An aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity: A myxofibrosarcoma, grade 3 (FNCLCC system).

We report a case of myxofibrosarcoma of the posterior region of the femur, part of the group of soft-tissue sarcomas: a set of rare and heterogeneous tumors with various subtypes and different prognostic. It is characterized by local infiltrative activity and an extremely high rate of local recurrence. A 58-year-old man came to the Radiology Department to examine a voluminous round and expansive formation of the posterior thigh region. The patient stated that the mass had grown suddenly for about 3 months, maybe after a trauma, increasing in volume exponentially and causing him discomfort, embarrassment, and pain. The result of the first diagnostic approach, with the US, was unexpected and suspicious, and the radiologist wanted to do first a CT, and then maybe plan an MRI. The CT revealed an inhomogeneous density formation and in MRI the mass resulted to be compatible, with the radiologic pattern, with the diagnosis of a sarcoma of the soft tissue. The physicians had already alerted the pathological anatomy, as they suspected something malignant. So, some days after the MRI examination, the patient underwent histological sampling, confirming the suspicion: a myxofibrosarcoma (stage III) of the posterior region of the femoral region. The patient started on radio and chemotherapy, which increases survival and in the hope of reducing the size of the mass, and a strict follow-up was posed before doing the surgery.

Hereditary multiple exostoses with a giant osteochondroma degenerated into chondrosarcoma.

We present a case of hereditary multiple exostoses with malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma in a woman complaining of enlargement and pain in the right thigh. Hereditary multiple exostoses is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple osteochondromas. Malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma of a pre-existing osteochondroma is a possible significant manifestation of this hereditary syndrome. Imaging modalities such as X-ray, Ultrasound, and computed tomography play a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of these patients, as described in this case.

Complete agenesis of pericardium in a young asymptomatic woman.

Agenesis of pericardium is a rare finding resulting from alterations during embryologic formation. It is a congenital cardiac anomaly commonly asymptomatic. Cardiac magnetic resonance is actually considered the gold standard for diagnosis of pericardium agenesis. This report details the case of a 24-year-old woman who came to our clinic.

A Severe and Fatal Type A Aortic Dissection in an Adult with a Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

We report a case of a 44-year-old woman surgically treated for tetralogy of Fallot who experienced an acute and extensive Stanford A type aortic dissection despite the meticulous follow-up. While aortic dilatation is prevalent in individuals with repaired tetralogy of Fallot, aortic dissection represents a rare consequence, that when it appears, is progressive and usually detected during the check-up visits. In the case reported, the dissection was unexpected and severe, and the patient's clinical state worsened suddenly, leading to death after a few days. Constant awareness for aortic aneurysms is essential in the Fallot tetralogy population, nevertheless, several causes may contribute to the acute worsening of the clinical condition until the patient's death.

Bilateral renal hemorrhage in an anticoagulated patient: A rare case of Wunderlich syndrome.

We describe a rare case of Wunderlich syndrome with bilateral renal hemorrhage in a patient under anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation. An 84-year-old woman came to our department complaining of acute bilateral flank pain. Clinical and laboratory examinations revealed a condition of hypovolemic shock. An abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scan detected the presence of a bilateral hemorrhage affecting the peri- and para-renal spaces. Planning an appropriate management strategy considering the anticoagulated treatment required a multidisciplinary approach in the case of the Wunderlich syndrome diagnosis.

Pneumorrhachis as a complication of a severe pressure ulcer: An unique case report.

Pneumorrhachis is a medical condition that refers to the presence of air within the spinal canal. Many circumstances, including trauma, infection, or medical procedures, might lead to this syndrome.In some cases, pneumorrhachis may not cause any symptoms and can resolve on its own. However, it can also be associated with more severe underlying conditions, such as spinal fractures, spinal infections, or underlying lung pathologies that lead to air escaping into the spinal canal. In this case we report an incidental finding of pneumorrhachis in a patient who came to our attention for suspected sepsis.

Radiological diagnosis of prevalent osteoporotic vertebral fracture on radiographs: an interim consensus from a group of experts of the ESSR osteoporosis and metabolism subcommittee.

