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1.
Can J Kidney Health Dis ; 7: 2054358120927532, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32547774

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents including epoetin alfa have been a mainstay of anemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although the standard practice has been to administer epoetin alfa to patients on hemodialysis (HD) intravenously (IV), subcutaneous (SQ) epoetin alfa is longer acting and achieve the same target hemoglobin level to be maintained at a reduced dose and cost. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to determine the economic benefits of change in route of epoetin alfa administration from IV to SQ in HD patients. The secondary objectives were (1) to determine the differences in epoetin alfa doses at the pre-switch (IV) and post-switch period (SQ) and (2) to determine serum hemoglobin concentration, transferrin saturation, ferritin level, IV iron dose and cost in relationship to route of epoetin alfa administration. DESIGN: This retrospective observational study included patients who transitioned from IV to SQ epoetin alfa. SETTING: Two HD sites in southern Saskatchewan (Regina General Hospital, and Wascana Dialysis Unit, Regina) and 2 sites in northern Saskatchewan (St. Paul's [SPH] Hospital, and SPH Community Renal Health Center, Saskatoon). PATIENTS: The study includes 215 patients who transitioned from IV to SQ and were alive at the end of 12-month follow-up period. MEASUREMENTS: We calculated the dose and cost of different routes of epoetin alfa administration/patient month. Also, serum hemoglobin, markers of iron stores (transferrin saturation and ferritin), IV iron dose, and cost were determined in relation to route of epoetin alfa administration. METHODS: Data were gathered from 6 months prior (IV) to 12 months after switching treatment to SQ. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare variables between pre-switch (IV) and post-switch (SQ) period. RESULTS: The median cost (interquartile range) of epoetin alfa/patient-month decreased from (CAD508.3 [CAD349-CAD900.8]) pre-switch (IV) to (CAD381.2 [CAD247-CAD681]) post-switch (SQ) (P < .001), a decrease of 25%. The median epoetin alfa dose/patient-month reduced from (38 500 [25 714.3-64 166.5] international unit) pre-switch to (26 750.3 [17 362.6-48 066] IU) post-switch (P < .001), a decrease of 30.51%. The mean hemoglobin concentration (± standard deviation) for patients in both periods remained stable (103.3 ± 9.2 vs 104.3 ± 13.3 g/L, P = .34) and within the target range. There were no significant differences in transferrin saturation, ferritin, and IV iron dose and cost between the 2 study periods. LIMITATIONS: We were unable to consistently obtain information across all the sites on hospitalizations, inflammatory markers, nutritional status, and gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition, as our study sample was subject to survival bias, we cannot generalize our study results to other populations. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that administering epoetin alfa SQ in HD patients led to a 30.51% reduction in dose and 25% reduction in cost while achieving equivalent hemoglobin levels. Given the cost sparing advantages without compromising care while achieving comparable hemoglobin levels, HD units should consider converting to SQ mode of administration. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was not registered on a publicly accessible registry as it was a retrospective chart review and exempted from review by the Research Ethics Board of the former Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region.


CONTEXTE: Les agents stimulant l'érythropoïèse, notamment l'époétine alfa, sont un des piliers du traitement de l'anémie chez les patients atteints d'insuffisance rénale chronique. Bien que la pratique courante préconise l'administration intraveineuse (IV) de l'époétine alfa aux patients hémodialysés (HD), il s'avère que son action par voie sous-cutanée (SC) est plus longue et qu'elle atteint les taux d'hémoglobine cibles à une dose et à un coût réduits. OBJECTIFS: L'objectif principal était d'exposer les avantages sur le plan économique d'un changement de voie d'administration pour l'époétine alfa (IV à SC) chez les patients hémodialysés. Les objectifs secondaires étaient: a) établir les écarts de doses d'époétine alfa entre la période pré-changement (IV) et post-changement (SC), et b) déterminer la concentration d'hémoglobine sérique, la saturation de transferrine, le taux de ferritine, la dose IV de fer et le coût selon la voie d'administration. TYPE D'ÉTUDE: Une étude rétrospective observationnelle sur des patients qui sont passés de la voie IV à la voie SC pour l'administration d'époétine alfa. CADRE: Deux sites de dialyze du sud de la Saskatchewan (l'hôpital général de Régina et l'unité de dialyze Wascana de Régina) et deux sites du nord de la Saskatchewan (l'hôpital St. Paul et le Community Renal Health Center de Saskatoon). SUJETS: L'étude porte sur 215 patients passés de la voie IV à SC pour l'administration d'époétine alfa et toujours vivants à la fin des 12 mois de suivi. MESURES: La dose administrée et le coût ont été calculés par mois-patient pour chaque voie d'administration. La concentration d'hémoglobine sérique, les marqueurs des réserves de fer (saturation de transferrine et ferritine), la dose de fer IV et les coûts selon la voie d'administration ont également été calculés. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les données des six mois précédant (IV) et des douze mois suivant (SC) le changement ont été colligées. Le test t pour échantillons appariés et le test de rang de Wilcoxon ont été employés pour comparer les variables entre les périodes pré-changement (IV) et post-changement (SC). RÉSULTATS: Le coût médian pour l'administration d'épotine alfa/mois-patient est passé de 508,30 $ CA (voie IV; ÉIQ: 349 ­ 900,80 $) à 381,20 $ CA (voie SC; ÉIQ: 247 ­ 681 $) (p<0,001), soit une réduction de 25 % du coût. La dose médiane d'époétine alfa/mois-patient est passée de 38 500 (ÉIQ: 25 714,3 ­ 64 166,5) à 26 750,3 (ÉIQ: 17 362,6 ­ 48 066) unités internationales (UI) (p<0,001), soit une baisse de 30,51 %. La concentration moyenne d'hémoglobine (± écart type) est demeurée stable et dans les limites visées pour les deux périodes étudiées (103,3 ±9,2 contre 104,3 ±13,3 grams/liter; p=0,34). Aucune différence significative n'a été observée entre les deux périodes pour la saturation de la transferrine, la ferritine, la dose de fer IV et les coûts. LIMITES: L'obtention des données sur les hospitalisations, les taux de marqueurs inflammatoires, l'état nutritionnel des patients et les hémorragies gastro-intestinales s'est avérée inconstante entre les différents sites. De plus, notre échantillon était soumis à des biais de survie, nos résultats ne sont donc pas généralisables à d'autres populations. CONCLUSION: Nos résultats montrent que le passage à la voie SC pour l'administration d'époétine alfa chez les patients hémodialysés permet de réduire la dose de 30,51 % et les coûts de 25 %, tout en maintenant un taux équivalent d'hémoglobine sérique. Compte tenu des économies et du fait que ce changement ne compromet en rien les soins et qu'il permet de maintenir un taux comparable d'hémoglobine, les unités d'hémodialyse devraient envisager de passer à la voie SC pour l'administration d'époétine alfa. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'ESSAI: L'essai n'a pas été enregistré dans un registre accessible au public puisqu'il s'agit d'un examen rétrospectif des dossiers des patients et qu'il était exempté d'un examen de la part du comité d'éthique de la recherche de l'ancienne région sanitaire Regina Qu'Appelle.

