after previous cesarean section. METHODS: We performed a retrospective multicenter study of 579 women who had previously undergone a cesarean section and who delivered between January 1995 and June 1997. Maternal and perinatal morbidity associated with trial of labor and elective repeat cesarean was assessed. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify prognostic factors for the outcome of a trial of labor. The odds ratios provided indicate the risk of cesarean section when the factor is present. RESULTS: The rate of successful trial of labor was 74.5%. Overall morbidity was not increased in the trial of labor group. The variables of significant predictive value were the Bishop's score (OR = 15.2 for a score < 3; 95% CI: 5.54 to 41.9), an anomaly of the pelvis (OR = 5.89; 95% CI: 2.37 to 14.7), a previous vaginal delivery (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.60), a fetal distress (OR = 4.11; 95% CI: 2.01 to 8.43), the weight gain during pregnancy (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.68), a delivery between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m. (OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.66), a hypertension (OR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.09 to 8.80) and the use of an intra-uterine pressure catheter (OR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.57). CONCLUSION: A trial of labor should be allowed in most of the women with previous cesarean section. The Bishop's score is the best predictor of the mode of delivery. Induction of labor and a first cesarean for dystocia do not affect the chances of vaginal birth.
Subject(s)
Cesarean Section, Repeat/statistics & numerical data , Trial of Labor , Vaginal Birth after Cesarean/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Cervical Ripening , Cesarean Section, Repeat/adverse effects , Cesarean Section, Repeat/mortality , Female , Fetal Distress/complications , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Logistic Models , Morbidity , Obesity/complications , Obstetric Labor Complications , Patient Selection , Predictive Value of Tests , Pregnancy , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Vaginal Birth after Cesarean/adverse effects , Vaginal Birth after Cesarean/mortalityABSTRACT
The uncontrolled reproduction of the captive chimpanzee colony at the Primate Centre, CIRMF, Gabon, has led to high neonatal mortality. The only solution meeting ethical, financial, and practical considerations was to attempt reversible physical contraception using intrauterine devices (IUDs). Human IUDs were inserted into 21 females of various ages, parities, and stages of the menstrual cycle. Over a 30-month period, five of the study animals became pregnant. This reduction of conception rate, with minimal side effects, demonstrates the reliability of IUDs for controlling reproduction of chimpanzee colonies.
