Vitrification of Human Oocytes Before or After Rescue-IVM Does not Impair Maturation Kinetics but Induces Meiotic Spindle Alterations.

Cryopreservation of in vitro matured oocytes is still considered as an experimental alternative to mature oocyte vitrification after ovarian stimulation. Here, we investigated whether rescue-IVM should be performed before or after vitrification. For this, 101 immature oocytes (germinal vesicle stage) from women undergoing ICSI were used. Oocytes were divided into three groups: freshly in vitro matured oocytes (IVM), freshly in vitro matured oocytes subsequently vitrified (IVM + VIT) and vitrified/warmed GV oocytes then in vitro matured (VIT + IVM). Oocyte maturation rates and kinetics were assessed using time-lapse technology. Spindle dimensions and polarity, chromosome alignment and cytoplasmic F-actin filament length and density were determined using confocal microscopy and quantitative image analyses. No differences in IVM rates (fresh IVM: 63.16% and IVM post-VIT: 59.38%, p = 0.72) and timings (17.73 h in fresh IVM, 17.33 h in IVM post-VIT, p = 0.72) were observed whether IVM is performed freshly or after vitrification. Meiotic spindles were shorter in VIT + IVM (10.47 µm vs 11.23 µm in IVM and 11.40 µm in IVM + VIT, p = 0.012 and p = 0.043) and wider in IVM + VIT (9.37 µm vs 8.12 µm in IVM and 8.16 µm VIT + IVM, p = 0.027 and p = 0.026). The length-to-width ratio was lower in vitrified groups (IVM + VIT: 1.19 and VIT + IVM: 1.26) compared to IVM (1.38), p = 0.013 and p = 0.014. No differences in multipolar spindle and chromosome misalignment occurrence and cytoplasmic F-actin filament length and density were observed between groups. Our results suggest vitrification before or after rescue-IVM does not seem to impair maturation rates and kinetics parameters but induces meiotic spindle alterations.

The uterine volume is dramatically decreased after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation during childhood regardless of the conditioning regimen.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) on the uterine volume of childhood acute leukemia (AL) survivor depending on age at HSCT and the type of myeloablative conditioning regimen. SETTING: Thirteen French University Teaching Hospitals. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PATIENT(S): Eighty-eight women who underwent HSCT during childhood or adolescence for AL compared to a control group. INTERVENTION(S): A multicentric prospective national study compared the uterine volume in a cohort of childhood AL survivor adult women treated with HSCT, matched 1:1 to control women. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging scans included diffusion-weighted imaging sequences. Scans were centralized for a double-blinded reading by 2 radiologists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Uterine volume, uterine body-to-cervix ratio, and apparent diffusion coefficient. RESULT(S): The mean age at HSCT was 9.1 ± 0.3 years with a mean follow-up duration of 16.4 ± 0.5 years. The cohort of 88 HSCT survivor women was composed of 2 subgroups depending on the myeloablative conditioning regimen received: an alkylating agent-based regimen group (n = 34) and a total body irradiation (TBI)-based regimen group (n = 54). Among the 88 women, 77 were considered as having a "correct hormonal balance" with estrogens supplied by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or because of a residual ovarian function. In the control group (n = 88), the mean uterine volume was 79.7 ± 3.3 mL. The uterine volume significantly decreased in all HSCT survivor women. After the alkylating agent-based regimen, the uterine volume was 45.3 ± 5.6 mL, corresponding to a significant volume reduction of 43.1% (28.8-57.4%) compared with that of the control group. After TBI, the uterine volume was 19.6 ± 1.9 mL, corresponding to a significant volume reduction of 75.3% (70.5%-80.2%) compared with that of the control group. After the alkylating agent-based regimen, the uterine volume dramatically decreased in women with POI without HRT compared with that in those with a correct hormonal balance (15.2 ± 2.6 vs. 49.3 ± 6 mL). In contrast, after TBI, the uterine volume was similar in all women, with no positive effect of hormonal impregnation on the uterine volume (16.3 ± 2.6 vs. 20.1 ± 2.2 mL, respectively). CONCLUSION(S): The uterine volume was diminished after HSCT, regardless of the conditioning regimen. The physiopathology needs to be further investigated: specific impact of a high dose of an alkylating agent; impact of hormone deprivation around puberty; poor compliance to HRT; or different myometrial impact of HRT compared with endogenous ovarian estrogens? CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT03583294 (enrollment of the first subject, November 11, 2017; enrollment of the last subject, June 25, 2021).

