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1.
Nutrients ; 16(15)2024 Jul 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39125272

ABSTRACT

This research aimed to study the long-term effects of soccer training on platelet membrane fatty acid levels and antioxidant vitamins. Forty-four subjects divided into soccer players (SP; n = 22; 20.86 ± 0.36 years) and a control group (CG; n = 22; 21.23 ± 0.49 years) participated in the study. The fatty acids of the platelet membrane, the rates of desaturation, lipid peroxidation indexes and intra-platelet levels of vitamins C and E were assessed. SP obtained lower values in polyunsaturated fatty acids 18:3:3 (alpha-linolenic acid), 20:5:3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22:6:3 (docosahexaenoic acid) (p < 0.05). The desaturation index ∆5 was higher in SP (p < 0.05), and they had a higher lipid peroxidation index 20:4:6 (arachidonic acid)/16:0 (palmitic acid) (p < 0.05). Vitamin E and C platelet values were also higher in SP (p < 0.01). There were positive correlations in the ω6/ω3 index (p < 0.05), desaturation index ∆5 (p < 0.05), lipid peroxidation index 20:4:6/16:0 and intra-platelet vitamins E and C (p < 0.01) with the level of physical activity. In addition, there were inverse correlations in fatty acids 24:0 (lignoceric acid), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), 20:3:6 (eicosadienoic acid) and 18:3:3 (alpha-linolenic acid) (p < 0.05) depending on the degree of physical activity. Regular long-term soccer training could modify the concentration of fatty acids such as 24:0, 16:1, 18:6, 20:3:6, 18:3:3:3, 20:5:3, 26:6:3 and ω3 PUFAs in the platelet membrane.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Blood Platelets , Lipid Peroxidation , Soccer , Humans , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Antioxidants/metabolism , Antioxidants/analysis , Soccer/physiology , Young Adult , Male , Fatty Acids/blood , Vitamin E/blood , Ascorbic Acid/blood , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Adult , Vitamins/blood
2.
Toxics ; 11(11)2023 Nov 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37999572

ABSTRACT

Aluminum (Al) is one of the most abundant trace mineral elements in the earth's crust. Al is considered a potent neurotoxicant. Physical exercise could cause modifications in some trace mineral elements. On the other hand, there could be sex differences in the exposure and deposits of toxic mineral elements. The aim of the present study was to compare sex and seasonal differences in extracellular and intracellular Al concentrations in football players. The study involved 22 male and 24 female football players from the fifth and second national category, respectively. Three assessments were carried out during the season (beginning, middle and end). Al concentrations in plasma, urine, erythrocytes and platelets were determined. Male football players ingested more Al (p < 0.05). Higher plasma Al concentrations were reported in male football players (p < 0.01). On the other hand, in both groups, increases and decreases in Al in the plasma and urine were observed in the second and third assessment, respectively (p < 0.01). There were sex differences in platelet Al concentrations (p < 0.05). Plasma and platelet Al concentrations may be different between the sexes. Al concentrations may change over the course of a season in football players.

3.
Nutrients ; 15(16)2023 Aug 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37630822

ABSTRACT

Padel is the world's fastest growing racket sport. However, the analysis of the intake of sports supplements in padel players is scarce. The aim of this research was to analyse and compare the type of diet and the use of sports supplements in padel players according to their competition level and sex. A total of 123 players (94 men and 29 women) participated in the study. Subjects were divided according to their sex and competition level. All participants completed an anonymous questionnaire on diet type and nutritional supplement intake. There were differences found in diet type between competition levels. Regarding players' sex, differences in the number of supplements consumed were reported (p < 0.01). Relationships were found between the number of supplements ingested and the perceived effectiveness of supplements with frequency and time of training (p < 0.05). Creatine in men (≈15%) and vitamin complexes (≈10%) in women were the most used supplements. Lower level padel players do not adapt their diet to the physical demands of padel. Male padel players use a greater number of supplements than female padel players. It is important that nutrition specialists advise players to control diets and supplement.


