Internet addiction in adolescents: Role of family, personality and comorbid psychopathology in school children in Eastern India.

Context: There is an increasing prevalence of internet addiction among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, but very few Indian studies have assessed and taken into account various factors that can explain internet addiction in this vulnerable population. Aims: We examine the differences in family functioning, temperament, character and psychopathology in adolescents with and without internet addiction. Settings and Design: 1000 adolescents from urban middle-class families were included in this cross-sectional, two-randomized-group designed, comparative study. Clinical and control group population were selected from high schools. Those with severe internet addiction were compared to those with no addiction. Methods and Materials: Internet Addiction Test, Temperament and Character Inventory, Devereux Scale of Mental Disorders and McMaster Family Assessment Device were administered along with General Health and CRAFFT Questionnaire as screening tool. Statistical Analysis Used: Mann-Whitney U test was done along with Spearman's rank-difference coefficient of correlation. Result: Adolescents with internet addiction had high novelty seeking and low persistence. Internet addiction was also associated with conduct problems and depression. There was a significant positive association between depression and years of internet usage. Family of adolescents with internet addiction had increased difficulty in problem solving, communication, affective responsiveness, affective involvement and behavior control. Conclusion: Adolescents with internet addiction have temperament difficulties, more psychopathology and belong to dysfunctional families. Since the family plays a central role in an Indian context, family-focused strategies must also be included in the management of internet addiction.

Theory of mind deficit in women with breast cancer and depression: A comparative study.

Background: Studies have established that Theory of Mind (ToM) is impaired in patients with depression, but few studies have investigated the status of ToM in breast cancer patients who often suffer from depression. Our objective was to compare the ToM deficits in women with breast cancer with and without depression with a control group. Methods: The study was conducted at the Oncology department of a multi-speciality hospital in Kolkata. It was a cross sectional matched control study. We compared the ToM performance of women with breast cancer and depression (N=39), breast cancer without depression (N=63) and a healthy control group (N=34) using the widely used ToM task, Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (Eyes Test). Depression was diagnosed using Mini - International Neuropsychiatric Interview following International Classification of Diseases - 10th edition guidelines. Chi-square and one-way analysis of variances was done. Results: Both groups of patients had greater impairment in ToM compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Among breast cancer patients, presence of depression predicted even greater impairment of ToM (p<0.05). Lower income, less education and not being in any occupation other than homemaking were associated with greater ToM impairment across all groups (p <0.05). Conclusion: Breast cancer patients suffering from depression may have an additional burden of impaired social cognition, which may reduce their ability to shore up social support when it is most required. This needs to be addressed urgently to ensure better quality of life.

Validation of revised reading the mind in the eyes test in the Indian (Bengali) population: A preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Social cognition deficits are common in clinical populations but there is a dearth of standardized social cognition assessment tools in India. Theory of mind (ToM) is an important aspect of social cognition which is often assessed with the revised reading the mind in eyes test (RMET-R). However, we do not have a statistically validated version of the test for the Indian population. AIM: This study aims to assess the acceptability, reliability, and validity of the Bengali version of the RMET-R. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We administered the RMET-R to 23 patients with chronic schizophrenia (SCZ), 22 patients with bipolar disorder, and 104 healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument in the Indian (Bengali) population. RESULTS: We obtained moderate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.6) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.64, P < 0.001). Positive correlations were found between RMET-R and Wechsler picture arrangement (r = 0.60, P < 0.001), picture completion (r = 0.54, P < 0.001), and comprehension subtests (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Patients with SCZ (M = 49.7, standard deviation [SD] = 16.5) scored significantly lower than HCs (M = 68.9, SD = 13.8) (P = 0.008; Cohen's d = 1.3) on the RMET-R. Thus this tool could discriminate patients who are reported to have Theory of Mind deficits from healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The Bengali version of the RMET-R is a reliable and valid tool for assessing first-order ToM insofar as the original RMET-R measures this construct.

Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in somatoform pain disorder and its effect on quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Persistent somatoform pain disorder (SPD) is a condition in which the patient suffers from persistent, severe and distressing pain; and from associated physical and psychological distress. While presence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in SPD is understudied, their association might have an impact on general well-being and quality of life (QoL) in SPD. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Present study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of RLS in SPD patients attending outpatient department services at a tertiary care institute in eastern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and forty consecutive patients with SPD were screened initially and after applying appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria, 192 subjects (male = 85, female = 107) were included in the study. Severity of RLS was assessed using a questionnaire of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group and QoL was measured on QoL Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF). RESULTS: Revealed a 28% prevalence of RLS is in patients with SPD, which is much higher than its estimated population prevalence. A larger proportion of those with RLS had continuous course of SPD, longer duration of SPD, and higher daytime sleepiness. They also had poorer scores on Q-LES-Q-SF, indicating a poorer QoL overall. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, on this aspect from India. While this association between RLS and SPD may have biological explanation based on abnormal monoaminergic neurotransmission system, the findings call for more vigilant approach to SPD patients in order to improve their QoL and add to their well-being.

