Overcoming research challenges: In vitro cultivation of Ameson portunus (Phylum Microsporidia).

Ameson portunus is an intracellular pathogen that infects marine crabs Portunus trituberculatus and Scylla paramamosain, causing significant economic losses. However, research into this important parasite has been limited due to the absence of an in vitro culture system. To address this challenge, we developed an in vitro cultivation model of A. portunus using RK13 cell line in this study. The fluorescent labeling assay indicated a high infection rate (∼60 %) on the first day post-infection and quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection demonstrated successful infection as early as six hours post-inoculation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and qPCR were used for the detection of A. portunus infected cells. The FISH probe we designed allowed detection of A. portunus in infected cells and qPCR assay provided accurate quantification of A. portunus in the samples. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that A. portunus could complete its entire life cycle and produce mature spores in RK13 cells. Additionally, we have identified novel life cycle characteristics during the development of A. portunus in RK 13 cells using TEM. These findings contribute to our understanding of new life cycle pathways of A. portunus. The establishment of an in vitro culture model for A. portunus is critical as it provides a valuable tool for understanding the molecular and immunological events that occur during infection. Furthermore, it will facilitate the development of effective treatment strategies for this intracellular pathogen.

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii effect of tylosin in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoan pathogen with medical and veterinary importance worldwide. Drugs currently used for treatment of toxoplasmosis are less effective and sometimes cause serious side effects. There is an urgent need for the development of more effective drugs with relatively low toxicity. METHODS: The effect of tylosin on the viability of host cells was measured using CCK8 assays. To assess the inhibition of tylosin on T. gondii proliferation, a real-time PCR targeting the B1 gene was developed for T. gondii detection and quantification. Total RNA was extracted from parasites treated with tylosin and then subjected to transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Finally, murine infection models of toxoplasmosis were used to evaluate the protective efficacy of tylosin against T. gondii virulent RH strain or avirulent ME49 strain. RESULTS: We found that tylosin displayed low host toxicity, and its 50% inhibitory concentration was 175.3 µM. Tylsoin also inhibited intracellular T. gondii tachyzoite proliferation, with a 50% effective concentration of 9.759 µM. Transcriptome analysis showed that tylosin remarkably perturbed the gene expression of T. gondii, and genes involved in "ribosome biogenesis (GO:0042254)" and "ribosome (GO:0005840)" were significantly dys-regulated. In a murine model, tylosin treatment alone (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or in combination with sulfadiazine sodium (200 mg/kg, i.g.) significantly prolonged the survival time and raised the survival rate of animals infected with T. gondii virulent RH or avirulent ME49 strain. Meanwhile, treatment with tylosin significantly decreased the parasite burdens in multiple organs and decreased the spleen index of mice with acute toxoplasmosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that tylosin exhibited potency against T. gondii both in vitro and in vivo, which offers promise for treatment of human toxoplasmosis.

Emerging Pt-based intermetallic nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction.

The advancement of highly efficient and enduring platinum (Pt)-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a critical determinant to enable broad utilization of clean energy conversion technologies. Pt-based intermetallic electrocatalysts offer durability and superior ORR activity over their traditional analogues due to their definite stoichiometry, ordered and extended structures, and favourable enthalpy of formation. With the advent in new synthetic methods, Pt-based intermetallic nanoparticles as a new class of advanced electrocatalysts have been studied extensively in recent years. This review discusses the preparation principles, representative preparation methods of Pt-based intermetallics and their applications in the ORR. Our review is focused on L10 Pt-based intermetallics which have gained tremendous interest recently due to their larger surface strain and enhanced M(3d)-Pt(5d) orbital coupling, particularly in the crystallographic c-axis direction. Additionally, we discuss future research directions to further improve the efficiency of Pt-based intermetallic electrocatalysts with the intention of stimulating increased research ventures in this domain.

Amorphous MnO2 Lamellae Encapsulated Covalent Triazine Polymer-Derived Multi-Heteroatoms-Doped Carbon for ORR/OER Bifunctional Electrocatalysis.