Subject(s)
Diet , Dietary Supplements , Female , Male , Humans , Eating , Nutritional Status , Vitamins
4.
Nutrients ; 15(8)2023 Apr 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37111051

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) metabolism and concentrations change during a sports season. Fe deficiency affects a significant number of women athletes. The aims of the present study were: (i) to analyze changes in hematological parameters of Fe status and (ii) to analyze changes in Fe concentrations in different biological matrices (serum, plasma, urine, erythrocytes, and platelets) during a sports season. Twenty-four Spanish semi-professional women's soccer players (23.37 ± 3.95 years) participated in the present study. Three assessments were performed throughout the sports season (beginning, middle and end of the season). Nutritional intake was evaluated and female hormones, hematological parameters of Fe status and Fe concentrations in plasma, serum, urine, erythrocytes and platelets were determined. There were no differences in Fe intake. Hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations increased at the end of the season compared to initial values (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in extracellular Fe concentrations (plasma, serum, and urine). However, erythrocyte Fe concentrations were lower at the end of the season (p < 0.05). Hematological parameters of Fe status and intracellular Fe concentrations change throughout the sports season in women's soccer players.


Subject(s)
Iron , Soccer , Humans , Female , Seasons , Athletes , Eating
5.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36981697

ABSTRACT

It has been suggested that heat exposure prior to exercise could induce changes in anaerobic exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to observe the effects of high temperature heat exposure prior to an anaerobic test. Twenty-one men (age: 19.76 ± 1.22 years; height: 1.69 ± 0.12 m; weight: 67.89 ± 11.78 kg) voluntarily participated in this investigation. All of them performed two Wingate tests, vertical jump and macronutrient intake control. On the first day, the test was performed under normal environmental conditions. On the second day, it was performed in a similar way, but with previous exposure to heat at high sauna temperatures (15 min; 100 ± 2 °C). There were no differences in the vertical jump and macronutrient intake. However, the results showed an improvement in power (W) (p < 0.05), relative power (W/kg) (p < 0.01) and revolutions per minute (p < 0.05) 10 s after the start of the test. There was also an increase in thigh (p < 0.01) and skin temperature (p < 0.01) with pre-heat exposure. The results obtained suggest that this pre-exercise protocol could improve power in short and intensive actions.


Subject(s)
Exercise , Hot Temperature , Humans , Male , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Temperature , Universities , Exercise Test , Students
6.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol ; 99: 104107, 2023 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36914057

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to analyse sex differences in cadmium and lead concentrations in plasma, urine, platelets and erythrocytes and to relate these concentrations to biomarkers of iron status. METHODS: A total of 138 soccer players divided according to sex: men (n = 68) and women (n = 70) participated in the present study. All participants resided in the city of Cáceres (Spain). Erythrocyte, haemoglobin, platelet, plateletcrit, ferritin and serum iron values were determined. Cadmium and lead concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The women had lower haemoglobin, erythrocyte, ferritin and serum iron values (p < 0.01). Regarding cadmium, the women showed higher concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes and platelets (p < 0.05). As for lead, they also showed higher concentrations in plasma, relative values of erythrocytes and relative values of platelets (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between cadmium and lead concentrations with biomarkers of iron status. CONCLUSIONS: Cadmium and lead concentrations are different between sexes. Biological differences between sexes and iron status could influence cadmium and lead concentrations. Lower serum iron concentrations and markers of Fe status increase Cd and Pb concentrations. Ferritin and serum iron have been directly related to increased Cd and Pb excretion.


