Benzbromarone as adjuvant therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease: a pilot clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Cystic fibrosis (CF) affects multiple organs, the most severe consequences being observed in the lungs. Despite significant progress in developing CF transmembrane conductance regulator-specific treatments for CF lung disease, exploring alternative CF-targeted medications seems reasonable. We sought to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of oral benzbromarone as an adjuvant therapy in CF patients with reduced lung function. METHODS: This was a prospective open-label pilot study of oral benzbromarone (100 mg/day) administered once daily for 90 days. Patients were followed at a tertiary referral center in southern Brazil. Safety was assessed by the number of reported adverse events. Secondary objectives included percent predicted FEV1 (FEV1%) and pulmonary exacerbations. RESULTS: Ten patients were enrolled. Benzbromarone was found to be safe, with no serious drug-related adverse events. Eight patients completed the study; the median relative change in FEV1% tended to increase during the treatment, showing an 8% increase from baseline at the final visit. However, a nonparametric test showed that the change was not significant (p = 0.06). Of a total of ten patients, only one experienced at least one pulmonary exacerbation during the study. CONCLUSIONS: Oral benzbromarone appears to be safe, and improved FEV1% has been observed in patients with CF. Further assessment in larger trials is warranted to elucidate whether oral benzbromarone can be a potential adjuvant therapy for CF.

Excess of body weight is associated with accelerated T-cell senescence in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: Several risk factors have been involved in the poor clinical progression of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), including ageing, and obesity. SARS-CoV-2 may compromise lung function through cell damage and paracrine inflammation; and obesity has been associated with premature immunosenescence, microbial translocation, and dysfunctional innate immune responses leading to poor immune response against a range of viruses and bacterial infections. Here, we have comprehensively characterized the immunosenescence, microbial translocation, and immune dysregulation established in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with different degrees of body weight. RESULTS: Hospitalised COVID-19 patients with overweight and obesity had similarly higher plasma LPS and sCD14 levels than controls (all p < 0.01). Patients with obesity had higher leptin levels than controls. Obesity and overweight patients had similarly higher expansions of classical monocytes and immature natural killer (NK) cells (CD56+CD16-) than controls. In contrast, reduced proportions of intermediate monocytes, mature NK cells (CD56+CD16+), and NKT were found in both groups of patients than controls. As expected, COVID-19 patients had a robust expansion of plasmablasts, contrasting to lower proportions of major T-cell subsets (CD4 + and CD8+) than controls. Concerning T-cell activation, overweight and obese patients had lower proportions of CD4+CD38+ cells than controls. Contrasting changes were reported in CD25+CD127low/neg regulatory T cells, with increased and decreased proportions found in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively. There were similar proportions of T cells expressing checkpoint inhibitors across all groups. We also investigated distinct stages of T-cell differentiation (early, intermediate, and late-differentiated - TEMRA). The intermediate-differentiated CD4 + T cells and TEMRA cells (CD4+ and CD8+) were expanded in patients compared to controls. Senescent T cells can also express NK receptors (NKG2A/D), and patients had a robust expansion of CD8+CD57+NKG2A+ cells than controls. Unbiased immune profiling further confirmed the expansions of senescent T cells in COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that dysregulated immune cells, microbial translocation, and T-cell senescence may partially explain the increased vulnerability to COVID-19 in subjects with excess of body weight.

Characterization of purinergic signaling in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from lower- and high-grade gliomas.

Malignant gliomas are highly heterogeneous glia-derived tumors that present an aggressive and invasive nature, with a dismal prognosis. The multi-dimensional interactions between glioma cells and other tumor microenvironment (TME) non-tumoral components constitute a challenge to finding successful treatment strategies. Several molecules, such as extracellular purines, participate in signaling events and support the immunosuppressive TME of glioma patients. The purinergic signaling and the ectoenzymes network involved in the metabolism of these extracellular nucleotides are still unexplored in the glioma TME, especially in lower-grade gliomas (LGG). Also, differences between IDH-mutant (IDH-Mut) versus wild-type (IDH-WT) gliomas are still unknown in this context. For the first time, to our knowledge, this study characterizes the TME of LGG, high-grade gliomas (HGG) IDH-Mut, and HGG IDH-WT patients regarding purinergic ectoenzymes and P1 receptors, focusing on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Here, we show that ectoenzymes from both canonical and non-canonical pathways are increased in the TME when compared to the peripheral blood. We hypothesize this enhancement supports extracellular adenosine generation, hence increasing TME immunosuppression.