The intelligent construction of non-noble metal materials that exhibit reversible oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with bifunctional electrocatalytic performance is greatly coveted in the realm of zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, a crafted structure-amorphous MnO2 lamellae encapsulated covalent triazine polymer-derived N, S, P co-doped carbon sphere (A-MnO2/NSPC) is designed using a self-doped pyrolysis coupled with an in situ encapsulation strategy. The customized A-MnO2/NSPC-2 demonstrates a superior bifunctional electrocatalytic performance, confirmed by a small ΔE index of 0.64 V for ORR/OER. Experimental investigations, along with density functional theory calculations validate that predesigned amorphous MnO2 surface defects and abundant heteroatom catalytic active sites collectively enhance the oxygen electrocatalytic performance. Impressively, the A-MnO2/NSPC-based rechargeable liquid ZABs show a large open-circuit potential of 1.54 V, an ultrahigh peak power density of 181 mW cm-2, an enormous capacity of 816 mAh g-1, and a remarkable stability for more than 1720 discharging/charging cycles. Additionally, the assembled flexible all-solid-state ZABs also demonstrate outstanding cycle stability, surpassing 140 discharging/charging cycles. Therefore, this highly operable synthetic strategy offers substantial understanding in the development of magnificent bifunctional electrocatalysts for various sustainable energy conversions and beyond.

Bimetallic-Coordinated Covalent Triazine Framework-Derived FeNi Alloy Nanoparticle-Decorated Coral-Like Nanocarbons for Oxygen Electrocatalysis.

It is highly desirable to fabricate transition bimetallic alloy-embedded porous nanocarbons with a unique nanoarchitecture for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in rechargeable zinc-air batteries. In this work, we introduce a template-assisted in situ alloying synthesis of FeNi alloy nanoparticle-decorated coral-like nanocarbons (FeNi-CNCs) as efficient OER/ORR dual-functional electrocatalysts. The present materials are produced through polycondensation of a covalent triazine framework (CTF), the coordination of Ni and Fe ions, and sequential pyrolytic treatment. Through the pyrolysis process, the nanolamellar FeNi-CTF precursors can be facilely converted into FeNi alloy nanoparticle-decorated nanocarbons. These nanocarbons possess a distinctive three-dimensional (3D) coral-like nanostructure, which is favorable for the transport of oxygen and the diffusion of electrolyte. As a result, FeNi-CNC-800 with the highest efficiency exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic performance and great durability. Additionally, it also can be assembled into rechargeable zinc-air batteries that can be assembled in both liquid and solid forms, offering a superior peak power density, large specific capacity, and outstanding reusability during charging/discharging cycles (e.g., 5160 charging-and-discharging cycles at 10 mA cm-2 for the liquid forms). These traits make it a highly promising option in the burgeoning field of wearable energy conversion.

Synthesis of L10 -Iron Triad (Fe, Co, Ni)/Pt Intermetallic Electrocatalysts via a Phosphide-Induced Structural Phase Transition.

Structurally ordered L10 -iron triad (Fe, Co, Ni)/Pt with a M(iron triad)/Pt ratio ≈1:1 has drawn increasing attention in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis and fuel cell technologies by virtue of the high performance derived from their strong surface strain. However, the synthesis of intermetallic L10 -M(iron triad)Pt generally requires the accurate content control of the multicomponent and the sufficient thermal energy to overcome the kinetic barrier for atom diffusion. This work reports a synthesis of sub ≈5 nm L10 -intermetallic nanoparticles using phosphide intermediate-induced structural phase transition. Taking the L10 -CoPt intermetallic, for example, the formation of the L10 structure depends on the Co2 P intermediates can provide abundant P vacancies to accelerate the Pt diffusion into the orthorhombic Co-rich skeletons, instead of the traditional route of intermetallic from solid solution. L10 -CoPt prepared by this method has a high degree of ordering and shows the broad adaptability of various Pt-based electrocatalysts with different loading and states to improve their electrocatalytic performance. Additionally, the other L10 -M(iron triad)Pt intermetallics, i.e., L10 -NiPt and L10 -FePt, are also prepared through this phosphide-induced phase transition. The findings provide a promising strategy for designing other intermetallic materials alloy materials using a structural phase transition induced by a second phase.

IKBIP, a novel glioblastoma biomarker, maintains abnormal proliferation of tumor cells by inhibiting the ubiquitination and degradation of CDK4.

