A modified technique for insertion of a unit rod into the pelvis.

The use of a pedicle probe facilitated insertion of a unit rod into the ilium of five patients with neuromuscular scoliosis. Compared to the standard technique, the pedicle probe method greatly reduced soft-tissue dissection and also provided better perception of rod alignment and cortical perforation.

The role of journal clubs in orthopaedic surgery residency programs.

Journal clubs have a long history in graduate medical education; however, their role in orthopaedic surgery residencies has not been analyzed. The 161 orthopaedic residency program directors in the United States and Canada were surveyed to determine the frequency, format, and goals of journal clubs. Journal clubs are a regular part of the education program in 147 of the 149 programs that responded. Most journal clubs meet once per month in the evening and review articles from more than one periodical. Program directors rate teaching residents how to evaluate a scientific article as the most important goal of a journal club. Although journal clubs are virtually universal in orthopaedic programs, additional study is needed to assess their efficacy and optimal format.

Cerebral palsy. Evaluation and management of equinus and equinovarus deformities.

Walking function may be enhanced by correcting equinus and equinovarus deformities in CP. Nonoperative management should be used in young children. Muscle balancing procedures, such as gastrocnemius aponeurosis lengthening, Achilles' tendon lengthening, and SPLATT, are particularly useful in correcting these deformities.

The clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural presentation of polyvinyl sponge (Ivalon) breast prostheses removed for massive fluid accumulation.

The current study describes what we believe is the first report of bilateral massive seromas associated with open-cell Ivalon sponges. Additionally, the gross, histologic, and ultrastructural features consistent with previous reports of polyvinyl alcohol prostheses are presented. Despite the reported chemical inertness of polyvinyl alcohol, this material may incite a biologic response in some patients, leading to dense fibrosis and occasional foreign-body giant-cell reaction. It is postulated that the molecular breakdown products of the polyvinyl alcohol polymer may create an osmotic gradient across the periprosthetic capsule, which may lead to intracapsular fluid accumulation, as presented in this case.

Elemental analysis and clinical implications of calcification deposits associated with silicone breast implants.

Calcification of the fibrous capsule surrounding silicone breast implants is a well-recognized occurrence that increases with time following implantation. These mineralized deposits potentially confound mammographic breast cancer surveillance already made difficult by the obscuring effects of silicone breast implants. The authors performed elemental analysis of silicone breast implant-associated calcifications to define better their chemical composition as related to mammographic and clinical significance. Electron probe microanalysis and infrared spectroscopy revealed all of the calcification deposits to be calcium complexed with tribasic phosphate. No evidence of calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, silicone, or talc was observed. Caution must be employed in interpreting mammograms in women with silicone breast implants as well as those who have had their silicone breast implants removed. High-density mammographic calcifications indicative of calcium phosphate associated with a silicone breast implant may represent an accepted consequence of implantation or nearby carcinoma. We recommend baseline mammography on women who have had their silicone breast implants removed to prevent unnecessary fine-needle aspiration or tissue biopsy of retained breast capsule calcifications during subsequent routine surveillance for carcinoma.

Closed treatment of hip dislocation in Down syndrome.

Two young children (three hips) with Down syndrome and dislocation of the hip were successfully treated by nonoperative methods by using the principle of prolonged immobilization or bracing. A 5-year, 6-month-old patient with bilateral habitual dislocation used an ambulatory abduction orthosis full-time for 6 months and then part-time for 4 months. Complete dislocation of the right hip in a 4-year, 6-month-old patient was managed by closed reduction, spica cast immobilization for 4 months, and then an ambulatory abduction orthosis for 8 months. Both patients developed stable, well-contained hips. Nonoperative management of hip dislocation in Down syndrome can be successful and avoids the complications associated with operations previously recommended for these patients.

Displaced fractures of the femoral shaft in children. Unique features and therapeutic options.