Subject(s)
Cadmium , Iron , Humans , Female , Male , Cadmium/analysis , Lead/analysis , Sex Characteristics , Ferritins , Hemoglobins , Athletes , Biomarkers
7.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36767447

ABSTRACT

Heat exposure provokes stress on the human body. If it remains constant, it leads to adaptations such as heat acclimation. This study aims to observe the evolution of heart rate (HR), core temperature (Tcore), and skin temperature (Tskin) in an intervallic program of exposure to extreme heat. Twenty-nine healthy male volunteers were divided into a control group (CG; n = 14) and an experimental group (EG; n = 15). EG experienced nine sessions (S) of intervallic exposure to high temperatures (100 ± 2 °C), whereas CG was exposed to ambient temperatures (22 ± 2 °C). HR, Tskin, and Tcore were monitored in S1, 4, 5, 8, and 9. An important increase in HR occurred in the S4 compared to the rest (p < 0.05) in EG. A lower HR was discovered in S8 and S9 compared to S4 and in S9 in relation to S1 (p < 0.05) in EG. EG experiences a gradual decrease in Tcore and Tskin, which was detected throughout the assessments, although it was only significant in the S8 and S9 (p < 0.05). Interval exposure to heat at 100 ± 2 °C elicits stress on the human organism, fundamentally increasing Tcore, Tskin, and FC. This recurring stress in the full program caused a drop in the thermoregulatory response as an adaptation or acclimation to heat.


Subject(s)
Body Temperature , Steam Bath , Male , Humans , Body Temperature/physiology , Temperature , Hot Temperature , Heart Rate , Body Temperature Regulation/physiology , Acclimatization
8.
Nutrients ; 14(17)2022 Aug 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36079807

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) is one of the most widely studied trace mineral elements. Fe metabolism and homeostasis could be altered by physical training. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of long-term physical training on serum, plasma, urine (extracellular), erythrocyte and platelet (intracellular) Fe concentrations. Forty men from the same geographical area divided into a training group (TG; n = 20; 18.15 ± 0.27 years) and a control group (CG; n = 20; 19.25 ± 0.39 years) participated in this study. The TG was composed of soccer players of the highest youth category. The CG consisted of young people who did not follow any training routine and had not practiced any sport for at least the previous six months. The TG showed higher plasma and serum Fe concentrations (p < 0.05), but lower concentrations in erythrocytes and platelets compared to the CG (p < 0.01). Due to the differences observed in the extracellular and intracellular compartments, it seems necessary to perform a global Fe analysis to assess Fe status.


Subject(s)
Soccer , Trace Elements , Adolescent , Exercise , Humans , Iron , Male , Minerals
9.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 19(1): 110-125, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35599919

ABSTRACT

Background: Physical exercise affects zinc (Zn) homeostasis. This study aimed to analyze the influence of physical training on extracellular (serum, plasma, and urine) and intracellular (erythrocytes and platelets) concentrations of Zn. Methods: Forty young men, divided into a training group (TG; n = 20; 18.15 ± 0.27 years; 68.59 ± 4.18 kg; 1.76 ± 0.04 m) and a control group (CG; n = 20; 19.25 ± 0.39 years; 73.45 ± 9.04 kg; 1.79 ± 0.06 m), participated in this study. The TG was formed by semiprofessional soccer players from a youth category with a regular training plan of 10 h/week. The CG was formed by healthy men who did not practice physical exercise and had not followed any specific training plan. Plasma, serum, urine, erythrocyte, and platelet samples of Zn were obtained and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: The TG showed elevated plasma Zn concentrations (p < 0.01) despite similar intakes. However, TG showed reduced absolute (p < 0.01) and relative (p < 0.05) Zn concentrations in erythrocytes. Conclusions: Athletes who underwent regular physical training showed elevated plasma and reduced erythrocyte Zn concentrations despite similar intakes to the CG.