Sustained proliferative signaling is a crucial hallmark and therapeutic target in glioblastoma (GBM); however, new intrinsic regulators and their underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, I kappa B kinase interacting protein (IKBIP) was identified to be correlated with the progression of GBM by analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. TCGA database analysis indicated that higher IKBIP expression was associated with high tumor grade and poor prognosis in GBM patients, and these correlations were subsequently validated in clinical samples. IKBIP knockdown induced G1/S arrest by blocking the Cyclin D1/CDK4/CDK6/CDK2 pathway. Our results showed that IKBIP may bind directly to CDK4, a key cell cycle checkpoint protein, and prevent its ubiquitination-mediated degradation in GBM cells. An in vivo study confirmed that IKBIP knockdown strongly suppressed cell proliferation and tumor growth and prolonged survival in a mouse xenograft model established with human GBM cells. In conclusion, IKBIP functions as a novel driver of GBM by binding and stabilizing the CDK4 protein. IKBIP could be a potential therapeutic target in GBM.

The mitotic regulator RCC2 promotes glucose metabolism through BACH1-dependent transcriptional upregulation of hexokinase II in glioma.

Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified a cell-cycle module that is associated with poor prognosis and aggressiveness of glioma. One of the core members, Regulator of chromatin condensation 2 (RCC2) is a component of the chromosome passenger complex. Accumulating evidence suggests that RCC2 plays a vital role in the mitotic process and that abnormal RCC2 expression is involved in cancer development. Gene silencing experiments show that RCC2 is required for glioma cell proliferation and migration. RNA-Sequencing analysis reveals a dual role of RCC2 in both the cell cycle and metabolism. Specifically, RCC2 regulates G2/M progression via CDC2 phosphorylation at Tyrosine 15. Metabolomic analysis identifies a role for RCC2 in promoting the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway. RCC2 exerts effects on metabolism by stabilizing the transcription factor BACH1 at its C-terminus leading to the transcriptional upregulation of hexokinase 2 (HK2). These findings elucidate a novel PTEN/RCC2/BACH1/HK2 signaling axis that drives glioma progression through the dual regulation of mitotic cell cycle and glycolytic events.

Contralateral C7 nerve transfer in the treatment of upper-extremity paralysis: a review of anatomical basis, surgical approaches, and neurobiological mechanisms.

The previous three decades have witnessed a prosperity of contralateral C7 nerve (CC7) transfer in the treatment of upper-extremity paralysis induced by both brachial plexus avulsion injury and central hemiplegia. From the initial subcutaneous route to the pre-spinal route and the newly-established post-spinal route, this surgical operation underwent a series of innovations and refinements, with the aim of shortening the regeneration distance and even achieving direct neurorrhaphy. Apart from surgical efforts for better peripheral nerve regeneration, brain involvement in functional improvements after CC7 transfer also stimulated scientific interest. This review summarizes recent advances of CC7 transfer in the treatment of upper-extremity paralysis of both peripheral and central causes, which covers the neuroanatomical basis, the evolution of surgical approach, and central mechanisms. In addition, motor cortex stimulation is discussed as a viable rehabilitation treatment in boosting functional recovery after CC7 transfer. This knowledge will be beneficial towards improving clinical effects of CC7 transfer.

Quenching as a Route to Defect-Rich Ru-Pyrochlore Electrocatalysts toward the Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Defects have a significant impact on the electrocatalysts performance. Introducing defect structures in metal oxides such as pyrochlores and perovskites has proved to be an effective strategy to enhance electrocatalytic activity. However, it is hard to build numerous defect sites in such high-temperature oxides due to the strong metal-oxygen bonds and the so-called self-purification effect, which becomes increasingly important as the particle size reduced to the nanoscale. Here, a facile strategy is demonstrated to fabricate defect-rich yttrium ruthenate oxides Y2 Ru2 O7- δ with the pyrochlore structure (denoted Drich -YRO) by the liquid nitrogen (<-196 °C) quenching. Owing to the almost instantaneous cooling in oxygen-deficient condition, a large number of defects-including oxygen vacancies, grain boundaries, pores and surficial disorder-are preserved in the room temperature material and act as electrocatalytic active sites for oxygen evolution. As a result, Drich -YRO shows excellent catalytic activity and high electrochemical stability, along with a high performance in the operation of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer. The quenching strategy employed in this work provides a facile approach for constructing defect-rich structures in high-temperature oxides and should lead to new applications in energy conversion and storage devices for such materials.