Benzbromarone as adjuvant therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease: a pilot clinical trial

ABSTRACT Objective: Cystic fibrosis (CF) affects multiple organs, the most severe consequences being observed in the lungs. Despite significant progress in developing CF transmembrane conductance regulator-specific treatments for CF lung disease, exploring alternative CF-targeted medications seems reasonable. We sought to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of oral benzbromarone as an adjuvant therapy in CF patients with reduced lung function. Methods: This was a prospective open-label pilot study of oral benzbromarone (100 mg/day) administered once daily for 90 days. Patients were followed at a tertiary referral center in southern Brazil. Safety was assessed by the number of reported adverse events. Secondary objectives included percent predicted FEV1 (FEV1%) and pulmonary exacerbations. Results: Ten patients were enrolled. Benzbromarone was found to be safe, with no serious drug-related adverse events. Eight patients completed the study; the median relative change in FEV1% tended to increase during the treatment, showing an 8% increase from baseline at the final visit. However, a nonparametric test showed that the change was not significant (p = 0.06). Of a total of ten patients, only one experienced at least one pulmonary exacerbation during the study. Conclusions: Oral benzbromarone appears to be safe, and improved FEV1% has been observed in patients with CF. Further assessment in larger trials is warranted to elucidate whether oral benzbromarone can be a potential adjuvant therapy for CF.

Eotaxin-1/CCL11 promotes cellular senescence in human-derived fibroblasts through pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory pathways.

Introduction: Eotaxin-1/CCL11 is a pivotal chemokine crucial for eosinophil homing to the lungs of asthmatic patients. Recent studies also suggest that CCL11 is involved in the aging process, as it is upregulated in elderly, and correlated with shorter telomere length in leukocytes from asthmatic children. Despite its potential pro-aging effects, the precise contribution of CCL11 and the underlying mechanisms involved in the promotion of cellular senescence remains unclear. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to explore the role of CCL11 on senescence development and the signaling pathways activated by this chemokine in lung fibroblasts. Methods: To investigate the targets potentially modulated by CCL11, we performed an in silico analysis using PseudoCell. We validated in vitro the activation of these targets in the human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 following rhCCL11 exposure. Finally, we performed differential gene expression analysis in human airway epithelial cells of asthmatic patients to assess CCL11 signaling and activation of additional senescent markers. Results: Our study revealed that eotaxin-1/CCL11 promote reactive oxygen secretion (ROS) production in lung fibroblasts, accompanied by increased activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and p-TP53 and γH2AX. These modifications were accompanied by cellular senescence promotion and increased secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, our data show that airway epithelial lung cells from atopic asthmatic patients overexpress CCL11 along with aging markers such as CDKN2A (p16INK4a) and SERPINE1. Discussion: These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the pro-aging effects of CCL11 in the lungs of asthmatic patients. Understanding the role of CCL11 on senescence development may have important implications for the treatment of age-related lung diseases, such as asthma.

Bioinformatic Analysis of Human Cumulus Cells to Unravel Cellular's Processes that Could Be Used to Establish Oocyte Quality Biomarkers with Clinical Application.

Metadata analysis of public microarray datasets using bioinformatics tools has been successfully used in several biomedical fields in the search for biomarkers. In reproductive science, there is an urgent need for the establishment of oocyte quality biomarkers that could be used in the clinical environment to increase the chances of successful outcomes in treatment cycles. Adaptive cellular processes observed in cumulus oophorus cells reflect the conditions of the follicular microenvironment and may thus bring relevant information of oocyte's conditions. Here we analyzed human cumulus cells gene expression datasets in search of predictors of oocyte quality, a strategy which uncovered several cellular processes positively and negatively associated with embryo development and pregnancy potential. Secondly, the expression levels of genes that were present in the majority of processes observed were validated in house with clinical samples. Our data confirmed the association of the selected biomarkers with blastocyst formation and pregnancy potential rates, independently of patients' clinical characteristics such as diagnosis, age, BMI, and stimulation protocol applied. This study shows that bioinformatic analysis of cellular processes can be successfully used to elucidate possible oocyte quality biomarkers. Our data reinforces the need to consider clinical characteristics of patients when selecting relevant biomarkers to be used in the clinical environment and suggests a combination of positive (PTGS2) and negative (CYPB1) quality biomarkers as a robust strategy for a complementary oocyte selection tool, potentially increasing assisted reproduction success rates. Also, GPX4 expression as pregnancy potential biomarker is indicated here as a possibility for further investigations.