Oocyte Vitrification for Fertility Preservation in Women with Benign Gynecologic Disease: French Clinical Practice Guidelines Developed by a Modified Delphi Consensus Process.

International guidelines are published to provide standardized information and fertility preservation (FP) care for adults and children. The purpose of the study was to conduct a modified Delphi process for generating FP guidelines for BGD. A steering committee identified 42 potential FP practices for BGD. Then 114 key stakeholders were asked to participate in a modified Delphi process via two online survey rounds and a final meeting. Consensus was reached for 28 items. Among them, stakeholders rated age-specific information concerning the risk of diminished ovarian reserve after surgery as important but rejected proposals setting various upper and lower age limits for FP. All women should be informed about the benefit/risk balance of oocyte vitrification-in particular about the likelihood of live birth according to age. FP should not be offered in rASRM stages I and II endometriosis without endometriomas. These guidelines could be useful for gynecologists to identify situations at risk of infertility and to better inform women with BGDs who might need personalized counseling for FP.

Impact of disease activity and treatments on ovarian reserve in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the ESPOIR cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with RA have a higher prevalence of infertility than the general population. This study sought to examine the impact of RA disease activity and treatments on ovarian reserve measured by serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in the ESPOIR cohort. We sought to better define the indications for fertility preservation. METHODS: Patients and serum analysis data were derived from the French national cohort ESPOIR. Enrolled patients (n = 102; 18-37-year-olds) fulfilled ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria for RA. Serum AMH levels were measured at T0, T6, T12, T24 and T36 months post-diagnosis. The impacts of RA activity (DAS28 and CRP level) and treatments (MTX only or with other medications) were evaluated at each study visit. RESULTS: A gradual decrease in patients' serum AMH levels was observed over time, in line with the descending curve described for healthy women. Serum AMH levels of RA patients in comparison with the values considered normal for age did not reveal any significant differences (P > 0.05). We did not observe any impact of RA treatments. We demonstrated an inverse correlation between AMH variation and disease activity (DAS28: r = -0.27, P = 0.003; CRP: r = -0.16, P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to determine serum AMH levels of a large cohort of RA patients over 36 months. Rapid disease activity control appears to be required to limit changes in the ovarian reserve. Fertility preservation is not likely to be necessary if inflammation is promptly controlled. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03666091.

Impaired pathogen-induced autophagy and increased IL-1ß and TNFα release in response to pathogenic triggers in secretory phase endometrial stromal cells of endometriosis patients.

RESEARCH QUESTION: It is not clear whether innate immunity along with autophagy is altered in endometrial cells of patients with endometriosis. DESIGN: This study evaluated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) stimulation on autophagy induction, pro-IL-1ß expression, and secretion of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in endometrial epithelial and/or stromal cells of patients with endometriosis (EE-endo, ES-endo, respectively), those of patients with hydrosalpinx (EE-hydro, ES-hydro, respectively) and those of healthy fertile women (EE-healthy, ES-healthy, respectively), with and without inhibition of autophagy by autophagy-related (ATG)13 gene small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS: Stimulation with either LPS or poly I:C triggered autophagy in EE/ES-healthy, whereas no significant induction was observed in either EE/ES-endo or EE/ES-hydro. In EE- and/or ES-healthy, IL-1ß and/or TNFα secretion after stimulation with LPS or poly I:C was significantly higher in cells with ATG13 knockdown compared with those with siRNA control (P < 0.03), whereas no significant difference was observed in either EE/ES-endo or EE/ES-hydro. In the secretory phase ES-endo without autophagy inhibition, IL-1ß and TNFα secretion were significantly higher compared with those of ES-healthy after stimulation with either LPS or poly I:C for 4 h (P < 0.001) and for 24 h (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Pathogen-induced autophagy was impaired in EE/ES-endo. Increased IL-1ß and TNFα release in response to pathogenic triggers in the secretory phase ES-endo may result in the development of an inflammatory uterine microenvironment detrimental to successful embryo implantation.