Template-free construction of hollow mesoporous carbon spheres from a covalent triazine framework for enhanced oxygen electroreduction.

The construction of hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres (HMCS) avoiding the use of traditional soft/hard templates is highly desired for nanoscience yet challenging. Herein, we report a simple and straightforward template-free strategy for preparing nitrogen, sulfur dual-doped HMCSs (N/S-HMCSs) as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts. The unique hollow spherical and mesoporous structure was in-situ formed via a thermally initiated hollowing pathway from an elaborately engineered covalent triazine framework. Regulation of pyrolysis temperatures contributed to precisely tailoring of the shell thickness of HMCSs. The resulting N/S-HMCS900 (pyrolyzed at 900 °C) possessed high N and S contents, large specific surface areas, rich and uniform mesopores distribution. Consequently, as a metal-free ORR electrocatalyst, N/S-HMCS900 exhibits a high half-wave potential, excellent methanol tolerance and great long-term durability. Additionally, density functional theory calculations demonstrate that N, S-dual dopant can create extra active sites with higher catalytic activity than the isolated N-dopant. This strategy provides new insights into the construction of hollow and mesoporous multi-heteroatom-doped carbon materials with tunable nanoarchitecture for various electrochemical applications.

Achieving Cycling Durability of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries via Capturing Polysulfides through a Three-Dimensional Interconnected Carbon Network Anchored with Ultrafine FeS Nanoparticles.

Shuttle effect has always been a critical obstacle to the application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries for leading to unstable cycle performance and a short lifespan. To solve this problem, a particular strategy is put up to relieve shuttle effect by capturing soluble polysulfides through a three-dimensional interconnected carbon network. Due to the uniformly anchored ultrafine FeS nanoparticles on a 3D interconnected carbon network, the material could lock soluble polysulfides on the cathode side and promote electrochemical conversion reactions among sulfur species. By optimizing the active site exposure of FeS and designing a hierarchical porous and multichannel structure to ensure rapid migration of ions and electrons at the same time, the interlayer can effectively suppress the shuttle effect and enhance sulfur utilization. Thus, the Li-S battery presents excellent cycling stability and rate capability, namely, a reversible specific capacity of 560 mAh g-1 at 2.0 C over 500 cycles with a decay rate of 0.012% per cycle and a specific capacity of 597 mAh g-1 at a 5.0 C current rate. This study offers a promising strategy for designing the structure of an interlayer to achieve long-cycle stable Li-S batteries.

Intermetallic FePt@PtBi Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis.

The development of active and stable platinum (Pt)-based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts with good resistance to poisoning is a prerequisite for widespread practical application of fuel cells. An effective strategy for enhancing the electrocatalytic performance is to tune or control the physicochemical state of the Pt surface. Herein, we show a general surface-engineering approach to prepare a range of nanostructured Pt alloys by coating with alloy PtBi shells. FePt@PtBi core-shell nanoparticles showed the best ORR performance with a mass activity of 0.96 A mgPt -1 and a specific activity of 2.06 mA cm-2 , respectively 7 times and 11 times those of the corresponding values for benchmark Pt/C. Moreover, FePt@PtBi shows much better tolerance to methanol and carbon monoxide than conventional Pt-based electrocatalysts. The observed comprehensive enhancement in ORR performance of FePt@PtBi can be attributed to the increased compressive strain of the Pt surface due to in-plane shearing resulting from the presence of the large Bi atoms in the surface-structured PtBi overlayers, as well as charge displacement via Pt-Bi bonding which mitigates crossover issues.