The decision analysis for managing femoral shaft fractures in children should included such factors as the possibility of child abuse, overgrowth, and the potential for remodeling. Direct and indirect costs must be understood. Factors to consider in determining treatment include the age of the child, the extent of the soft tissue injury, and associated injuries. Non-operative methods, universally used in the past to treat these injuries, still are indicated, but operative modalities should be considered for a greater number of pediatric femoral fractures. Early enthusiasm for external fixation and rigid intramedullary rodding has been tempered by a greater awareness of their particular complications. The role of flexible intramedullary rodding, however, is expanding.

Morphology and pathogenesis of Liesegang rings in cyst aspirates: report of two cases with ancillary studies.

Liesegang rings are laminated ring-like structures occasionally found in benign cysts and abscesses. They have been confused with parasites (especially eggs), algae, calcifications, and psammoma bodies. We examined Liesegang rings from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of a benign cyst of the breast and a complex renal cyst. Liesegang rings were best observed with Papanicolaou, hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, acid-fast (AFB), and Gram stains, which accentuate the concentrically laminated morphology. An amorphous electron-dense core and fibrillary lucent concentric rings were seen with transmission electron microscopy with no significant energy peaks by electron probe microanalysis or distinct diffraction patterns by X-ray diffraction. This investigation indicates that Liesegang rings are composed of organic substances most likely formed by periodic precipitation from a supersaturated solution within cystic fluid. Awareness of the Liesegang phenomenon within cystic lesions will decrease the possibility of erroneous misdiagnosis as another type of pathologic process.

Prophylactic transfusion for hypertrophic synovitis in children with hemophilia.

A 7- to 9-month protocol of prophylactic transfusion was used to treat 33 joints in 19 children with severe hemophilia (< 1 U/dL Factors VIII or IX) and hypertrophic synovitis. The overall rate of hemarthrosis was reduced, but only 36% (12 of 33 joints) achieved a good result (defined as 0-0.5 bleeding episodes per month and decreased synovial hypertrophy 1 year after completing treatment). Age and severity of arthropathy at initiation of treatment did not affect the result. The degree of synovial hypertrophy and involvement of the knee joint showed an adverse trend, but these factors did not achieve statistical significance. The number of episodes of breakthrough bleeding during the first 6 weeks of therapy was significantly associated with a poor result. Based on the results of this study, a trial of transfusion therapy is recommended for recurrent hemarthroses and synovitis in patients with hemophilia, but the duration of thrice weekly treatment has been increased and the duration of prophylaxis has been reduced in selected cases.

Respiratory reovirus 1/L induction of intraluminal fibrosis. A model for the study of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a term that was first applied in 1985 to describe a long-observed but unclassified pattern of acute lung injury. BOOP lesions are characterized by fibrous extensions into the alveolar spaces in association with a peribronchiolar organizing pneumonia. Since 1985, an increasing number of reports of BOOP have appeared in the clinical literature, and it is now accepted that BOOP is a significant pulmonary syndrome. Although BOOP can be associated with a number of documented pulmonary insults, many cases are not associated with known causes and are thus classified as idiopathic. The lack of an appropriate small animal model that closely mimics the generation of BOOP lesions has been an impediment to basic studies of the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the generation of BOOP in humans. In this report, we describe an animal model for BOOP in which CBA/J mice infected with reovirus serotype 1/strain Lang develop BOOP lesions. These lesions closely resemble those seen in humans and occur in a well defined temporal sequence that proceeds from initial peribronchiolar inflammatory lesions to characteristic, fibrotic cellular BOOP lesions over a 3-week time course.

Silicone breast implants: pathology.