2.
Nat Protoc ; 8(6): 1048-57, 2013 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23640169

ABSTRACT

We describe a protocol for forming an artificial lipid bilayer by contacting nanoliter aqueous droplets in an oil solution in the presence of phospholipids. A lipid monolayer forms at each oil-water interface, and when two such monolayers touch, a bilayer is created. Droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) are a simple way to generate stable bilayers suitable for single-channel electrophysiology and optical imaging from a wide variety of preparations, ranging from purified proteins to reconstituted eukaryotic cell membrane fragments. Examples include purified proteins from the α-hemolysin pore from Staphylococcus aureus, the anthrax toxin pore and the 1.2-MDa mouse mechanosensitive channel MmPiezo1. Ion channels and ionotropic receptors can also be reconstituted from membrane fragments without further purification. We describe two approaches for forming DIBs. In one approach, a lipid bilayer is created between two aqueous droplets submerged in oil. In the other approach, a membrane is formed between an aqueous droplet and an agarose hydrogel, which allows imaging in addition to electrical recordings. The protocol takes <30 min, including droplet generation, monolayer assembly and bilayer formation. In addition to the main protocol, we also describe the preparation of Ag/AgCl electrodes and sample preparation.


Subject(s)
Lipid Bilayers/chemical synthesis , Membranes, Artificial , Nanostructures/chemistry , Oils/chemistry , Water/chemistry , Alkanes , Animals , Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry , Bacterial Toxins/chemistry , Hemolysin Proteins/chemistry , Ion Channels/chemistry , Ion Channels/metabolism , Lipid Bilayers/chemistry , Mice , Silver , Silver Compounds
3.
Langmuir ; 27(23): 14335-42, 2011 Dec 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21978255

ABSTRACT

By making dynamic changes to the area of a droplet interface bilayer (DIB), we are able to measure the specific capacitance of lipid bilayers with improved accuracy and precision over existing methods. The dependence of membrane specific capacitance on the chain-length of the alkane oil present in the bilayer is similar to that observed in black lipid membranes. In contrast to conventional artificial bilayers, DIBs are not confined by an aperture, which enables us to determine that the dependence of whole bilayer capacitance on applied potential is predominantly a result of a spontaneous increase in bilayer area. This area change arises from the creation of new bilayer at the three phase interface and is driven by changes in surface tension with applied potential that can be described by the Young-Lippmann equation. By accounting for this area change, we are able to determine the proportion of the capacitance dependence that arises from a change in specific capacitance with applied potential. This method provides a new tool with which to investigate the vertical compression of the bilayer and understand the changes in bilayer thickness with applied potential. We find that, for 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine membranes in hexadecane, specific bilayer capacitance varies by 0.6-1.5% over an applied potential of ±100 mV.


Subject(s)
Lipid Bilayers/chemistry , Membranes, Artificial , Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry , Lipid Bilayers/chemical synthesis , Surface Tension
4.
Nano Lett ; 11(8): 3324-8, 2011 Aug 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21726072

ABSTRACT

We form an artificial lipid bilayer between a nanolitre aqueous droplet and a supporting hydrogel immersed in an oil/lipid solution. Manipulation of the axial position of the droplet relative to the hydrogel controls the size of the bilayer formed at the interface; this enables the surface density of integral membrane proteins to be controlled. We are able to modulate the surface density of the ß-barrel pore-forming toxin α-hemolysin over a range of 4 orders of magnitude within a time frame of a few seconds. The concentration changes are fully reversible. Membrane protein function and diffusion are unaltered, as measured by single molecule microscopy and single channel electrical recording.


Subject(s)
Lipid Bilayers , Membrane Proteins/analysis
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