Long-Term Evolution of Quality of Life and Symptoms Following Surgical Treatment for Endometriosis: Different Trajectories for Which Patients?

Many studies have shown a global efficacy of laparoscopic surgery for patients with endometriosis in reducing painful symptoms and improving quality of life (QoL) in the short and long-term. The aim of this study was to analyze the different trajectories of long-term evolution in QoL and symptoms following surgical treatment for endometriosis, and to identify corresponding patient profiles. This prospective and multicenter cohort study concerned 962 patients who underwent laparoscopic treatment for endometriosis. QoL was evaluated using the Short Form (SF)-36 questionnaire and intensity of pain was reported using a visual analog scale prior to surgery and at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after surgery. Distinctive trajectories of pain and QoL evolution were identified using group-based trajectory modeling, an approach which gathers individuals into meaningful subgroups with statistically similar trajectories. Pelvic symptom trajectories (models of the evolution of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain intensity over years) correspond to (1) patients with no pain or pain no longer after surgery, (2) patients with the biggest improvement in pain and (3) patients with continued severe pain after surgery. Our study reveals clear trajectories for the progression of symptoms and QoL after surgery that correspond to clusters of patients. This information may serve to complete information obtained from epidemiological methods currently used in selecting patients eligible for surgery.

Identification of Predictive Factors in Endometriosis for Improvement in Patient Quality of Life.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate predictive factors for change in quality of life (QOL) between pre- and postoperative periods in patients with endometriosis. DESIGN: A prospective and multicenter cohort study. SETTING: Five districts including a tertiary referral center and private and general public hospitals. PATIENTS: Nine hundred eighty-one patients aged 15 to 50 years underwent laparoscopic treatment (preferred approach) for endometriosis between January 2004 and December 2012. INTERVENTIONS: Laparoscopic treatment for endometriosis. All revised American Fertility Society stages were included. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: QOL was evaluated using the 36-Item Short Form Survey questionnaire. Factors influencing changes for each 36-Item Shorty Form Survey domain score between t0 (before surgery) and 1 year after surgery were predicted on the basis of univariate and multivariable analyses. The effect size (ES) method was used to measure changes in QOL. Univariate analysis revealed that 47% of stage IV endometriosis patients presented an improvement in the postoperative Physical Component Summary (PCS) score (ES ≥ 0.8) versus 26%, 31.3%, and 27.5% of patients with stage I, II, and III, respectively (p <.001). Forty-four percent and 38% of patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) presented an improvement in postoperative PCS and Mental Component Summary scores (ES>0.8) versus 23% and 24% of patients without CPP, respectively (p <.001). Multivariable analysis (ES > 0.8 vs ES < 0) revealed that women with CPP were more likely to experience greater improvement in postoperative PCS and Mental Component Summary scores than women without CPP (relative risk [RR] = 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-4.4; p <.001 and RR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8; p <.01, respectively). Accordingly, fertile patients were more likely to show higher rates of improvement in the postoperative PCS score than infertile patients (RR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1; p <.05). CONCLUSION: Patients presenting with severe endometriosis and who experience higher levels of pain are more likely to show improvement in QOL after surgery. CPP is the most significant independent predictive factor for changes in QOL scores.

What Is a Good Teaching Video? Results of an Online International Survey.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyze surgeon views on criteria for a good teaching video with the aim of determining guidelines. DESIGN: An online international survey using a self-developed questionnaire. SETTING: A French university tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Three hundred eighty-eight participants answered an online questionnaire (154 women [40.53%] and 226 men [59.47%]). INTERVENTIONS: A questionnaire on the criteria for a good quality teaching surgery video was developed by our team and communicated via an online link. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The responses of 388 respondents were analyzed and highlighted the pedagogical benefits of teaching videos. The video duration may vary according to the type of media or surgical procedure but should not exceed 10 to 15 minutes for complex procedures. Providing information on the surgical setup (body mass index of the patient, Trendelenburg position degree, pressure of pneumoperitoneum, etc.) is essential. Surgical videos should be reviewed and divided into clearly defined steps with continued access to the entire nonmodified video for reviewers and be accessible on both educational and open platforms. Patient consent and relevant information should be made available. Reviews should include "bad procedure" videos, which are highly appreciated, especially by young surgeons. CONCLUSION: The many advantages of the video format, including availability and rising popularity, provide an opportunity to reinforce and complement current surgical teaching. To optimize use of this surgical teaching tool, standardization, updating, and ease of access of surgical videos should be promoted.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy (rTMS) for Endometriosis Patients with Refractory Pelvic Chronic Pain: A Pilot Study.