Subject(s)
Exercise , Zinc , Adolescent , Athletes , Erythrocytes/chemistry , Humans , Male , Plasma
10.
Int J Mol Sci ; 23(7)2022 Mar 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35408972

ABSTRACT

Oxidative stress has been recognized as a contributing factor in aging and in the progression of multiple neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, ischemic stroke, and head and spinal cord injury. The increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, altered metal homeostasis, and compromised brain antioxidant defence. All these changes have been reported to directly affect synaptic activity and neurotransmission in neurons, leading to cognitive dysfunction. In this context two non-invasive strategies could be employed in an attempt to improve the aforementioned stressful brain status. In this regard, it has been shown that exercise could increase the resistance against oxidative stress, thus providing enhanced neuroprotection. Indeed, there is evidence suggesting that regular physical exercise diminishes BBB permeability as it reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress, and has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the differential effects of different types of exercise (aerobic exhausted exercise, anaerobic exercise, or the combination of both types) and the duration of physical activity will be also addressed in this review as likely determinants of therapeutic efficacy. The second proposed strategy is related to the use of probiotics, which can also reduce some biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, although their underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. Moreover, various probiotics produce neuroactive molecules that directly or indirectly impact signalling in the brain. In this review, we will discuss how physical activity can be incorporated as a component of therapeutic strategies in oxidative stress-based neurological disorders along with the augmentation of probiotics intake.


Subject(s)
Exercise , Probiotics , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Brain , Exercise/physiology , Oxidative Stress , Probiotics/therapeutic use
11.
J Trace Elem Med Biol ; 68: 126808, 2021 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34126540

ABSTRACT

AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare serum vanadium (V) concentrations between athletes of different sports modalities and people who did not practise physical exercise regularly. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-one subjects divided into a control group (CG; n = 37; 1.75 ± 0.03 m; 79.45 ± 10.20 kg; 24.72 ± 6.06 years) and an athletes' group (AG; n = 84; 1.77 ± 0.05 m; 66.34 ± 6.12 kg; 19.57 ± 1.95 years) participated in this research. AG were classified by sports modality: aerobic (AE; n = 26), anaerobic (ANA; n = 22); aerobic-anaerobic (AE-ANA; n = 36). Serum V concentrations were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS: AG showed higher V concentrations compared to CG (p < 0.01). AE obtained higher concentrations compared to ANA and AE-ANA (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Physical training could increase serum V levels. Specifically, aerobic sports modalities could increase serum V levels to a greater extent than other sports modalities.


Subject(s)
Sports , Vanadium , Athletes , Exercise , Humans
12.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 18(1): 28, 2021 Apr 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33827615

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Physical training produces changes in the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of trace minerals elements. To our knowledge, only three compartments have been studied simultaneously. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of physical training on extracellular (serum, plasma and urine) and intracellular (erythrocytes and platelets) concentrations of Copper (Cu). METHODS: Forty young men participated in this study. The participants were divided into a training group (TG; n = 20; 18.15 ± 0.27 years; 68.59 ± 4.18 kg; 1.76 ± 0.04 m) and a control group (CG; n = 20; 19.25 ± 0.39 years; 73.45 ± 9.04 kg; 1.79 ± 0.06 m). The TG was formed by semi-professional soccer players from a youth category with a regular training plan of 10 h/week. All of them had been participating in high level competitions and had trained for at least 5 years. Plasma, serum, urine, erythrocyte and platelet samples of Cu were obtained and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: The TG showed lower concentrations of Cu in erythrocytes (p < 0.05) despite similar intakes. There were no significant differences in Cu concentrations in plasma, serum, urine and platelets although the trend was similar to that observed in erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of trace element concentrations should be carried out in both extracellular and intracellular compartments to obtain a proper evaluation and to identify possible deficiencies of the element. We believe that additional Cu supplementation is needed in athletes who perform physical training regularly.


Subject(s)
Blood Platelets/metabolism , Copper/blood , Copper/urine , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Physical Conditioning, Human/physiology , Adolescent , Eating , Humans , Male , Plasma/metabolism , Serum/metabolism , Young Adult
15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33348799

