The changing face of reoperative parathyroidectomy: a single-centre comparison of 147 parathyroid reoperations.

INTRODUCTION: Reoperative parathyroidectomy for persistent and recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism is dependent on radiology. This study aimed to compare outcomes in reoperative parathyroidectomy at a single centre using a combination of traditional and newer imaging studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective case note review of all reoperative parathyroidectomies for persistent and recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism over five years (June 2014 to June 2019; group A). Imaging modalities used and their positive predictive value, complications and cure rates were compared with a published dataset spanning the preceding nine years (group B). RESULTS: From over 2000 parathyroidectomies, 147 were reoperations (101 in group A and 46 in group B). Age and sex ratios were similar (56 vs 62 years; 77% vs 72% female). Ultrasound use remains high and shows better positive predictive value (76% vs 57 %). 99mTc-sestamibi use has declined (79% vs 91%) but the positive predictive value has improved (74% vs 53%). 4DCT use has almost doubled (61% vs 37%) with better positive predictive value (88% vs 75%). 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography-computed tomography and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for parathyroid hormone are novel modalities only available for group A. Both carried a positive predictive value of 100%. Venous sampling with or without angiography use has decreased (35% vs 39%) but maintains a high positive predictive value (86% vs 91%). Cure rates were similar (96% vs 100%). Group A had 5% permanent hypoparathyroidism, 1% permanent vocal cord palsy and 1% haematoma requiring reoperation. No complications for group B. CONCLUSION: Optimal imaging is key to good cure rates in reoperative parathyroidectomy. High-quality, non-interventional imaging techniques have produced a shift in the preoperative algorithm without compromising outcomes.

Patient-level costs in margin re-excision for breast-conserving surgery.

BACKGROUND: High rates of reoperation following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for positive margins are associated with costs to healthcare providers. The aim was to assess the quality of evidence on reported re-excision costs and compare the direct patient-level costs between patients undergoing successful BCS versus reoperations after BCS. METHODS: The study used data from women who had BCS with or without reoperation at a single institution between April 2015 and March 2016. A systematic review of health economic analysis in BCS was conducted and scored using the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument. Financial data were retrieved using the Patient-Level Information and Costing Systems (PLICS) for patients. Exchange rates used were: US $1 = £0·75, £1 = €1·14 and US $1 = €0·85. RESULTS: The median QHES score was 47 (i.q.r. 32·5-79). Only two of nine studies scored in the upper QHES quartile (score at least 75). Costs of initial lumpectomy and reoperation were in the range US $1234-11786 and $655-9136 respectively. Over a 12-month interval, 153 patients had definitive BCS and 59 patients underwent reoperation. The median cost of reoperations after BCS (59 patients) was £4511 (range 1752-18 019), representing an additional £2136 per patient compared with BCS without reoperation (P < 0·001). CONCLUSION: The systematic review demonstrated variation in methodological approach to cost estimates and a paucity of high-quality cost estimate studies for reoperations. Extrapolating local PLICS data to a national level suggests that getting BCS right first time could result in substantial savings.

Updates to Adherence to Hypertension Medications.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to discuss recent studies that have described approaches or interventions to improve hypertension medication adherence and to suggest how providers can integrate evidenced-based approaches into routine clinical care to improve medication adherence and blood pressure control. RECENT FINDINGS: Factors that can impact medication include patient-related factors, social- and economic-related factors, health system/health care team-related factors, and therapy-related factors. Overall, a multifaceted approach is needed to improve medication adherence. Important components include (1) patient education on hypertension, its treatment modalities and its long-term complications; and (2) patient engagement building on the foundation of education. The various interventions tested have engaged patients through interactive educational sessions, health coaching, motivational interviewing, stage of change behavioral counseling, and pharmacist hypertension management. Strategies utilizing patient education and engagement are needed to improve medication adherence and blood pressure control.

Sociodemographics and clinical presentation of HIV in Jamaica over 20 years: a comparative analysis of surveillance data / Sociodemografía y presentación clínica del VIH en Jamaica por más de 20 años: análisis comparativo de datos de vigilancia

OBJECTIVE: To delineate changes in the epidemiology of HIV including morbidity and mortality patterns based on three key time points in Jamaica s HIV response. METHOD: Surveillance data from Jamaica s HIV/AIDS Tracking system (HATS) were analysed and distribution of cases by age, gender, sexual practice, risk factors and clinical features were determined for three time periods (1988 - 1994: formal establishment of HIV surveillance at the national level; 1995-2003: introduction ofHAART globally; 2004 -June2008: introduction of HAART and HIV rapid testing in Jamaica). Factors that predicted late stage diagnosis (AIDS or AIDS death) were also determined. RESULTS: 22 603 persons with HIV were reported to the Ministry of Health, Jamaica, between 1988 and June 2008. Between the first and last time blocks, the modal age category remained constant (25-49 years) and the proportion of women reported with HIV non-AIDS increased from 32.5% to 61.4% (p < 0.001). However, the male: female ratio for persons reported with AIDS remained at 1.3:1 between 1995 and 2008. Although heterosexual transmission was the most frequent mode of transmission in each time period, sexual behaviour was consistently under-reported (4769 persons or 21% of all cases ever reported). Late stage diagnosis (AIDS or AIDS death) decreased significantly between the first and last time blocks (16% decline, p < 0.0001) with men, older persons and persons with unknown risk history being more likely to be diagnosed at AIDS or AIDS death. CONCLUSION: HIV testing and treatment programmes have improved timely diagnosis and reduced morbidity associated with HIV infection in Jamaica. However, new strategies must be developed to target men and older persons who are often diagnosed at a late stage ofdisease. Surveillance systems must be strengthened to improve understanding ofpersons reported with unknown risk behaviours and unknown sexual practices.