Endometriosis concerns more than 10% of women of reproductive age, frequently leading to chronic pelvic pain. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) induces an analgesic effect. This effect on chronic pelvic pain is yet to be evaluated. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and effect of rTMS to reduce pain and improve quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic pelvic pain due to endometriosis. This pilot, open-labelled prospective trial examined treatment by neuronavigated rTMS over M1, one session per day for 5 consecutive days. Each session consisted of 1.500 pulses at 10 Hz. We assessed tolerance, pain change and QoL until 4 weeks post treatment with a primary endpoint at day 8. Twelve women were included. No patients experienced serious adverse effects or a significant increase in pain. Nine women reported improvement on the Patient Global Impression of Change with a reduction in both pain intensity and pain interference (5.1 ± 1.4 vs. 4.1 ± 1.6, p = 0.01 and 6.2 ± 2.1 vs. 4.2 ± 1.5, p = 0.004, respectively). rTMS appears well tolerated and might be of interest for patients suffering from chronic pelvic pain for whom other treatments have failed. A randomized controlled trial is mandatory before proposing such treatment.

Benefits of second-look laparoscopy in the management of pelvic inflammatory disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefits of second-look laparoscopy (SLL) in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). STUDY DESIGN: A 5- year retrospective study conducted at Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital and included all patients who had undergone SLL following a PID. Data collection comprised patient and disease characteristics, type of initial medical or surgical treatment, adhesion (AFS) and tubal (MAGE) scores recorded during SLL and outcomes following subsequent pregnancies. RESULTS: 76 patients who had received SLL were included. A higher rate of severe adhesions was recorded during SLL in patients with stage 3 PID, than for women with stage 1 and 2 (63.6% versus 25%, p = 0.01). A higher rate of Mage scores of 4 were also found in patients with stage 3 PID (25.8% versus 0%, p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that women at stage 3 are 17 times more likely to have a high level of adhesions than patients at stage 1 (OR [95% CI] = 17.4 [1.7; 1]). A Mage score of 1was found to be associated with higher pregnancy and live birth rates. CONCLUSION(S): SLL seems presents benefits for the preservation of fertility in cases of severe PID with tubo ovarian abcess and may be proposed to patients with stage 3 salpingitis and desire for pregnancy. Further prospective randomized study should be done to confirm these results.

BRACAVENIR: an observational study of expectations and coping in young women with high hereditary risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: In families with high risk of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC), women before age 30 do not yet undergo clinical screening, but they are exposed to contradictory information from diverse sources. They may be presented with surgical prevention options at a key moment of their identity construction, the start of a marital relationship and/or at the onset of procreation projects. We tested an original psychoeducational intervention to help these women better cope with these difficult issues. METHODS: Seven young female counselees (26.4 ± 2.9 years [23-30]) from the Oncogenetics Department at Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center were enrolled. A weekend group workshop composed of short conferences, group sharing and role playing activities was supervised by a psychotherapist. A longitudinal analysis of questionnaires over one year of follow-up was performed. The Herth Hope Inventory was evaluated, as well as self-esteem, anxiety, perceived control, coping, and quality of life. Participants' comments were collected by a genetic counselor throughout the workshop. RESULTS: All participants were BRCA mutation carriers and six had lived with a close relative affected by breast/ovarian cancer. Hope, self-esteem and quality of life increased during the year after the workshop (p = 0.0003). Coping by focus on the problem increased in the first 6 months (p = 0.011) and returned to baseline values at one year, while coping by focus on emotions decreased steadily (p = 0.021). Debriefing from the workshop highlighted the new medical opportunities proposed and the challenges these young women face, such as whether to have prophylactic surgery, and if so before or after having children, and how surgery might affect their relationship with their partner. CONCLUSION: A tailored two-day psychoeducational workshop may be sufficient to improve the way young women with BRCA mutations deal with the implications of HBOC risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION: BRACAVENIR was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with no NCT02705924.