ABSTRACT

Several essential trace minerals play an important role in the endocrine system; however, toxic trace minerals have a disruptive effect. The aim of this research was to determine basal concentrations and the possible correlations between trace minerals in plasma and several plasma hormones in runners. Sixty high-level male endurance runners (21 ± 3 years; 1.77 ± 0.05 m; 64.97 ± 7.36 kg) participated in the present study. Plasma hormones were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and plasma trace minerals were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Correlations and simple linear regression were used to assess the association between trace minerals and hormones. Plasma testosterone concentrations were inversely correlated with manganese (r = -0.543; ß = -0.410; p < 0.01), selenium (r = -0.292; ß = -0.024; p < 0.05), vanadium (r = -0.406; ß = -1.278; p < 0.01), arsenic (r = -0.336; ß = -0.142; p < 0.05), and lead (r = -0.385; ß = -0.418; p < 0.01). Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were positively correlated with arsenic (r = 0.298; ß = 0.327; p < 0.05) and cesium (r = 0.305; ß = 2.272; p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with vanadium (r = -0.303; ß = -2.467; p < 0.05). Moreover, cortisol concentrations showed significant positive correlations with cadmium (r = 0.291; ß = 209.01; p < 0.05). Finally, insulin concentrations were inversely related to vanadium (r = -0.359; ß = -3.982; p < 0.05). In conclusion, endurance runners living in areas with high environmental levels of toxic minerals should check their concentrations of anabolic hormones.


Subject(s)
Hormones , Minerals , Trace Elements , Arsenic/blood , Cadmium/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hormones/blood , Humans , Male , Manganese/blood , Mass Spectrometry , Minerals/blood , Selenium/blood , Trace Elements/blood
16.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 17(1): 43, 2020 Aug 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32807167

ABSTRACT

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible effect of a period of 6 months of aerobic physical training on serum and urinary concentrations of arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), potentially toxic minerals. METHODS: Twenty-four well-trained, long distance runners (AG), were recruited at the start of their training period. They had been performing training regularly for the previous 2 years, recording an average volume of 120 km per week of rigorous aerobic exercise aimed at high-level competitions (1500 and 5000 m race modalities). Twenty-six untrained, sedentary participants constituted the control group (CG). All participants had been living in the same geographic area for at least 2 years before the start of the survey. Serum and urine samples were obtained from each participant at the beginning and at the end of the 6 months of the training program. The values of each mineral were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Additionally, the daily intake of each mineral was evaluated at both moments in time. RESULTS: The daily concentrations of trace elements in the diet were similar at the start and the end of the training period without differences between groups. In serum, significant differences between groups were observed in As, Cd and Pb (p < 0.05). Attending to time effects, a significant difference was obtained in Pb (p < 0.05). In urine, significant differences between groups were obtained in all minerals (p < 0.05). According to training period, significant differences were observed in As, Be and Pb (p < 0.05). Finally, the group x time interaction revealed significant differences in As and Be (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic training may constitute a possibly effective method for increasing the elimination of Cd and Pb potentially toxic minerals from the body, especially among highly trained individuals.


Subject(s)
Exercise/physiology , Metals/blood , Metals/urine , Physical Conditioning, Human/physiology , Trace Elements/blood , Trace Elements/urine , Adult , Arsenic/blood , Arsenic/urine , Beryllium/blood , Beryllium/urine , Cadmium/blood , Cadmium/urine , Humans , Lead/blood , Lead/urine , Male , Sedentary Behavior , Young Adult
17.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 17(1): 34, 2020 06 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32605657

ABSTRACT

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

18.
J Trace Elem Med Biol ; 62: 126572, 2020 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32512477

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study aims to determine the changes induced by a maximal exercise test until exhaustion on the serum and urinary concentrations of Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorous (P), Rubidium (Rb) and Strontium (Sr) in athletes (AG) and sedentary students (SG). METHODS: Fifty subjects participated in the study divided into two groups. In AG there were twenty-five male athletes and in SG there were twenty-five male sedentary students. Both groups performed an exercise test until exhaustion, starting at 8 or 10 km/h respectively, and increasing the speed at 1 km/h every 400 m. Serum and urine samples were obtained from all participants before and after the test. RESULTS: Regarding the basal status, AG showed lower values of Mg in serum (p < 0.05) and urine (p < 0.01), but higher concentrations of serum P (p < 0.05) in comparison to SG. Comparing the pre and post-test values, corrected or non-corrected for hemoconcentration in serum and for creatinine in urine, AG showed a decrease in serum Mg (p < 0.05), in serum P (p < 0.01) and in urinary Sr (p < 0.01) while an increase was observed in urinary P (p < 0.05) and in urinary Rb (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that a treadmill test until exhaustion leads to changes in serum and urinary concentrations of minerals in both AG and SG males. This may reflect an adaptive response of the body to overcome the physical stress and, in some cases, to avoid loss of these elements.