Rare CFTR large deletions: a series of cases / Grandes deleções raras no CFTR: uma série de casos

Aims: this paper aims to describe diagnosis and follow-up of patients affected by the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) manifestations and CFTR large deletions. For this, we performed a retrospective analysis of medical records, including genotyping and retrospective follow-up of clinical and lung function data. Electronic and printed medical records of patients followed at a referral outpatient clinic in CF were evaluated. Case description: we found that three patients had large deletions in the CFTRgene, being two of them heterozygous (heterozygous with deletion on exons from 2 to 3, and heterozygous for deletions on exons from 25 to 27) and one of them homozygous (homozygous for the deletions on exons from 19 to 21). One patient had a false negative result in complete genetic sequencing. All three received standard treatment for CF. Two patients died from CF pulmonary complications. Therefore, false negatives findings in CFTR sequencing for the diagnosis of CF are rare but may be more frequent in patients with large deletions. Conclusions: CFTR large deletions are associated with severe CF phenotypes

Objetivo: este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o diagnóstico e o acompanhamento de pacientes acometidos pelas manifestações da fibrose cística e grandes deleções do gene CFTR. Para isso, realizamos análise retrospectiva de prontuários, incluindo genotipagem e acompanhamento retrospectivo de dados clínicos e de função pulmonar. Descrição dos casos: foram avaliados prontuários eletrônicos e impressos de pacientes acompanhados em ambulatório de referência em fibrose cística. Encontramos três pacientes com grandes deleções no gene CFTR, sendo dois deles heterozigotos (heterozigotos com deleção nos éxons de 2 a 3 e heterozigotos para deleções nos éxons de 25 a 27) e um deles homozigoto (homozigoto para as deleções nos éxons de 19 a 21,). Um paciente apresentou resultado falso negativo no sequenciamento genético completo. Todos os três receberam tratamento padrão para fibrose cística. Dois pacientes morreram de complicações pulmonares da fibrose cística. Portanto, achados falsos negativos no sequenciamento CFTR para o diagnóstico de fibrose cística são raros, mas podem ser mais frequentes em pacientes com grandes deleções. Conclusão: grandes deleções de CFTR estão associadas a fenótipos graves de FC

Telomere length in healthy newborns is not affected by adverse intrauterine environments.

Different intrauterine exposures are associated with different metabolic profiles leading to growth and development characteristics in children and also relate to health and disease patterns in adult life. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of four different intrauterine environments on the telomere length of newborns. This is a longitudinal observational study using a convenience sample of 222 mothers and their term newborns (>37 weeks of gestational age) from hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), from September 2011 to January 2016. Sample was divided into four groups: pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (n=38), smoking pregnant women (TOBACCO) (n=52), mothers with small-for-gestational age (SGA) children due to idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction (n=33), and a control group (n=99). Maternal and newborn genomic DNA were obtained from epithelial mucosal cells. Telomere length was assessed by qPCR, with the calculation of the telomere and single copy gene (T/S ratio). In this sample, there was no significant difference in telomere length between groups (p>0.05). There was also no association between childbirth weight and telomere length in children (p>0.05). For term newborns different intrauterine environments seems not to influence telomere length at birth.

Telomere length and epigenetic age acceleration in adolescents with anxiety disorders.

Evidence on the relationship between genetics and mental health are flourishing. However, few studies are evaluating early biomarkers that might link genes, environment, and psychopathology. We aimed to study telomere length (TL) and epigenetic age acceleration (AA) in a cohort of adolescents with and without anxiety disorders (N = 234). We evaluated a representative subsample of participants at baseline and after 5 years (n = 76) and categorized them according to their anxiety disorder diagnosis at both time points: (1) control group (no anxiety disorder, n = 18), (2) variable group (anxiety disorder in one evaluation, n = 38), and (3) persistent group (anxiety disorder at both time points, n = 20). We assessed relative mean TL by real-time quantitative PCR and DNA methylation by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. We calculated AA using the Horvath age estimation algorithm and analyzed differences among groups using generalized linear mixed models. The persistent group of anxiety disorder did not change TL over time (p = 0.495). The variable group had higher baseline TL (p = 0.003) but no accelerated TL erosion in comparison to the non-anxiety control group (p = 0.053). Furthermore, there were no differences in AA among groups over time. Our findings suggest that adolescents with chronic anxiety did not change telomere length over time, which could be related to a delay in neuronal development in this period of life.