Autism: a rare presentation of Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Although mental retardation is generally associated with Bardet-Biedl (BBS) syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder with multisystem involvement, autism is an unusual comorbidity. An 8-year-old boy presented to our psychiatry department with poor social skills and night blindness. On further assessment autism, mild mental retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly and syndactyly, obesity, micropenis, maldescended testis, hypodontia and high-arched palate were noted and subsequently a diagnosis of BBS was made. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of BBS with autism from eastern India; it also emphasises the importance of thorough physical examination even in a patient presenting with pure psychiatric symptoms.

Assessment of stress & related albuminuria in caregivers of severe mentally ill persons.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The family caregivers of patients with chronic diseases are known to undergo psychiatric stress leading to oxidative damage to glomerular membrane of kidney resulting in proteinuria. This study was aimed to compare current anxiety, depression levels and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio between primary caregivers of chronic mental patients and matched controls, and also whether the urinary albumin : creatinine ratio is correlated with stress factors (state and trait anxiety level, depression and caregiver burden) amongst caregivers. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study included 131 subjects (93 primary caregivers of patients with major mental illness as cases and 38 normal controls). They completed the Burden Assessment Schedule of SCARF, State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck's Depression Inventory. A spot urine sample was tested for urinary albumin : creatinine ratio from all study subjects. RESULTS: Mean values of current State and Trait anxiety, depression, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio were significantly higher in caregivers than controls (P < 0.001). Urinary albumin : creatinine ratio was significantly correlated (P < 0.001) with State and Trait anxiety level, depression as well as caregiver burden. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated depression , anxiety and albuminuria amongst primary caregivers of patients with mental illness. Increase in the caregivers' burden, depression and anxiety resulted in an increase in the urinary albumin: creatinine ratio. This indicates that psychological stress is one of the determinants of albumin excretion rate in otherwise healthy subjects.

Assessment of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in drug naive patients of bipolar disorder.

The levels of fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance (IR) and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in a sample population of bipolar disorder (BPD) patients who were newly diagnosed and psychotropically naïve were assessed and compared with an age, sex and racially matched control population. 55 BPD-I patients (15-65 years) who were non-diabetic, nonpregnant, and drug naïve for a period of at least 6 months were included in the study. Diagnosis was made using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID IV). IR was assessed using homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); MS was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III). Data were compared with 25 healthy controls. BPD patients had significantly higher mean levels of fasting plasma insulin (13.2 ± 9.2 vs. 4.68 ± 3.1 µIU/ml, p < 0.05), postprandial plasma insulin (27.2 ± 14.5 vs. 18.1 ± 9.3 µIU/ml, p < 0.05) and a higher value of HOMA-IR (3.16 ± 2.2 vs. 1.19 ± 0.8, p < 0.05) when compared to the controls. A significantly higher proportion of patients of BPD compared to controls were manifesting levels of fasting plasma glucose, serum triglyceride and blood pressure higher than the cut off while waist circumference and serum HDL cholesterol failed to show any significant difference in the proportion. There was a significantly higher proportion of prevalence of IR between BPD cases and controls (26/55 vs. 2/25, z value 9.97, p < 0.05) while there was no significant difference in proportion of prevalence of MS between these two groups. Within BPD patients, logistic regression analysis showed that age, sex or current mood status (depressed/manic) were not significantly predictive of presence or absence of MS or increased IR.

Determinants of quality of life in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment at a medical college ART center in Kolkata, India.

Health-related quality of life (QOL) has become a high priority of long-term management of HIV-infected individuals. The newly diagnosed HIV cases were assessed to obtain sociodemographic and clinical findings. Eyesenk Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) for HIV-infected patients, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to get data regarding personality traits, QOL, and depression scores. A total of 175 patients were included in the study, 128 (73.1%) men and 47 (26.9%) women. Overall 56% of patients screened positive for depression. Presence of depression and high neuroticism score in the personality profile of HIV-infected patients are significantly associated with poorer QOL. High neuroticism score was a strong predictor of poorer QOL in psychological and spiritual domain. Management of HIV-infected patients therefore needs to address these psychological issues.