Laparoscopic Myomectomy in 10 Steps.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic myomectomy has the advantages of a minimally invasive approach for the surgical treatment of myomas. The standardization and description of the technique are the main objectives of this video. We described laparoscopic myomectomy in 10 steps, which could help make this procedure easier and safer [1]. SETTING: A French university tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Patients with indication for laparoscopic myomectomy. The local institutional review board ruled that approval was not required for this video article because the video describes a technique and does not report a clinical case. INTERVENTION: Standardized laparoscopic myomectomies were recorded to realize the video. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: This video presents a systematic approach to myomectomy clearly divided into 10 steps: (1) prepare your surgery, make selection and prehabilitation of patient [2], provide a good cartography of the myoma(s), and plan the surgery [3,4]; (2) ergonomy and material; (3) preventive hemostasis: triple occlusion; (4) hysterotomy; (5) enucleation by fast dissection and traction; (6) bipolar hemostasis; (7) check for missing myomas; (8) suture; (9) extraction/morcellation; and (10) prevent adhesions [5]. CONCLUSION: Standardization of laparoscopic myomectomy could make this procedure easier and safer to perform. The 10 steps presented help to perform each part of surgery in logical sequence making the procedure ergonomic and easier to adopt and learn. Standardization of laparoscopic techniques could help to reduce the learning curve.

Patient Quality of Life and Symptoms after Surgical Treatment for Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of surgical treatment of endometriosis on quality of life and pain over a 3-year period of postoperative follow-up. DESIGN: Prospective and multicenter cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Five districts including a tertiary referral center and private and general public hospitals. PATIENT: Patients (n = 981), aged 15 to 50years, underwent laparoscopic treatment (preferred approach) for endometriosis between January 2004 and December 2012. INTERVENTION: Laparoscopic treatment for endometriosis. All revised American Fertility Society stages were included. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean visual analog scale score for dysmenorrhea fell from 5.3 ± 3.7 (time 0) to 2.6 ± 3.3 at 6 months, and 2.3 ± 3.3 at 36 months of follow-up (p <.001). Mean visual analog scale scores for chronic pelvic pain and dyspareunia fell from 2.6 ± 3.5 and 2.7 ± 3.2, respectively, before surgery to 1.4 ± 2.5 and 1.1 ± 2.2 at 6 months and then 1.3 ± 2.5 and 1.2 ± 2.3 at 36 months of follow-up. The Short Form 36-Item survey analysis revealed the greatest increases linked to physical domains (i.e., bodily pain and role limitations) from 54.6 ± .9 and 63.3 ± 1.3, respectively, at time 0 to 74.4 ± .9 and 81.9 ± 1.1 at 6 months of follow-up (p <.001), with scores subsequently remaining stable. Among mental domains the most favorable results involved social functioning and role limitations due to emotional problems, which increased from 66 ± .8 and 65.7 ± 1.3 at time 0 to 75.6 ± .9 and 77.4 ± 1.3 at 6 months of follow-up, respectively (p <.001), with scores remaining stable over time. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of endometriosis improves pelvic and sexual pain postoperatively in many women with endometriosis. Improvement later plateaus and remains stable, allowing patients to experience the beneficial effects over a period of years.

Laparoscopic cervico-isthmic cerclage: About 25 cases.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to report on our experience of laparoscopic cervico-isthmic cerclage. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A monocentric retrospective study covering a 13-year period during which 25 cases of laparoscopic cerclage outside of pregnancy were performed, using the technique described by Dubuisson, at the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand. Individual patient data included pregnancy outcomes before and after cerclage and the characteristics of surgery. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 33.9 (±4.6) years. A total of 68 pregnancies were recorded before cerclage, including 31 late miscarriages, 11 premature deliveries, with only 9 pregnancies attaining full-term. The average time of surgery was 54 (±17.5) minutes with a hospital stay of 24h. 3 minor intraoperative complications (12%) with hemorrhage <300cc were noted and managed intraoperatively. In some cases laparoscopy allowed treatment of associated pathologies (septum resection, adhesiolysis, endometriosis, ovarian drilling, tube assessment). 21 pregnancies (68% of patients) were recorded post cerclage including 5 early miscarriages and 16 cesarean deliveries with an average time taken to conceive of 11.8 months. The overall neonatal survival rate after cerclage was 76.2% versus 16.20% before surgery (p<0.0001), with a 100% neonatal survival rate beyond the 1st trimester as compared to 21.6% before cerclage (p<0.0001).