Contralateral C7 nerve transfer through posterior vertebral approach combined with selective posterior rhizotomy of the affected cervical nerve in the treatment of central upper limb spastic paralysis: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: C7 nerve transfer alone can improve upper limb motor function and partial spasticity. Selective posterior rhizotomy (SPR) of the cervical nerve alone can comprehensively improve spasticity but without neuromotor regeneration. We propose a novel possible improvement of contralateral C7 (CC7) nerve transfer through the posterior vertebral approach, which was combined with SPR of the affected cervical nerve. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 33-year-old male patient presented with cerebral hemorrhage of the left basal ganglia, paralysis of the right limbs, and hypesthesia 8 months earlier. The dysfunction of the affected hand was already present at admission. The patient reported a previous history of hypertension for several years and oral antihypertensive drugs, and blood pressure was controlled within a normal range. DIAGNOSIS: Central upper limb spastic paralysis. The muscle strength of the right lower limb was grade IV. The Fugl-Meyer score of the right upper limb was 7 points, and the modified Ashworth score was 10. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent CC7 transfer and SPR. OUTCOMES: The patient successfully underwent CC7 transfer and SPR without complications. On the day after surgery, the left upper limb motions were normal. The Fugl-Meyer score was 9, and the modified Ashworth score of the right upper limb was 2. CONCLUSIONS: CC7 nerve transfer through the posterior vertebral approach combined with SPR of the affected cervical nerve can possibly improve the surgical outcomes of selected patients with upper limb motor dysfunction and partial spasticity. This method has not been reported in the literature before, and additional studies are necessary.

Phase Segregated Pt-SnO2 /C Nanohybrids for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis.

Strengthening the interfacial interaction in heterogeneous catalysts can lead to a dramatic improvement in their performance and allow the use of smaller amounts of active noble metal, thus decreasing the cost without compromising their activity. In this work, a facile phase-segregation method is demonstrated for synthesizing platinum-tin oxide hybrids supported on carbon black (PtSnO2 /C) in situ by air annealing PtSn alloy nanoparticles on carbon black. Compared with a control sample formed by preloading SnO2 on carbon support followed by deposition of Pt nanoparticles, the phase-segregation-derived PtSnO2 /C exhibits a more strongly coupled PtSnO2 interface with lattice overlap of Pt (111) and SnO2 (200), along with enhanced electron transfer from SnO2 to Pt. Furthermore, the PtSnO2 active sites show a strong ability to degrade reactive oxygen species. As a result, the PtSnO2 /C nanohybrids exhibit both excellent activity and stability as a catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction, with an overall performance which is superior to both the control sample and commercial Pt/C catalyst. This phase-segregation method can be expected to be applicable in the preparation of other strongly coupled nanohybrids and offers a new route to high-performance heterogeneous catalysts for low-cost energy conversion devices.

Cucurbit[6]uril-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Confined in Graphene Network for Potassium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors.

Potassium-ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) have attracted tremendous attention because their energy density is comparable to that of lithium-ion batteries, whose power density and cyclability are similar to those of supercapacitors. Herein, a pomegranate-like graphene-confined cucurbit[6]uril-derived nitrogen-doped carbon (CBC@G) with ultra-high nitrogen-doping level (15.5 at%) and unique supermesopore-macropores interconnected graphene network is synthesized. The carbonization mechanism of cucurbit[6]uril is verified by an in situ TG-IR technology. In a K half-cell configuration, CBC@G anode demonstrates a superior reversible capacity (349.1 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C) as well as outstanding rate capability and cyclability. Moreover, systematic in situ/ex situ characterizations, and theory calculations are carried out to reveal the origin of the superior electrochemical performances of CBC@G. Consequently, PIHCs constructed with CBC@G anode and KOH-activated cucurbit[6]uril-derived nitrogen-doped carbon cathode demonstrate ultra-high energy/power density (172 Wh kg-1/22 kW kg-1) and extraordinary cyclability (81.5% capacity retention for 5000 cycles at 5 A g-1). This work opens up a new application field for cucurbit[6]uril and provides an alternative avenue for the exploitation of high-performance PIHCs.