When a low-energy trauma induces an acute vertebral fracture (VF) with clinical symptoms, a definitive diagnosis of osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) can be made. Beyond that, a "gold" radiographic standard to distinguish osteoporotic from non-osteoporotic VFs does not exist. Fracture-shaped vertebral deformity (FSVD) is defined as a deformity radiographically indistinguishable from vertebral fracture according to the best of the reading radiologist's knowledge. FSVD is not uncommon among young populations with normal bone strength. FSVD among an older population is called osteoporotic-like vertebral fracture (OLVF) when the FSVD is likely to be associated with compromised bone strength. In more severe grade deformities or when a vertebra is collapsed, OVF diagnosis can be made with a relatively high degree of certainty by experienced readers. In "milder" cases, OVF is often diagnosed based on a high probability rather than an absolute diagnosis. After excluding known mimickers, singular vertebral wedging in older women is statistically most likely an OLVF. For older women, three non-adjacent minimal grade OLVF (< 20% height loss), one minimal grade OLVF and one mild OLVF (20-25% height loss), or one OLVF with ≥ 25% height loss, meet the diagnosis of osteoporosis. For older men, a single OLVF with < 40% height loss may be insufficient to suggest the subject is osteoporotic. Common OLVF differential diagnoses include X-ray projection artifacts and scoliosis, acquired and developmental short vertebrae, osteoarthritic wedging, oncological deformities, deformity due to high-energy trauma VF, lateral hyperosteogeny of a vertebral body, Cupid's bow, and expansive endplate, among others.

Kartagener's syndrome: A rare condition diagnosed in a young male patient.

Kartagener's Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic condition, that affects the structure and function of cilia and includes a condition of situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis associated sometimes with infertility. A young patient who had a long-time fever, cough, and infertility after a clinical evaluation performed a chest X-ray and a CT scan that revealed the unexpected condition of Situs Inversus Totalis (SIT). Imaging also showed bronchiectasis and sinusitis: all findings consistent with Kartagener's syndrome, confirmed a second time by the genetic test. This case highlights the importance of knowing and considering situs inversus in clinical practice, particularly when interpreting imaging studies and planning medical interventions. Furthermore, as situs inversus may be associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary pathologies in several syndromic conditions, such as Kartagener's syndrome in this case, these conditions should always be carefully examined.

East Asians' T-scores for the diagnosis of osteoporosis should be calculated using ethnicity- and gender-specific BMD reference ranges: justifications.

The 2013 ISCD consensus recommended a Caucasian female reference database for T-score calculation in men, which says "A uniform Caucasian (non-race adjusted) female reference database should be used to calculate T-scores for men of all ethnic groups." However, this statement was recommended for the US population, and no position was taken with respect to BMD reference data or ethnicity matching outside of the USA. In East Asia, currently, a Japanese BMD reference database is universally adopted in Japan for clinical DXA diagnosis, while both local BMD and Caucasian BMD reference databases are in use in Mainland China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. In this article, we argue that an ethnicity- and gender-specific BMD database should be used for T-score calculations for East Asians, and we list the justifications why we advocate so. Use of a Caucasian BMD reference database leads to systematically lower T-scores for East Asians and an overestimation of the prevalence of osteoporosis. Using a female BMD reference database to calculate T-scores for male patients leads to higher T-score values and an underestimation of the prevalence of osteoporosis. Epidemiological evidence does not support using a female BMD reference database to calculate T-scores for men. We also note that BMD reference databases collected in Asia should be critically evaluated for their quality.

Much lower prevalence and severity of spine degenerative changes among older Chinese women than among older Caucasian women and its implication for the interpretation of lumbar spine BMD T-score for Chinese women.

The prevalence and severity of spine degenerative changes have been noted to be lower among older Chinese women than among older Caucasian women. Spine degenerative changes associated with marginal osteophytosis, trabecular thickening, subchondral sclerosis, facet joint arthrosis, and disc space narrowing can all lead to artificially higher spine areal bone mineral density (BMD). The lower prevalence and severity of spine degeneration have important implications for the interpretation of spine areal BMD reading for Chinese women. With fewer contributions from spine degenerative changes, following natural aging, the declines of population group means of spine BMD and T-score are faster for Chinese women than for Caucasian women. While a cutpoint T-score ≤ -2.5 for defining spine densitometric osteoporosis is recommended for Caucasian women, for Chinese women the same cutpoint T-score of ≤ -2.5 inflates the estimated osteoporosis prevalence based on spine BMD measure. In addition to the use of an ethnicity-specific BMD reference database, a stricter cutpoint T-score for defining spine densitometric osteoporosis among older Chinese women should be applied.

