Can the Negative Cognitive Bias Be Predicted by Early Victimization of College Students? The Dual Role of Resilience.

Victimization could cause cognitive dysfunction like negative cognitive bias. While there are studies of contemporaneous consequences, there is insufficient research on whether and how early victimization will affect adult negative cognitive bias. This study examined the dual role of resilience (i.e., whether resilience would moderate the relationship between early victimization and negative cognitive bias, and/or whether resilience would mediate the same relationship). A total of 972 college students (40% were males, Mage = 19.25, SD = 1.17, range = 16-25) from three universities in Central China completed a series of anonymous questionnaires on early victimization, resilience, and negative cognitive bias. After controlling for demographic variables, the results indicated that early victimization was positively correlated with negative cognitive bias of college students. Moderation analysis indicated that resilience moderated the relationship between early victimization and negative cognitive bias. Mediation analysis revealed that resilience partially mediated the same relationship. Specifically, the effect of early victimization on negative cognitive bias was stronger for college students with high level of resilience than those with low level of resilience. Meanwhile, early victimization affected negative cognitive bias partially through resilience. The findings elucidate the dual role of resilience in the relationship between early victimization and negative cognitive bias. On the one hand, negative cognitive bias can be reduced by enhancing resilience among victims, on the other hand, the protective role of resilience may be weakened with the increase of victimization, reminding us to pay more attention to victims with high level of resilience.

Does Early Victimization of School Bullies Affect Core Self-Evaluations in Young Adulthood? A Moderated Mediation Model.

Early victimization is associated with a range of psychological adaptation problems in young adulthood, including core self-evaluations. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the association between early victimization and young adults' core self-evaluations. This study examined the mediating role of negative cognitive processing bias and the moderating role of resilience in the relationship. A total of 972 college students were recruited to complete measures of early victimization, negative cognitive processing bias, resilience, and core self-evaluations. The results showed that early victimization significantly and negatively predicted the core self-evaluations in young adulthood. The negative association between early victimization and core self-evaluations was completely mediated by negative cognitive processing bias. Resilience moderated the relationship between early victimization and negative cognitive bias, and the relationship between negative cognitive processing bias and core self-evaluations. Resilience has both risk-buffering and risk-enhancing effects. In light of these results, in order to help victims maintain good mental health, we should intervene in individual cognitive factors. Notably, while resilience is a protective factor in most cases, the benefits of resilience should not be overstated. So, we should not only cultivate students' resilience but also provide them with more support and resources and intervene in risk factors at the same time.

Physical exercise can enhance meaning in life of college students: the chain mediating role of self-efficacy and life satisfaction.

Meaning in life refers to an individual's capacity to understand and grasp the meaning of their own existence, as well as being aware of the goals, tasks, or missions in their personal life. Previous studies have found that college students lack meaning in life, but physical exercise can enhance it. In this study, 3,196 college students completed self-report questionnaires to assess self-efficacy, life satisfaction, physical exercise, and meaning in life. The results revealed that the physical exercise not only influenced an individual's perceived meaning in life directly, but also influenced it through self-efficacy. Furthermore, it confirmed the chain mediating role of self-efficacy and life satisfaction, whereby engaging in physical exercise can ultimately impact meaning in life through self-efficacy and life satisfaction. This discovery can help educators create interventions to improve college students' physical exercise engagement and overall life satisfaction.

Can the Effect of Problem Solvers' Characteristics on Adolescents' Cooperative Problem Solving Ability Be Improved by Group Sizes?

Cooperative problem solving (CPS) is an essential ability in people's daily life. When individuals with different problem-solvers' characteristics (orientation and style) are assigned to different group sizes to solve social tasks, what are the differences in the performance of CPS ability? Based on this, through online experimental tasks, the present study examined the effect of problem-solving orientation and style on CPS ability in online social tasks. Meanwhile, it explored the role of group sizes as an environmental variable. The results showed that the more positive the problem-solving orientation, the better the performance of individual CPS ability. In addition, the more rational the problem-solving styles and the larger the group sizes, the higher the scores of participants' CPS ability. This study provides a new theoretical perspective for the complex relationship between the characteristics of problem solvers and CPS ability, and also provides empirical support for the cultivation of the CPS ability of adolescents.

