ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to characterize the aroma and aroma-active compounds of black carrot pomace, a valuable by-product of black carrot juice industry. Aroma compounds were analyzed using GC-MS-O and extracted via the SAFE technique. The extract samples were determined to represent the odor of black carrot pomace quite well according to the results of the representative test. Accordingly, the aromatic extract scored 77.7 mm for intensity and 87 mm for similarity on a 100 mm unstructured scale. A total of 47 volatile constituents were identified and quantified including terpenes (20), alcohols (11), acids (7), esters (4), ketones (4), and lactone (1). It was observed that terpenes were the major aroma group. The use of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) revealed only 29 of these compounds as aroma-active constituents. Phenylethyl alcohol (FD:512, OAV: 2488, rose) and phenylethyl acetate (FD:256, OAV:280, rose) were the aroma substances providing the strongest rose odor. Following these compounds, acetic acid (vinegar), dimethyl-propanedioic acid (pungent), (E)-ß-caryophyllene (salty cheese) and elemicin (spicy) were identified as other strong aroma-actives with FD values of 128 contributing to the characteristic odor of the black carrot pomace samples. The odor activity values (OAVs) ranged from 1 to 2488. The highest OAVs represent the high aromatic active compounds (FD ≥ 128). The distinctive aroma and rich color of black carrot pomace make it a recommended choice for enhancing flavor and adding natural coloring to food products.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, Albania has seen a significant increase in wine production, which can be attributed to the growing interest in the diversity of native grape varieties. Among the most popular grape varieties are Kallmet, Shesh i zi (ShiZ), Shesh i bardhë (ShiB), and Cerruje, which are known for their distinctive wines as well as the planted area. A study was conducted to investigate the influence of the territory and vintage on phenolic compounds of single-variety wines from these grape varieties. Liquid chromatography identified and quantified thirty-one phenolic compounds, sub-grouped into flavonoids and non-flavonoids, with diode-array detection coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI/MSn). Within the red wines group, the ShiZ variety wine presented the highest phenolic content (1037 mg/L), followed by Kallmet cv. (539 mg/L); conversely, in the white wine group, the ShiB wines (699 mg/L) were distinguished from the Cerruje variety. Gallic acid was the main phenolic compound, followed by procyanidin B3. ShiB and ShiZ had the highest levels, at 215 and 136 mg/L, respectively. Among flavanols, (+)-catechin was found in the highest levels, with the maximum in Kallmet cv. red wine (58.9 mg/L), followed by (-)-epicatechin (29.1 mg/L). The ShiB wine had the highest content of flavonols, with quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and quercetin-3-O-glucoside as the main contributors. The highest quantity of stilbenoids belonged to Kallmet red wine (1.59 mg/L). Applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in red and white wine groups made a good separation possible according to variety and region. However, a separation according to vintage year was not successful.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to prepare oil-modified alkyd resins using a linseed oil/canola oil (LO/CO) blend and waste PET depolymerization product, suitable for environmentally friendly coating applications. Waste PET flakes obtained from grinding post-consumer water bottles were depolymerized by the aminoglycolysis reaction at high pressure. Raw depolymerization product (DP) was used in the synthesis of four components, 50% oil alkyd resins by monoglyceride method. DP has partly replaced the dibasic acid component in the PET-based alkyd formulations. Besides PET-based alkyds, reference alkyds without DP were also synthesized for comparison. Then, the surface coating properties and thermal behaviors of alkyd films were determined. The effect of DP usage and the changing ratios of LO/CO blend on coating properties and thermal behaviors of alkyd films were investigated. In addition, the optimum LO/CO blend ratio which is compatible with alkyd formulation was attempted to be determined. At the end of this study, glossy, soft/medium-hard films were obtained with excellent adhesion, impact strength, and chemical resistance. Thermal resistance and final thermal oxidative degradation temperature increased with adding DP to the alkyd formulation. Using LO/CO blend in the formulations affected oxidation rate and ratio, hence, drying time/degree and oxidative stability of alkyd films.
Subject(s)
Linseed Oil , Resins, Plant , Rapeseed Oil , Temperature , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
The growing threat of food insecurity together with some challenges in demography, health, malnutrition, and income instability around the globe has led researchers to take sustainable solutions to ensure secure production and distribution of food. The last decades have been remarkable in the agri-food supply chain for many food industries. However, vast quantities of food by-products and wastes are generated each year. These products are generally disposed in the environment, which could have remarkable adverse effects on the environment and biodiversity. However, they contain significant quantities of bioactive, nutritional, antioxidative, and aroma compounds. Their sustainable use could meet the increased demand for value-added pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food products. The amount of agri-food wastes and their disposal in the environment are predicted to double in the next decade. The valorization of these by-products could effectively contribute to the manufacture of cheaper functional food ingredients and supplements while improving regional economy and food security and mitigating environmental pollution. The main aim of this chapter is to present an understanding of the valorization of the wastes and by-products from cacao, coffee and tea processing with a focus on their bioactive, nutritional, and antioxidant capacity.