Long-term evaluation of painful symptoms and fertility after surgery for large rectovaginal endometriosis nodule: a retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Optimal surgical treatment of rectovaginal endometriosis remains a controversial topic. The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term postoperative outcomes after rectal shaving or colorectal resection for rectovaginal endometriosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 195 patients underwent surgery (172 managed by shaving, 23 by colorectal resection) between January 2000 and June 2013 for rectovaginal endometriosis (>2 cm) involving at least the serosa of the rectum. Primary outcome measures were pain and fertility. Secondary outcome measures were complications, recurrence rates and quality of life. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 60 ± 42 months in the shaving group and 67 ± 47 months in the resection group. The mean VAS score for pelvic pain between the pre and postoperative period decreased from 5.5 ± 3.5 (shaving group) and 7.3 ± 2.9 (resection group) to 2.3 ± 2.4 (p < 0.001) and 2.0 ± 1.8 (p < 0.001), respectively. For dysmenorrhea, the mean baseline VAS score fell postoperatively from 7.7 ± 2.8 (shaving group) and 8.2 ± 2.6 (resection group) to 3.3 ± 2.9 (p < 0.001) and 2.7 ± 2.7 (p < 0.001), respectively. Pregnancy rates were 73% for shaving and 69% for resection. Major complications occurred in 4% of patients in the shaving group and in 26% in the resection group (p = 0.001). Thirteen patients (7.6%) from the shaving group and none from the resection group were reoperated for suspicion of endometriosis recurrence (p = 0.37). Postoperative quality of life scores revealed no differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that rectal shaving, when feasible for rectovaginal nodule (>2 cm) infiltrating the digestive serosa, has equal impact on pain and pregnancy rates compared with colorectal resection at long-term follow-up, with low complication and favorable pregnancy rates.

[Fertility preservation in oncology]. / Préservation de la fertilité en cancérologie.

Since the improvement of cancer diagnosis and treatment, survival rates of these patients increase. Gonadal damages are frequent consequences of cancer treatments with different evidence of impaired fertility. In this context, fertility preservation should be proposed to patients exposed to potentially gonadotoxic treatments. Different preservation approaches may be proposed depending on patient age, sex, cancer type and type of treatment. The indications of fertility preservation depend on sexual maturity. In young girls, ovarian cortex cryopreservation is the only technique feasible in order to preserve their reproductive potential. Vitrification of oocytes which needs ovarian stimulation or oocytes in vitro maturation is becoming more commonly performed for pubertal women to preserve their fertility. Ovarian cortex freezing could be offered to emergency fertility preservation of adult female cancer patients. In prepubertal boys, testicular tissue cryopreservation is the only line treatment for fertility preservation. For future use, various approaches are being evaluated such as spermatogonial stem cell injection or in vitro maturation. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is, today, an established and successful technique for male adults. When there are no spermatozoa in ejaculate, sperm can be retrieved after treatment of testicular biopsy. The French bioethics law clearly indicates that fertility preservation should be proposed to patients exposed to potentially gonadotoxic treatment. Today, many approaches are possible. Fertility preservation indications are based on multidisciplinary consultations within platforms for the fertility preservation in order to optimize the patient care.

[Management of endometrioma]. / Prise en charge des endométriomes.

Preoperative evaluation: clinical examination, and research for associated lesions. Laparoscopic approach. Cystectomy: gold standard, conformed to the endometrioma pathophysiology (3 zones). Laser CO2 Plasmajet® vaporisation: important data lead to legitimate utilisation. Haemostasis: be patient! Use of bipolar energy sparingly. Look for other endometriotic lesions, and systematic treatment. Preoperative medical treatment not always useful. Postoperative treatment: decrease recurrence. Especially for patients with no immediate pregnancy desire.