Questions as to the bioreactivity of silicone breast implants (SBIs) have recently been intensely scrutinized, most notably by the media and legal system. Pathologists must be aware of the controversy and treat each SBI and associated tissue as a potential lawsuit. Grossly, silicone is a clear, viscous substance that may be observed either within or extruding from a silastic bag. By light microscopy, silicone is a nonstainable, nonpolarizable, refractile substance. Thicker sections, especially when viewed by non-Köhler illumination, phase-contrast, and darkfield microscopy will enhance visualization. Ultrastructurally, silicone is an electron-dense, amorphous substance often located within phagocytic vacuoles or extracellularly within the stroma. Correlating electron probe microanalysis allows for reliable identification. In most cases, a fibrous capsule surrounds the SBI, with the interface lining varying from a virtually acellular to a synovial-like lining composed of phagocytic and secretory cells. Silicone can often be identified within the fibrous capsule and also in distant tissues biopsied for suspected autoimmune disorders, such as synovium, skin, and lymph nodes, often without ultrastructural evidence of cytologic effects. This study has demonstrated that silicone accumulates at distant tissue sites due to preexisting inflammation acting as a stimulus. Thus, silicone is not a primary inducer of inflammatory disease processes. These findings are supported by various large epidemiologic studies.

Crystallizing galactocele. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Galactoceles are benign cystic lesions that generally occur during pregnancy and postpartum lactation. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) yields milky fluid that is often both diagnostic and therapeutic. Cytologically, aspirates are generally noted to contain occasional foam cells and benign epithelium displaying lactational change with an abundant background of lipid micelles and proteinaceous material. CASE: A 23-year-old, black female presented with a 1.0-cm, discrete, nontender nodule involving the upper middle area of the left breast. FNA showed crystals of varying size and shape, best viewed with Diff-Quik and demonstrating metachromasia, polarization and birefringence. They were also positive with periodic acid-Schiff stain and both alizarin red S and von Kossa stain for calcium. Scanning electron microscopy revealed angulated, well-defined geometric crystals often with scalloped edges and smooth surfaces. The internal structure of the crystals consisted of electron-lucent material without periodicity or lattice formation, as observed by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Electron probe microanalysis identified small quantities of calcium, chlorine, potassium and sulphur within the crystals. CONCLUSION: We think that in this case the crystals represented precipitation of inspissated lactational secretions. There are several possible mechanisms of precipitation. The differential diagnosis includes other breast lesions with acellular amorphous components that may be confused with crystallizing galactocele in FNA biopsy specimens.

Silicone deposition in reconstruction scars of women with silicone breast implants.

BACKGROUND: The possible association of silicone breast implants and disease is a subject of continuous debate and concern. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to examine microscopically and ultrastructurally the periprosthetic fibrous capsules and reconstruction scars of women with silicone breast implants. METHODS: Representative samples from the periprosthetic capsules and reconstruction scars from six women with silicone breast implants were examined by a variety of light microscopy techniques, transmission electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. RESULTS: Silicone globules of various sizes were identified in every periprosthetic capsule and reconstruction scar. CONCLUSION: Extrusion and seeding of the incision tract during surgery most likely accounts for the presence of silicone in the reconstruction scar specimens. This observation suggests that the identification of silicone in the reconstruction scars of women with silicone breast implants does not necessarily implicate rupture of the silicone breast implant with systemic dissemination of silicone gel.

Caterpillar bodies of porphyria cutanea tarda ultrastructurally represent a unique arrangement of colloid and basement membrane bodies.

Caterpillar bodies are eosinophilic, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive globules arranged in a linear fashion in the epidermis overlying subepidermal blisters of porphyria cutanea tarda (Am J Dermatopathol 1993;15:199-202). We retrospectively studied by transmission electron microscopy nine cases of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) that demonstrated caterpillar bodies. We identified three components of the eosinophilic bodies: degenerating keratinocytes, colloid bodies, and basement membrane bodies. The colloid bodies consisted of whorled masses of filaments containing degenerating melanosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, and desmosomes. Basement membrane bodies were composed of convoluted basement membrane material and associated collagen. Both colloid and basement membrane bodies were often associated with degenerating keratinocytes, were located both intra-and extracellularly, and were occasionally fused to one another. We believe that caterpillar bodies are a combination of degenerating keratinocytes, colloid bodies, and basement membrane bodies formed by repeated blistering and reepithelialization with transepidermal migration. Furthermore, we believe that caterpillar bodies are a diagnostic clue for the diagnosis of PCT.