Arundic acid (ONO-2526) inhibits stimulated-S100B secretion in inflammatory conditions.

Astrocytes respond to injury by modifying the expression profile of several proteins, including the S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), assumed to be a marker as well as a mediator of brain injury. AA is an inhibitor of S100B synthesis and plays a protective role in different models of brain injury, as decreases in S100B expression cause decreases in extracellular S100B. However, S100B mRNA expression, S100B protein content and S100B secretion do not always occur in association; as such, we herein investigated the effect of AA on S100B secretion, using different approaches with three stimulating conditions for S100B secretion, namely, low potassium medium, TNF-α (in hippocampal slices) and LPS exposure (in astrocyte cultures). Our data indicate that AA directly affects S100B secretion, indicating that the extracellular levels of this astroglial protein may be mediating the action of this compound. More importantly, AA had no effect on basal S100B secretion, but inhibited stimulated S100B secretion (stimulated either by the proinflammatory molecules, LPS or TNF-α, or by low potassium medium). Data from hippocampal slices that were directly exposed to AA, or from animals that received the acid by intracerebroventricular infusion, contribute to understanding its neuroprotective effect.

Shorter telomeres in children with severe asthma, an indicative of accelerated aging.

Severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA) is closely associated with distinct clinical and inflammatory pheno-endotypes, which may contribute to the development of age-related comorbidities. Evidence has demonstrated a contribution of accelerated telomere shortening on the poor prognosis of respiratory diseases in adults. Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) is an important chemokine for eosinophilic recruitment and the progression of asthma. In the last years has also been proposed as an age-promoting factor. This study aimed to investigate the association of relative telomere length (rTL) and eotaxin-1 in asthmatic children. Children aged 8-14 years (n=267) were classified as healthy control (HC, n=126), mild asthma (MA, n=124) or severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA, n=17). rTL was performed by qPCR from peripheral blood. Eotaxin-1 was quantified by ELISA from fresh-frozen plasma. STRA had shorter telomeres compared to HC (p=0.02) and MA (p=0.006). Eotaxin-1 levels were up-regulated in STRA [median; IQR25-75)] [(1,190 pg/mL; 108-2,510)] compared to MA [(638 pg/mL; 134-1,460)] (p=0.03) or HC [(627 pg/mL; 108-1,750)] (p<0.01). Additionally, shorter telomeres were inversely correlated with eotaxin-1 levels in STRA (r=-0.6, p=0.013). Our results suggest that short telomeres and up-regulated eotaxin-1, features of accelerated aging, could prematurely contribute to a senescent phenotype increasing the risk for early development of age-related diseases in asthma.

Methoxyeugenol regulates the p53/p21 pathway and suppresses human endometrial cancer cell proliferation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Plant-derived compounds are a reservoir of natural chemicals and can act as drug precursors or prototypes and pharmacological probes. Methoxyeugenol is a natural compound found in plant extracts, such as nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), and it presents anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, interest in the anticancer activity of plant extracts is increasing and the therapeutic activity of methoxyeugenol against cancer has not yet been explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to evaluate the cancer-suppressive role and the molecular signaling pathways of methoxyeugenol in human endometrial cancer (Ishikawa) cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proliferation, viability, and cell toxicity were assessed by direct counting, MTT assay, and LDH enzyme release assay, respectively. Antiproliferative effect were evaluated by nuclear morphological changes along with the cellular mechanisms of apoptosis and senescence by flow cytometry. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms were investigated by RT-qPCR, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proliferative capacity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Methoxyeugenol treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation and viability of Ishikawa cells. Probably triggered by the higher ROS levels and mitochondrial dysfunction, the gene expression of p53 and p21 increased and the gene expression of CDK4/6 decreased in response to the methoxyeugenol treatment. The rise in nuclear size and acidic vesicular organelles corroborate with the initial senescence-inducing signals in Ishikawa cells treated with methoxyeugenol. The antiproliferative effect was not related to cytotoxicity and proved to effectively reduce the proliferative capacity of endometrial cancer cells even after treatment withdrawal. These results demonstrated that methoxyeugenol has a promising anticancer effect against endometrial cancer by rising ROS levels, triggering mitochondrial instability, and modulating cell signaling pathways leading to an inhibition of cell proliferation.