The Impact of Self-Consistency Congruence on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in College Students: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion and the Moderating Role of Gender.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) can be defined as the deliberate destruction of body tissues to generate harm. College students have a higher incidence of NSSI. With the deepening of research on college students' NSSI, the connection between their self-consistency congruence and NSSI has drawn the attention of many scholars. The current study examined the association between self-concordance and NSSI, the mediating function of negative emotions, and the moderating role of gender. We surveyed 1020 college students from three universities in Jiangxi Province using a self-concordant scale, a NSSI questionnaire, and a negative emotion questionnaire. The results showed that self-concordance was negatively correlated with NSSI. There is an obvious negative connection between self-consistency congruence and negative emotions. There was a significant positive correlation between negative emotions and the NSSI scores. Negative emotions could mediate the association between self-consistency congruence and NSSI. Compared to males, females' self-concordant effects on negative emotions are easier to moderate.

Social Networking Site Use and Loneliness: A Meta-Analysis.

The popularity of social networking sites (SNSs) has drawn researchers' attention in recent years, and a large amount of efforts have been made to explore the association between SNS use and loneliness, however, they provided mixed results. This meta-analysis was conducted to confirm the relationship, based on 82 articles consisting of 90 independent samples with a total of 48,383 participants. A random-effects model was used to analyze main effects and revealed that SNS use and loneliness were weakly, yet significantly positively correlated (r = 0.052). The type of SNS use moderated the relationship. Specifically, abnormal and passive SNS use was significantly and positively correlated with loneliness; however, no significant differences were observed in the relationships between general and active use of SNSs and loneliness. In addition, the moderating effects of gender, age, and culture were not significant.

Social Creativity and Entrepreneurial Intentions of College Students: Mediated by Career Adaptability and Moderated by Parental Entrepreneurial Background.

Drawing on social cognitive career theory, this study aims to ascertain how social creativity influences college students' entrepreneurial intentions, based on the mediating role of career adaptability and the moderating role of parental entrepreneurial background. A total of 715 college students completed an online survey designed to collect information on these variables. SPSS (version 25.0) was used to test the model. The results indicate that after controlling for gender and individual entrepreneurial experience, college students with a high level of social creativity were likely to have a high level of entrepreneurial intention. Career adaptability partially mediates the association between social creativity and entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, both direct and indirect associations between social creativity and entrepreneurial intention were moderated by parental entrepreneurial background. Specifically, compared with college students whose parents had no entrepreneurial background, the relationships between social creativity and entrepreneurial intention, social creativity and career adaptability, and career adaptability and entrepreneurial intention were stronger among college students whose parents had an entrepreneurial background. The findings help to develop promotion programs that are more suitable for college students' entrepreneurship intentions.

Parents' Response to Children's Performance and Children's Self-Esteem: Parent-Child Relationship and Friendship Quality as Mediators.

Previous research has revealed that parents' success-oriented response to children's performance promotes children's self-esteem, while failure-oriented response damages their self-esteem. However, the potential mediating mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated whether parent-child relationship and friendship quality mediated the relation between parents' response to children's performance and children's self-esteem. For this purpose, 859 children in Central China completed the Parents' Response to Children's Performance Scale, Buchanan Scale of Closeness to Parents (CPS), Friendship Quality Questionnaire (simplified version), and Self-Perception Profile tests. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that: (1) parents' success-oriented response was positively associated with parent-child relationship, friendship quality, and children's self-esteem. Parents' failure-oriented response was negatively associated with parent-child relationship and children's self-esteem, but it was positively associated with friendship quality. (2) Parent-child relationship and friendship quality were identified as the serial mediators between parents' success- or failure-oriented response and children's self-esteem. These findings suggest that parents' failure-oriented response should be reduced and parents' success-oriented response should be increased to develop children's self-esteem and establish a sound social network system for children.