OBJETIVO: Delinear los cambios en la epidemiologia del VIH incluyendo patrones de morbilidad y mortalidad sobre la base de tres momentos claves de la respuesta de Jamaica frente al VIH. MÉTODO: Se analizaron datos de vigilancia del sistema de rastreo epidemiológico del VIH/SIDA (HATS) en Jamaica, y se determinó la distribución de casos por edad, género, práctica sexual, factores de riesgo, y características clinicas en los tres periodos de tiempo siguientes. (1988-1994): Establecimiento formal de vigilancia del VIH a nivel nacional. (1995 - 2003): Introducción de la terapia TARGA a nivel global. (2004 - junio 2008): Introducción de la terapia TARGA y pruebas rápidas de VIH en Jamaica. Asimismo se determinaron los factores que predijeron el diagnóstico en fase tardia (SIDA o muerte por SIDA). RESULTADOS: Entre 1988 y junio de 2008, se reportaron 22 603 personas con VIH al Ministerio de Salud de Jamaica. Entre el primer y el último bloque de tiempo, la categoria modal edad permaneció constante (25-49 anos) y el número de mujeres reportadas con VIH sin SIDA aumentó de 32.5% a 61.4% (p < 0.001). Sin embargo, la proporción varón:hembra entre las personas reportadas con SIDA permaneció en 1.3:1 entre 1995 y 2008. Aunque la transmisión heterosexual fue el modo de transmisión más frecuente en cada periodo del tiempo, los reportes sobre comportamiento sexual fueron persistentemente insuficientes (sólo 4769 personas o 21% de todos los casos reportaron alguna vez). El diagnóstico de fase tardia (SIDA o muerte por SIDA) disminuyó significativamente entre el primer y el último bloque de tiempo (una disminución del 16%, p < 0.0001), con una mayor probabilidad de diagnóstico de SIDA o muerte por SIDA entre los hombres, las personas de más edad y las personas con una historia de riesgo desconocida. CONCLUSIÓN: La prueba de VIHy los programas de tratamiento han mejorado el diagnóstico oportuno y reducido la morbilidad asociada con la infección por VIH en Jamaica. Sin embargo, se hace imprescindible desarrollar nuevas estrategias destinadas a hombres y personas de edad que a menudo reciben el diagnóstico en una etapa avanzada de la enfermedad. Deben fortalecerse los sistemas de vigilancia para mejorar la comprensión de las personas reportadas con conductas de riesgo desconocidas y prácticas sexuales desconocidas.

Sociodemographics and clinical presentation of HIV in Jamaica over 20 years. A comparative analysis of surveillance data.

OBJECTIVE: To delineate changes in the epidemiology of HIV including morbidity and mortality patterns based on three key time points in Jamaica's HIV response. METHOD: Surveillance data from Jamaica's HIV/AIDS Tracking system (HATS) were analysed and distribution of cases by age, gender sexual practice, risk factors and clinical features were determined for three time periods (1988-1994: formal establishment of HIV surveillance at the national level, 1995-2003: introduction of HAART globally; 2004-June 2008: introduction of HAART and HIV rapid testing in Jamaica). Factors that predicted late stage diagnosis (AIDS or AIDS death) were also determined RESULTS: 22 603 persons with HIV were reported to the Ministry of Health, Jamaica, between 1988 and June 2008. Between the first and last time blocks, the modal age category remained constant (25-49 years) and the proportion of women reported with HIV non-AIDS increased from 32.5% to 61.4% (p < 0.001). However the male:female ratio for persons reported with AIDS remained at 1.3:1 between 1995 and 2008. Although heterosexual transmission was the most frequent mode of transmission in each time period, sexual behaviour was consistently under-reported (4769 persons or 21% of all cases ever reported). Late stage diagnosis (AIDS or AIDS death) decreased significantly between the first and last time blocks (16% decline, p < 0.0001) with men, older persons and persons with unknown risk history being more likely to be diagnosed at AIDS or AIDS death. CONCLUSION: HIV testing and treatment programmes have improved timely diagnosis and reduced morbidity associated with HIV infection in Jamaica. However new strategies must be developed to target men and older persons who are often diagnosed at a late stage of disease. Surveillance systems must be strengthened to improve understanding of persons reported with unknown risk behaviours and unknown sexual practices.

Humanized monoclonal antibody against West Nile virus envelope protein administered after neuronal infection protects against lethal encephalitis in hamsters.

Humans infected with West Nile virus (WNV) may clinically present with symptoms that are suggestive of neurological infection. Nearly all treatments of WNV disease have been effective in animal models only if administered before or soon after viral challenge. Here, we evaluated whether a potent neutralizing anti-WNV humanized monoclonal antibody (MAb), hE16, could improve the course of disease in a hamster model when administered after the virus had infected neurons in the brain. Five days after viral injection, WNV was detected in the brains of hamsters by cytopathic assay, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical staining of WNV envelope in neurons. Notably, 80%-90% of the hamsters treated 5 days after viral injection by intraperitoneal injection with hE16 survived the disease, compared with 37% of the placebo-treated hamsters (P< or =.001). The hamsters that received hE16 directly in the brain also exhibited markedly improved survival rates, compared with those in the placebo-treated hamsters. In prospective experiments, hamsters with high levels of infectious WNV in their cerebrospinal fluid were also protected by hE16 when administered 5 days after viral injection. These experiments suggest that humanized MAbs with potent neutralizing activity are a possible treatment for human patients after WNV has infected neurons in the central nervous system.