Preliminary results of posterior contralateral cervical 7 nerve transposition in the treatment of upper limb plegia after a stroke.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore a shorter and safer contralateral C7 transposition pathway for the treatment of central upper limb paralysis. METHODS: From July 2018 to March 2019, 10 patients with central upper limb paralysis underwent posterior cervical 7 nerve transposition. The age of these patients ranged within 31-58 years old (average: 44 years old). These patients comprised of eight male patients and two female patients. Nine patients had cerebral hemorrhage, and one patient had a cerebral infarction. Furthermore, nine patients presented with spastic paralysis of the upper limbs and one patient presented with nonspastic paralysis. The duration of plegia before the operation ranged from 6 to 60 months (average: 26 months). The surgical procedure included transposition of the contralateral cervical 7 nerve root via a posterior vertebral approach under general anesthesia, and the distal part of the contralateral cervical 7 nerve was anastomosed with the proximal part of the ipsilateral cervical 7 nerve. RESULTS: The length of the contralateral cervical 7 nerve was 5.16 ± 0.21 cm, which was directly anastomosed with the ipsilateral cervical 7 nerve. Neither case needed nerve transplantation. Most patients had temporary numbness in their healthy fingers, which all disappeared within three months. Up to now, the follow-up results are as follows: The spasticity of the affected upper limbs in five patients is lower than that before the operation, the pain and temperature sensation of the affected upper limbs in six patients are better than before the operation. CONCLUSION: The distance of nerve transposition can be shortened by a posterior vertebral approach operation, where the contralateral C7 nerve can be anastomosed directly with the ipsilateral C7 nerve which may be effective for nerve regeneration and functional recovery. However, this conclusion still needs further research and verification.

Metal-Organic-Framework-Derived Co2 P Nanoparticle/Multi-Doped Porous Carbon as a Trifunctional Electrocatalyst.

Developing efficient and low-cost replacements for precious metals as electrocatalysts active in electrochemical reactions-the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)-is a top priority in renewable energy technology. In this work a highly active and very stable trifunctional electrocatalyst composed of Co2 P embedded in Co, N, and P multi-doped carbon has been synthesized using zeolitic imidazolate frameworks as precursors. The synergistic effects between Co2 P and the multi-heteroatom-doped carbon substrates afford materials having electrocatalytic activities for HER, OER, and ORR, which are comparable-or even superior to-those of commercial RuO2 or Pt/C catalysts. Density functional theory calculations show that Co2 P has a higher density of states at the Fermi level than Con P (0 < n < 2), which promotes electron transfer and intermediates adsorption in the catalytic process. Zinc-air batteries and water splitting devices assembled using the materials as electrode electrocatalysts show good performance and outstanding stability. This work represents a breakthrough in improving the catalytic performance of non-precious metal electrocatalysts for OER, HER, and ORR, and opens new avenues for clean energy generation.

Treatment of Central Paralysis of Upper Extremity Using Contralateral C7 Nerve Transfer via Posterior Spinal Route.

BACKGROUND: Contralateral C7 nerve transfer is widely applied for the treatment of brachial plexus injuries or central paralysis of the upper extremities. The surgical approach has evolved from the precervical subcutaneous route to the prespinal route, which is currently the most commonly used one. We report a patient with central paralysis of the right upper extremity treated with contralateral C7 nerve transfer via the posterior spinal route. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 59-year-old female patient was admitted on 3 July, 2018 with right hemiplegia. The muscle strength of the right lower and upper extremities was grade 4 and 0, respectively. On the basis of magnetic resonance imaging, she was diagnosed with central paralysis of the right upper extremity. Considering the short length of the patient's healthy C7 nerve, contralateral C7 nerve transfer via the posterior spinal route was performed. No intraoperative complication was encountered. The patient reported slight numbness of the volar side of the left thumb, middle finger, and index finger after surgery. The patient showed a right shrug movement 1.5 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: We propose carrying out contralateral C7 nerve transfer via the posterior spinal route because of the shorter distance, no need for nerve transplantation, and low occurrence of the complications encountered with the prespinal route (such as vertebral artery injuries, esophageal fistula, and upper extremity pain when swallowing).

Clinical experience of individual surgical therapy in hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this article is to summarize the clinical experience stemming from the administration of different surgical therapies in hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage (HBGH) patients. METHODS: A series of 87 patients with HBGH who had received surgical therapy individually were enrolled in this study. The surgical therapies were stereotactic aspiration (SA), stereotactic aspiration plus fibrinolytic therapy (SA+F) and microsurgery with small bone window (MS), respectively. The outcomes of the patients were evaluated by evolution of hematoma evacuation, activities of daily living (ADL) scale, mortality and complications. RESULTS: We found that there was no significant difference in the 24-hour evacuation rate, mortality and complication rate among treated groups (P>0.05). Though patients in level III and level IV of ADL scores were significantly different among the three groups, the overall ADL scale result demonstrated a similar ADL result. CONCLUSIONS: HBGH patients should be treated with an individualized surgical approach based on their condition and on the CT morphology of the hematoma.