Retinoic acid downregulates thiol antioxidant defences and homologous recombination while promotes A549 cells sensitization to cisplatin.

Recent studies have investigated the use of retinoic acid (RA) molecule in combined chemotherapies to cancer cells as an attempt to increase treatment efficiency and circumvent cell resistance. Positive results were obtained in clinical trials from lung cancer patients treated with RA and cisplatin. Meanwhile, the signalling process that results from the interaction of both molecules remains unclear. One of the pathways that RA is able to modulate is the activity of NRF2 transcription factor, which is highly associated with tumour progression and resistance. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate molecular mechanism of RA and cisplatin co-treatment in A549 cells, focusing in NRF2 pathway. To this end, we investigated NRF2 and NRF2-target genes expression, cellular redox status, cisplatin-induced apoptosis, autophagy and DNA repair through homologous recombination. RA demonstrated to have an inhibitory effect over NRF2 activation, which regulates the expression of thiol antioxidants enzymes. Moreover, RA increased reactive species production associated with increased oxidation of thiol groups within the cells. The expression of proteins associated with DNA repair through homologous recombination was also suppressed by RA pre-treatment. All combined, these effects appear to create a more sensitive cellular environment to cisplatin treatment, increasing apoptosis frequency. Interestingly, autophagy was also increased by combination therapy, suggesting a resistance mechanism by A549 cells. In conclusion, these results provided new information about molecular mechanisms of RA and cisplatin treatment contributing to chemotherapy optimization.

Cholinergic Differentiation of Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line and Its Potential Use as an In vitro Model for Alzheimer's Disease Studies.

Cholinergic transmission is critical to high-order brain functions such as memory, learning, and attention. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive decline associated with a specific degeneration of cholinergic neurons. No effective treatment to prevent or reverse the symptoms is known. Part of this might be due to the lack of in vitro models that effectively mimic the relevant features of AD. Here, we describe the characterization of an AD in vitro model using the SH-SY5Y cell line. Exponentially growing cells were maintained in DMEM/F12 medium and differentiation was triggered by the combination of retinoic acid (RA) and BDNF. Both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzymatic activities and immunocontent were determined. For mimicking tau and amyloid-ß pathology, RA + BDNF-differentiated cells were challenged with okadaic acid (OA) or soluble oligomers of amyloid-ß (AßOs) and neurotoxicity was evaluated. RA + BDNF-induced differentiation resulted in remarkable neuronal morphology alterations characterized by increased neurite density. Enhanced expression and enzymatic activities of cholinergic markers were observed compared to RA-differentiation only. Combination of sublethal doses of AßOs and OA resulted in decreased neurite densities, an in vitro marker of synaptopathy. Challenging RA + BDNF-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with the combination of sublethal doses of OA and AßO, without causing considerable decrease of cell viability, provides an in vitro model which mimics the early-stage pathophysiology of cholinergic neurons affected by AD.

Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) alters gut microbiota and modulates redox status, partially via caffeine in Wistar rats.

Microbiota alterations are observed in pathological conditions, and their regulation is a subject of great interest. Gut microbes are affected by diet, and plant polyphenols may have positive effect on gut microbiota; however, plant-derived extracts may have toxic effects. Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) is a nontraditional medicinal plant applied worldwide. Guarana yields an alkaloid and polyphenol-rich seed with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, where caffeine is the major compound. We evaluated the effects of guarana seed powder (GSP) and purified caffeine on gut microbial composition and redox and inflammatory parameters in Wistar rats after 21 days of treatment. Fecal microbiota was analyzed utilizing 16S rDNA sequencing. Antioxidant enzymes activities from liver, kidney, and colon, as well as oxidative damage markers, were evaluated. Total nonenzymatic antioxidant potential was also evaluated. Microbiota was altered by both treatments, GSP and caffeine, without loss of diversity. In the liver, the kidney, and the colon, we observed a decrease in the antioxidant enzymes activities in the GSP group with no increase in the expression of oxidative damage markers, although some enzymes were also regulated by caffeine. Taken together, these results suggested that GSP ameliorates redox parameters but negatively affected gut microbiota, partially via caffeine.