Subject(s)
Cacao , Coffee , Food Industry , Antioxidants , Dietary Supplements , TeaABSTRACT
The primary aim of this investigation was to assess the impact of varying the ratio of gum arabic to maltodextrin and employing diverse encapsulation techniques on the properties of the powdered substance and the capacity to retain the aromatic attributes of terebinth fruit oil. Distinct ratios of gum arabic to maltodextrin (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) were employed to fabricate oil-in-water emulsions. The utmost stability of the emulsion was realized at a gum arabic to maltodextrin ratio of 75:25, characterized by a minimal creaming index and an even and small-scale dispersion. The encapsulation techniques employed included spray drying (SD), spray freeze-drying (SFD), and freeze-drying (FD). These methodologies were compared based on encapsulation efficiency, desiccation yield, powder attributes, and the capacity to retain aroma. The encapsulation efficiencies were notably higher (>90%) in SD, particularly with the application of an ultrasonic nozzle and a two-fluidized nozzle (2FN), in contrast to those obtained through SFD and FD. Notably, SD employing an ultrasonic nozzle exhibited superior preservation of volatiles (73.19%) compared to FD (24.45%), SD-2FN (62.34%), and SFD (14.23%). Among the various components, α-pinene and linalool stood out with near-perfect retention rates, close to 100%.
ABSTRACT
In this study, three cooking methods (baking, boiling, sous vide (SV)) were applied to Turkish sweet potatoes with three flesh colors (white, orange, purple) to examine the effects of the product color and cooking methods on the total phenolics, antioxidant activity, sugars, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins. LC-MS-MS was employed in the characterization of these compounds. It was observed that the product color and cooking method significantly affected the concentrations of bioactive compounds like polyphenols. Both the highest total phenolic content (11.36 mg/g) and antioxidant activity (DPPH (50.3 µM TE/g) and ABTS (63.53 µM TE/g)) were determined in the purple sweet potato cooked with the SV method. 10 phenolic acids were quantified in all samples which were in the highest amounts in the orange colored samples followed by the purple samples. Baking resulted in the highest total phenolic acids in all samples. 13 anthocyanins were detected in the purple-colored samples, while the SV cooking best preserved the anthocyanins. In sum, purple sweet potatoes cooked by SV are recommended for higher phenolic contents, antioxidant capacity and anthocyanins.
ABSTRACT
The effect of seasonal and regional differences of rainbow trout on its aroma and aroma-active profile was investigated. Solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) procedure was employed for the aroma extraction while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry (GC-MS-O) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) were utilized to assess the aroma-active substances. The olfactometric analysis indicated seasonal and regional differences in the aroma-active compounds contributing to the characteristic odours of the trout samples and the compounds were more intense in autumn and winter. The strongest aroma-actives were hexanal (green), acetoin (buttery, green), limonene (citrus), 2-hexanol (green, pungent) and 1-octen-3-ol (oily, mushroom). The findings of this study can provide useful information for the selection of rainbow trout based on the seasons and locations in terms of marketing and consumer preference.
Subject(s)
Oncorhynchus mykiss , Volatile Organic Compounds , Animals , Odorants/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Olfactometry , Seasons , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysisABSTRACT
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors having specific cavities intended for a template molecule with a retention mechanism that depends on molecular recognition of the targeted constituent. They were initially established for the detection of minor molecules including drugs, pesticides, or pollutants. One of the most remarkable areas where MIPs have potential utilization is in food analysis, especially in terms of volatile compounds which are found in very low concentrations in foods but play a crucial role for consumer preference and acceptance. In recent years, these polymers have been used extensively for sensing volatile organic and off-odor compounds in terms of food quality for selective high-extraction purposes. This review first summarizes the basic principles and production processes of MIPs. Second, their recent applications in the separation, identification, and quantification of volatile and off-odor compounds in food samples are elucidated.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Citrus fruit peels are considered to be process waste in the fruit juice industry but they are a valuable raw material due to their volatile and bioactive components. Drying is one of the most common methods to preserve this material. In this study, four drying processes were applied to the peels of four kinds of citrus fruits. The drying processes were convective drying (CD), microwave drying (MD), conductive hydro drying (CHD), and freeze drying (FD). The citrus fruits used were orange, bitter orange, grapefruit, and lemon. RESULTS: The influence of dehydration on the aroma and phenolic composition, microstructure, and color properties were studied in detail. It was determined that drying increased the amount of both phenolics and volatiles in the dried samples. The MD and FD methods better preserved the color and phenolics of the samples, and the MD and CD processes increased the amount of aroma substances. CONCLUSION: The MD method would be more suitable for drying citrus peels due to its shorter duration and its positive effects on the phenolic and aroma components. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Citrus paradisi , Citrus , Antioxidants/chemistry , Citrus/chemistry , Citrus paradisi/chemistry , Freeze Drying , Fruit/chemistry , Phenols/chemistryABSTRACT
Gilaburu fruit and its products have gained popularity due to their nutritional content, taste and health benefits. Even though fermented gilaburu juice is widely preferred and consumed in some regions, there is no detailed study on the optimization of the production conditions of this popular beverage. In this study, gilaburu fruit juices fermented naturally (NFJ) and with three commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (L. plantarum: FJLP, L. delbureckii: FJLD, L. caseii: FJLC) were examined for the first time. The microbial properties, phenolics, aroma compounds, minerals, amino acid contents and sensory properties were examined. It was found that the phenolics and volatiles were richer in the samples fermented with LAB but their amino acid contents were in lower amounts as compared to the NFJ sample. The juices produced with L. plantarum (FJLP) and L. delbrueckii (FJLD) presented better aroma, colour, flavour, and overall acceptability.