Revision of the 1994 World Health Organization T-score definition of osteoporosis for use in older East Asian women and men to reconcile it with their lifetime risk of fragility fracture.

The 1994 WHO criterion of a T-score ≤ -2.5 for densitometric osteoporosis was chosen because it results in a prevalence commensurate with the observed lifetime risk of fragility fractures in Caucasian women aged ≥ 50 years. Due to the much lower risk of fragility fracture among East Asians, the application of the conventional WHO criterion to East Asians leads to an over inflated prevalence of osteoporosis, particularly for spine osteoporosis. According to statistical modeling and when a local BMD reference is used, we tentatively recommend the cutpoint values for T-score of femoral neck, total hip, and spine to be approximately -2.7, -2.6, and -3.7 for Hong Kong Chinese women. Using radiographic osteoporotic vertebral fracture as a surrogate clinical endpoint, we empirically demonstrated that a femoral neck T-score of -2.77 for Chinese women was equivalent to -2.60 for Italian women, a spine T-score of -3.75 for Chinese women was equivalent to -2.44 for Italian women, and for Chinese men a femoral neck T-score of -2.77 corresponded to spine T-score of -3.37. For older Chinese men, we tentatively recommend the cutpoint values for T-score of femoral neck, total hip, and spine to be approximately -2.7, -2.6, and -3.2. With the BMD reference published by IKi et al. applied, T-score of femoral neck, total hip, and spine of -2.75, -3.0, and -3.9 for Japanese women will be more in line with the WHO osteoporosis definition. The revised definition of osteoporosis cutpoint T-scores for East Asians will allow a more meaningful international comparison of disease burden.

Diagnostic imaging of a rare case of incidental adrenal ganglioneuroma.

A 53-year-old man complaining of pain in the right hypochondrium underwent an abdominal ultrasound that showed a left adrenal lesion. Further instrumental investigations (CT and MRI, both with contrast medium) were performed which diagnosed an adrenal ganglioneuroma, confirmed by the histological examination. The patient also underwent an endocrinological examination. The treatment was surgical and consisted of an adrenalectomy through video-laparoscopic access. Adrenal ganglioneuromas are rare tumors but well described and known in the literature. For this reason, this case report has primarily an educational purpose: the totality of the data collected (clinical, laboratoristic, instrumental, and histopathological) constituted a multidisciplinary case, with the focus on imaging.

Intermediate-term oncological and functional outcomes in prostate cancer patients treated with perineal robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: A single center analysis.

Objective: In the last 10 years, robotic platforms allowed to resume of some alternative surgical approaches, including perineal robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (p-RARP). Herein, we present in detail the oncological and functional outcomes of patients who underwent p-RARP with a median follow-up of 30 months. Methods: Patients presenting low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer and prostate volume up to 60 mL who underwent p-RARP between November 2018 and November 2022 were selected. Baseline, intraoperative, pathological, and postoperative data were collected and then analyzed. Results: Thirty-seven p-RARP cases were included. Such patients presented mean age of 62 years and a mean Charlson comorbidity index of 4. Body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 was reported by 24 (64.9%) patients, as well as 7 (18.9%) patients reported a past surgical history. Mean prostate volume and median prostate-specific antigen were 41 mL and 6.2 ng/mL, respectively. The median operative time was 242 min. The positive surgical margin rate was 45.9%. In terms of postoperative complications, 10 patients reported complications with any grade; however, a single case (2.7%) of major (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3) complication was observed. No patient with biochemical recurrence or distant metastasis was reported at 2 years of follow-up. Recovery of continence rates were 67.6%, 75.7%, and 92.9%, at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery, respectively. Conclusion: p-RARP is a challenging but safe minimally invasive approach for selected patients with prostate cancer suitable for radical prostatectomy, showing outstanding functional recovery. Despite positive surgical margin rates being relatively high, no cases of biochemical recurrence or distant metastasis were reported after a median follow-up of 30 months.