Subject(s)
Exercise Test , Magnesium , Phosphorus , Rubidium , Strontium , Adult , Athletes , Creatinine/urine , Hematocrit , Humans , Magnesium/blood , Magnesium/urine , Male , Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation , Phosphorus/blood , Phosphorus/urine , Rubidium/blood , Rubidium/urine , Strontium/blood , Strontium/urine , Young Adult
19.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 17(1): 8, 2020 Jan 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31996219

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to determine changes occurring in the erythrocyte concentrations of Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg) and Phosphorous (P) of subjects with different levels of physical training living in the same area of Extremadura (Spain). METHODS: Thirty sedentary subjects (24.34 ± 3.02 years) without sports practice and a less active lifestyle, formed the control group (CG); 24 non-professional subjects (23.53 ± 1.85 years), who perform between 4 and 6 h/week of moderate sports practice without any performance objective and without following systematic training formed the group of subjects with a moderate level of training (MTG), and 22 professional cyclists (23.29 ± 2.73 years) at the beginning of their sports season, who performed more than 20 h/week of training, formed the high-level training group (HTG). Erythrocyte samples from all subjects were collected and frozen at - 80 °C until analysis. Erythrocyte analysis of Fe, Mg and P was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All results are expressed in µg/g Hb. RESULTS: The results showed that there were statistically significant lower concentrations of erythrocyte Fe, Mg and P in MTG and HTG than CG. All parameters (Fe, Mg and P concentrations in erythrocytes) correlated inversely with physical training. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise produces a decrease in erythrocyte concentrations of Fe, Mg and P. This situation could cause alterations in the performance of athletes given the importance of these elements. For this reason, we recommend an erythrocyte control at the beginning, and during the training period, to avoid harmful deficits.


Subject(s)
Erythrocytes/chemistry , Exercise , Iron/blood , Magnesium/blood , Phosphorus/blood , Adult , Humans , Male , Mass Spectrometry , Young Adult
20.
Biol Trace Elem Res ; 195(1): 39-45, 2020 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31359333

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to determine changes occurring in the erythrocyte concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in highly trained males, moderately trained males and sedentary men living in the same area of Extremadura (Spain). Thirty sedentary subjects (24.34 ± 3.02 years) with no sports practice and a less active lifestyle formed the control group (CG). Twenty-four moderately trained subjects (23.53 ± 1.85 years), who practised sports at a moderate level between 4 and 7 h/week, without any performance objective and without following any type of systematic training, formed the group of subjects with a moderate degree of training (MTG). And 22 professional cyclists (23.29 ± 2.73 years) at the beginning of their sports season, who trained for more than 20 h/week formed the high-level training group (HTG). Erythrocyte samples from all subjects in a fasting stage were collected, washed and frozen at -80 °C until analysis. Erythrocyte analysis of the trace elements As, Cd and Pb was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As concentration was lower in CG (p < 0.01) and MTG (p < 0.01) than HTG. Cd (p < 0.001) and Pb (p < 0.05) concentrations were higher in CG than HTG. All results were expressed in µg/g Hb. Physical training produces a decrease in erythrocyte concentrations of Cd and Pb, as an adaptation in order to avoid their accumulation in the cells and preserve correct cellular functioning. The higher As concentration should be investigated in high-level sportsmen because of a possible negative effect on the cells.


Subject(s)
Arsenic/blood , Cadmium/blood , Erythrocytes/chemistry , Exercise , Lead/blood , Adult , Exercise Test , Humans , Spain , Young Adult
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