Is Self-Control an "Angel" or a "Devil"? The Effect of Internet Game Disorder on Adolescent Subjective Well-Being.

Recent studies have shown that Internet game disorder (IGD) is a significant risk factor of subjective well-being among adolescents. However, there are few studies about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study examined the mediating role of sleep quality in the relationship between IGD and adolescent subjective well-being, and the moderating role of self-control in this mediational process. We collected data from 2,767 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 14.42 years, SD = 1.55) to test our theoretical model. Those adolescents completed self-reported questionnaires on IGD, subjective well-being, sleep quality, and self-control, respectively. After controlling for demographic variables, IGD was negatively associated with adolescent subjective well-being. Mediation analysis indicates that sleep quality partially mediates the association between IGD and adolescent subjective well-being. Tests of moderated mediation further reveal that the mediated path was also moderated by self-control. Specifically, these effects are stronger in adolescents with higher self-control, manifesting as cognitive dissonance. These findings advance our knowledge of how and when IGD relates to subjective well-being among adolescents. We discussed implications and limitations of this study.

Self-Consistency Congruence and Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Subjective Well-Being and the Moderating Role of Gender.

Adolescent smartphone addiction has increasingly attracted the attention of scholars because of the widespread use of internet technology in educational environments. In addition, previous studies have found that there is a complex relationship between smartphone addiction and self-consistency congruence, and subjective well-being. This research was conducted to examine whether subjective well-being would mediate the relation between self-consistency congruence and adolescent smartphone addiction, and whether gender would moderate the mediating process. A total of 1,011 Chinese adolescents completed self-report questionnaires measuring self-consistency congruence, subjective well-being, and smartphone addiction. Self-consistency congruence was shown to be a significant predictor of smartphone addiction. Furthermore, subjective well-being partially mediated the association between self-consistency congruence and adolescent smartphone addiction. Gender could moderate the mediating process; as compared with boys, girls' self-consistency congruence and subjective well-being are more easily mediated. We envision the findings as being helpful in guiding scholars who are developing interventions to minimize smartphone addiction and its disrupting effects in adolescents.

Individual Differences in Negative Emotion Differentiation Predict Resting-State Spontaneous Emotional Regulatory Processes.

Negative emotion differentiation facilitates emotion regulation. However, whether individual differences in negative emotion differentiation is associated with resting-state spontaneous emotion regulation remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effect of individual differences in negative emotion differentiation on spontaneous emotional regulatory processes as indexed by resting electroencephalogram (EEG) indicators (e.g., frontal alpha asymmetry and theta/beta ratio). Participants (n = 40, M age = 21.74 years, 62% women) completed a negative emotion differentiation task. Afterward, 4 min of resting EEG data were recorded. Multiple regression results showed that negative emotion differentiation significantly predicted the alpha asymmetry at electrode pairs (F4-F3 and FP2-FP1) and the theta/beta ratio at the F3 and FZ electrode sites. Individuals with high negative emotion differentiation presented more left-lateralized activations and a lower theta/beta ratio. Taken together, these results suggest that individuals with high negative emotion differentiation show enhanced spontaneous emotional regulatory functioning. Thus, we provided the first resting-state neural evidence on emotion differentiation of spontaneous emotional regulatory functioning.

Mapping the frontal alpha asymmetry indicators of habitual emotion regulation: a data-driven approach.

Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) has been explored extensively in affective neuroscience. To determine which FAA indicators are linked with the habitual use of emotion regulation, we recorded the resting electroencephalogram alpha activity. First, we reduced all of the FAA indicators to four factors by exploratory factor analysis. Next, we carried out a multiple regression analysis to determine which factors could significantly predict the habitual use of emotion-regulation strategies. According to the results, greater left-asymmetric activation at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicted increased use of reappraisal, whereas at the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, it was predicted by right-asymmetric activation. Greater left-asymmetric frontal activity at the posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was related to increased use of distraction and suppression. These results suggest that resting FAA in the prefrontal cortex region plays a significant role in the habitual use of emotion regulation.Video abstract: http://links.lww.com/WNR/A485.