Assessment of bone marrow fat by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Background: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) is an imaging method for quantification of bone marrow fat. It has been used for evaluation of bone marrow changes in patients with chronic disorders, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). In these patients, there is a high turnover state, with an excessive amount of non-mineralized component of bone, leading to skeletal fragility and subsequent increased fracture risk. Methods: Thirty CKD patients underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT), and eight healthy controls underwent MRS at lumbar spine. Proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) of L1-L3 were determined from MRS and QCT respectively. CKD patients were divided into three groups according to glomerular filtration rate (GFR); for each patient, blood levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were also reported. Paired t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficients and analysis of variance were applied. Results: The mean age of patients was 59.6±11.5 years, mean GFR value was 21.5±8.8 mL/min and mean PTH value was 149.2±53.1 pg/mL. PDFF at L1-L3 levels was significantly higher in CKD patients compared to controls (71.4±8.7 vs. 55.5±7.6; P<0.001) and showed an inverse correlation with vBMD (r=-0.71; P<0.001). PDFF significantly increased from CKD group 1 to CKD group 3 (P=0.002) and was inversely correlated with GFR (r=-0.53; P=0.003). There was no significant association between PDFF and PTH values (P>0.05). Conclusions: In CKD patients, PDFF assessed by MRS at lumbar spine is higher than in healthy population, correlates with bone loss assessed by QCT and significantly increases with the worsening of renal function. MRS is a reliable and highly repeatable tool for PDFF quantification in CKD patients.

Incidental finding of Bochdalek hernia in an adult: a case report.

A Bochdalek hernia, also known as a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), is a type of hernia that occurs in infants. The diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, is characterized by a hole or gap during birth. This opening allows the abdominal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, or liver, to pass through the thoracic cavity. Here, we report a 56-year-old male patient who came to our hospital because of rectal bleeding, symptoms unrelated to the hernia. We performed a Computed Tomography (CT) scan with contrast enhancement to find the cause of the bleeding and as an incidental finding we diagnosed the hernia: it is very rare to find a silent Bochdalek hernia for more than 50 years.

A remarkable case report of an interrupted inferior vena cava with hemiazygos and transhepatic continuation.

Inferior vena cava (IVC) interruption with azygos/hemiazygos continuation is an extremely uncommon congenital vascular anomaly, which may present with multiple variants. As a result, it is challenging to find in the literature the same anatomical variant. We report a unique case of an interrupted IVC with hemiazygos and transhepatic continuation in an 83-year-old female patient. The case was evaluated by performing Computed Tomography (CT) as imaging modality, with a multiphase protocol, able to detect accurately this complex vascular anomaly. The purpose of this case report is not only to present this remarkable case but also to briefly show the types of interrupted IVC, starting from the anatomy and the embryology of the IVC and the azygos system, and to discuss the value of imaging in detecting the vascular anomaly.

Prescriptive appropriateness in early breast cancer staging exams: preliminary investigation about adherence to the guidelines in the clinical practice.

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Granulomatous prostatitis: mimicking locally advanced prostate adenocarcinoma.

We report the case of a 63-year-old male who came to the urology clinic with an increasing value of the prostate specific antigen and an asymmetrical enlargement at the digital rectal examination. The man was subjected to an MRI of the prostate following which a convincing radiological diagnosis of prostate cancer was made. The patient was assigned a provisional stage of disease T3a N0. In order to confirm this diagnosis, a prostate biopsy was performed but the histological analysis reported non-specific granulomatous prostatitis (GP). It is an uncommon condition that both clinically and radiologically on TRUS and MRI usually mimics prostate cancer (PCa), representing a diagnostic challenge due to its non-specific symptoms and aspecific radiological findings. In this case report we discuss the magnetic resonance imaging features of this rare clinical condition in order to help radiologists in the timely diagnosis for a correct diagnostic framing.

Staging of Prostate Cancer: Role of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Different Risk Classes.

Using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, it is now possible to diagnose prostate cancer and categorize its risk. As it can accurately determine the extracapsu- lar extension of the tumor, invasion of seminal vesicles, involvement of lymph nodes, and the potential presence of bone metastases, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging plays a crucial role not only in the diagnosis but also in the local staging of prostate cancer. The patients with a history of negative biopsy/increasing prostate- specific antigen and the existence of further data supporting its use in biopsy-naive patients and active surveillance are the most blatant indications for multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in guidelines. The traditional clinical examination, pros- tate-specific antigen tests, and systematic biopsy are all enhanced by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, which will miss certain cancers due to insufficient size or changes in tissue density. The use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is expected to rise, and further advances in the method will be crucial for the secure adoption of targeted therapeutic ideas. Here, we give a succinct overview of multipa- rametric magnetic resonance imaging's application to the identification and risk clas- sification of prostate cancer.