Subject(s)
Lactobacillales , Viburnum , Fermentation , Fruit and Vegetable Juices , Odorants/analysisABSTRACT
Black carrot pomace is a juice industry by-product that can be easily spoiled due to its high moisture content and usually considered as waste; however, it is a valuable product with high amount of bioactive compounds that can be recovered for further application in several industrial fields. Drying is an effective method for the preservation of this product. Thus, the influence of five drying methods (FD: freeze drying, MWD: microwave drying, CD: convective drying, VCD: vacuum/convective drying, CHD: conductive hydro drying) on colour, phenolics and volatiles of pomace were investigated. Findings revealed that drying process decreased the amount of anthocyanins, colourless phenolics and volatile compounds. CHD resulted in similar colour quality and yielded a better preservation of colour and phenolics while FD provided dried sample with an aroma quality similar to fresh sample. The shorter duration of the CHD makes it a better choice.
Subject(s)
Daucus carota , Anthocyanins , Color , Desiccation , Freeze Drying , Phenols , PowdersABSTRACT
This study deals with the characterization of the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of cv. Caner pomegranate (Punica granatum) juices obtained from three different juice extraction methods including halved pomegranate (HPJ), arils (AJ), and macerated arils (MAJ) extraction for the first time. It was found that the type of the juice extraction process had substantial effects on the volatiles, anthocyanin compositions, and antioxidant activities of the samples. Results showed that the AJ sample (593 mg L-1) had more anthocyanin compounds followed by HPJ (555 mg L-1) and MAJ (408 mg L-1) samples. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 34 volatile compounds. The highest number of volatiles was found in the MAJ sample (1872 µg L-1); thus, the aril maceration process played an important role in increasing the volatiles as compared to the HPJ (751.8 µg L-1) and AJ (710.7 µg L-1) samples. Sensory analysis showed that the HPJ sample was the most preferred and its general impression was higher as compared to the AJ and MAJ samples. The findings of this study elucidated that the juice extraction technique had a significant influence on the phytochemical profiles, sensory quality, and antioxidant activity of pomegranate juices.
ABSTRACT
Volatiles, key odorants, phenolics and antioxidant properties of raw, boiled and oven-cooked champignon and oyster mushrooms were investigated. Total concentration of the volatiles was drastically reduced by both cooking treatments and the lowest contents were found in the oven-cooked sample. Alcohols and terpenes were the dominant aroma groups in the raw champignon and oyster sample, respectively. The highest FD factor (FD = 2048) was found for 1-octen-3-one and methional in raw and boiled champignon samples while the same FD factor was determined in 1-octen-3-ol and methional in raw and boiled oyster samples. It was determined that the phenolics were more abundant in champignon samples than the oyster samples and that the boiling process caused a decrease while oven-cooking resulted in an increase in the amount of phenolics in both varieties. It was revealed that cooking was a crucial factor for the key odorants and phenolics in champignon and oyster mushrooms.
Subject(s)
Agaricus/chemistry , Cooking , Food Analysis/methods , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Odorants/analysis , Pleurotus/chemistry , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , AnimalsABSTRACT
Aroma, phenolic compounds and sensory properties of fresh and powdered organic and conventional sweet red peppers dried by three methods (hot air, intermittent microwave and infrared) were studied. The number of aroma compounds was higher in both fresh and powdered organic pepper samples; however, the total amount was higher in conventional samples. In both organic and conventional samples, alcohols were the dominant aroma group. (E)-ß-ionone and ß-ocimene, which are important compounds in peppers, were determined only in organic peppers. Among the drying methods, intermittent microwave drying was more effective in creating new aroma compounds. The liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed that luteolin derivative compounds comprised an average of 70% of the phenolics. Higher amount of phenolic were determined in organic samples. Infrared drying was more effective in retaining of phenolics than the other two methods. Sensory analysis revealed that hot air-dried samples were least preferred.