TRF1 as a major contributor for telomeres' shortening in the context of obesity.

Obesity is a prevalent multifactorial chronic disorder characterized by metabolic dysregulation. Sustained pro-oxidative mediators trigger harmful consequences that reflect at systemic level and contribute for the establishment of a premature senescent phenotype associated with macromolecular damage (DNA, protein, and lipids). Telomeres are structures that protect chromosome ends and are associated with a six-protein complex called the shelterin complex and subject to regulation. Under pro-oxidant conditions, telomere attrition and the altered expression of the shelterin proteins are central for the establishment of many pathophysiological conditions such as obesity. Thus, considering that individuals with obesity display a systemic oxidative stress profile that may compromise the telomeres length or its regulation, the aim of this study was to investigate telomere homeostasis in patients with obesity and explore broad/systemic associations with the expression of shelterin genes and the plasma redox state. We performed a cross-sectional study in 39 patients with obesity and 27 eutrophic subjects. Telomere length (T/S ratio) and gene expression of shelterin components were performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by qPCR. The oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation) and non-enzymatic antioxidant system (total radical-trapping antioxidant potential/reactivity, sulfhydryl and GSH content) were evaluated in plasma. Our results demonstrate that independently of comorbidities, individuals with obesity had significantly shorter telomeres, augmented expression of negative regulators of the shelterin complex, increased lipid peroxidation and higher oxidized protein levels associated with increased non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. Principal component analysis revealed TRF1 as a major contributor for firstly telomeres shortening. In conclusion, our study is first showing a comprehensive analysis of telomeres in the context of obesity, associated with dysregulation of the shelterin components that was partially explained by TRF1 upregulation that could not be reversed by the observed adaptive non-enzymatic antioxidant response.

Telomere Length and CCL11 Levels are Associated With Gray Matter Volume and Episodic Memory Performance in Schizophrenia: Evidence of Pathological Accelerated Aging.

Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with increased somatic morbidity and mortality, in addition to cognitive impairments similar to those seen in normal aging, which may suggest that pathological accelerated aging occurs in SZ. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the relationships of age, telomere length (TL), and CCL11 (aging and inflammatory biomarkers, respectively), gray matter (GM) volume and episodic memory performance in individuals with SZ compared to healthy controls (HC). One hundred twelve participants (48 SZ and 64 HC) underwent clinical and memory assessments, structural MRI, and had their peripheral blood drawn for biomarkers analysis. Comparisons of group means and correlations were performed. Participants with SZ had decreased TL and GM volume, increased CCL11, and worse memory performance compared to HC. In SZ, shorter TL was related to increased CCL11, and both biomarkers were related to reduced GM volume, all of which were related to worse memory performance. Older age was only associated with reduced GM, but longer duration of illness was related with all the aforementioned variables. Younger age of disease onset was associated with increased CCL11 levels and worse memory performance. In HC, there were no significant correlations except between memory and GM. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis of accelerated aging in SZ. These results may indicate that it is not age itself, but the impact of the disease associated with a pathological accelerated aging that leads to impaired outcomes in SZ.

Immunosenescence Induced by Plasma from Individuals with Obesity Caused Cell Signaling Dysfunction and Inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the consequences of plasma from individuals with obesity on parameters associated with immunosenescence in unrelated healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS: Freshly isolated PBMC were incubated in media supplemented with 10% of plasma from individuals with obesity or control subjects for the first 4 hours of 24 to 120 hours of culture. RESULTS: Plasma from individuals with obesity modulated the phenotype of healthy PBMC, leading to a higher rate of apoptosis, lower amounts of phospho-γH2AX and -p53, and mitochondrial dysfunction. After 120 hours, there was a higher secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-8. CD8+ T lymphocytes presented decreased expression of CD28, which is associated with the immunosenescent phenotype. CD14+ macrophages showed increased expression of CD80 and CD206, suggesting a modulation in the activation of macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that chronic systemic inflammation observed in obesity induces dysfunctional features in PBMC that are consistent with premature immunosenescence.