Subject(s)
Capsicum/chemistry , Desiccation/methods , Phenols/analysis , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis , Microwaves , PowdersABSTRACT
The Fondillón is a wine made from overripe grapes of the Monastrell variety, which is characterized by a high alcohol content and a minimum barrel ageing of 10 years. The objective of this study was to analyze the Fondillón volatile composition, key aroma-active compounds, sensory profile and phenolic composition. Fifty-four volatile compounds were identified, quantified and classified as alcohols, esters, acids, aldehydes, lactones, phenols, hydrocarbons and ketone. From these compounds, 22 aroma-active compounds were identified, with phenylethyl alcohol, diethyl succinate and ethyl lactate having the highest flavor dilution factor. The Fondillón wines were characterized by having high intensity of alcohol, fruity and toasted odor and flavor notes, and long aftertaste. Besides, 25 phenolic compounds were also identified and quantified; the phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic and syringic acids) were the predominant phenolic compounds.
Subject(s)
Phenols/analysis , Wine/analysis , Adult , Female , Flavoring Agents/analysis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Odorants/analysis , Olfactometry , Taste , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysisABSTRACT
Turkish Nigella sativa L. seed extracts were used to detect the aroma and key odorant compounds of the spice using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). Volatile compounds were extracted by the purge and trap extraction (PTE) method. A total of 32 volatile compounds consisting of different chemical classes acids (13), alcohols (7), phenols (3), terpene (1), esters (2), ketones (2), aldehyde (1), lactone (1) and hydrocarbons (2) were determined. The amounts of volatile compounds were found to be 21,544 µg kg−1. The application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) revealed the presence of 13 odor-active compounds alcohols (2), carboxylic acids (4), phenols (2), terpene (1), ketone (1), hydrocarbon (1) and unknown compounds (2) in Nigella sativa L. extract. Flavor dilution (FD) factors of key odorants ranged between 4 and 1024, while odor activity values (OAV) were in the range of 1.0 to 170.8. Acetoin was the only aroma-active ketone detected in Nigella sativa L. seed extracts. It had the strongest aroma (FD = 1024) and provided a buttery odor. This compound represented the most abundant compound of overall aroma profile with a concentration of 9394 µg kg−1, followed by isobutanoic acid (FD = 512 with a concentration of 218 µg kg−1) and contributed a powerful aroma and a cheesy characteristic odor.
ABSTRACT
Raw red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and its cooked samples, obtained from steam and oven cooking, were subjected to aroma and key odorant analysis for the first time using GC-MS-O. The extraction of the aroma compounds was carried out by the direct solvent extraction-solvent assisted flavor evaporation (DSE-SAFE) method. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the relations between cooking processes and fish aroma compounds. By applying the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), 8 and 13 aroma-active compounds were detected in raw and cooked fish samples, respectively. The most prominent differences between raw and cooked fish samples were as follows: 3-hydroxybutan-2-one, 2,3-octadienone, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, linalool, γ-butyrolactone, 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2H-furan-5-one and pyrrolidin-2-one were only detected in cooked samples while hexanal and 2-phenoxyethanol in only raw fish samples. GC-MS-O results clearly indicated that cooking process results in the development of characteristics and pleasant aroma of red mullet samples due to the lipid oxidation. The most dominant aroma-active compound in the cooked fish samples was the 1-octen-3-ol which is responsible for the mushroom-like odor.
Subject(s)
Flavoring Agents/chemistry , Odorants/analysis , Seafood/analysis , Smegmamorpha , Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry , Animals , Cooking , Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Ayvalik is an important olive cultivar producing high quality oils in Turkey. In the present study, volatile and phenolic compositions of early-harvest extra virgin olive oil (cv. Ayvalik) were determined. The solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) technique was used for the extraction of volatile components. The aromatic extract obtained by SAFE was representative of the olive oil odor. A total of 32 aroma compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, esters, and an acid, were identified in the olive oil. Aldehydes and alcohols were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in the oil sample. Of these, six volatile components presented odor activity values (OAVs) greater than one, with (Z)-3-hexenal (green), hexanal (green-sweet) and nonanal (fatty-pungent) being those with the highest OAVs in olive oil. A total of 14 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector and ion spray mass spectrometry. The major phenolic compounds were found as 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, 3,4-DHPEA-EA and p-HPEA-EDA.