The effect of psychiatric comorbidity on hypertensive patients' perception of medication side-effects.

Arterial hypertension is a public health emergency in developing countries. Poor adherence is the most important cause of uncontrolled hypertension. Many patients cite medication adverse effects as the cause for non-adherence. It remains to be seen whether the perception of medication side-effects is a function of the patients' psychological state. We estimated the prevalence of medication intolerance in patients attending the cardiology outpatient department of a state medical college. We also distinguished between intolerance due medication side-effects that were specific to the particular drug(s) being used and that due to non-specific adverse effects. Thereafter the statistical correlation between intolerance (specific or non-specific) and psychiatric comorbidity in this population was estimated. Psychiatric comorbidity showed the highest correlation with intolerance due to non-specific side-effects of antihypertensive medications (p = 0.01). This was followed by male sex and duration of illness. The correlation remained valid even after adjusting for factors like presence of physical comorbidity, individual income per month, number of pills taken, number of doses per day and distance of referral centre from place of residence.

Behavior profile of children with nephrotic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Nephrotic syndrome, a primarily paediatric disease, is associated with a high relapse rate. Studies have reported behavioral and psychological difficulties in children with nephrotic syndrome, their caregivers and siblings, a factor that is likely to influence the overall outcome of the disease in an adverse manner. In clinical practice, however, the psychosocial aspects of care may be overlooked in the pressure to treat the disease process, unless their importance is stressed by appropriate evidence. OBJECTIVES: The study aims to assess the prevalence of behavior abnormalities in children with nephrotic syndrome attending the renal clinic of a state medical college in eastern India and to compare this with the prevalence in a control group of school children without any detectable physical illness. It also aims to explore the relationship between sociodemographic, disease, and treatment related variables and behavioral abnormalities in the nephrotic syndrome group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed the prevalence of behavior abnormalities in 50 consecutive children with nephrotic syndrome attending the renal clinic of a state medical college and 51 school children as controls using the Developmental Psychopathology Checklist (DPCL). We also assessed the statistical association between sociodemographic, disease and treatment related variables and behavior profile in the nephrotic children group. RESULTS: Prevalence of behavior disturbance in children with nephrotic syndrome was 68%, significantly higher than that in the control group (21.6%). The behavior abnormalities found in the nephrotic syndrome group were hyperkinesis, obsessive compulsive neurosis, conduct disorder, and emotional disorder, in that order. Frequency of relapse and low socioeconomic status showed significant association with presence of behavior disturbance in the nephrotic syndrome group. This association persisted even after adjusting for other sociodemographic, disease, and treatment related variables, including steroid therapy.

Conversion (dissociative) symptoms as a presenting feature in early onset bipolar disorder: a case series.

We present three cases of early onset bipolar disorder where dissociative (conversion) symptoms preceded the onset of mania. This case series underscores the significance of dissociative/conversion symptoms as an early atypical presentation in juvenile bipolar disorder.

Olanzapine-induced obesity and diabetes in Indian patients: a prospective trial comparing olanzapine with typical antipsychotics.

The association of hyperglycaemia and weight gain with the use of atypical antipsychotics has been documented. However, there is still not enough data from India. The fact that Indian patients usually have a lower body weight compared to European and American counterparts makes it difficult to extrapolate available data to the Indian context. The purpose of this study is: (a) To compare the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in schizophrenic patients taking olanzapine with those taking typical antipsychotics, and (b) to follow-up non-diabetic, non-obese schizophrenics on a stable regimen of antipsychotic monotherapy and determine the proportion of patients who develop weight gain, diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance; comparing the effects of olanzapine versus typical antipsychotics. Fifty-five schizophrenic patients attending psychiatry outpatients' department and on stable antipsychotic monotherapy for at least 6 weeks were included in the study. Those with a family or personal history of diabetes were excluded. There were 28 cases on olanzapine and 27 on either haloperidol or trifluoperazine. Fasting blood glucose estimation and body-mass Index (BMI) were recorded at baseline, at 6 weeks, and at 12 weeks. The two groups were comparable with respect to age, genderwise composition, and duration of illness. There was no significant difference in baseline glycaemic status or BMI. At the end of 12 weeks, olanzapine was not associated with any significant change in body weight, BMI or plasma fasting glucose. Duration of use of antipsychotic emerged as the only statistically significant risk factor for developing hyperglycaemia across both groups.

Media induced factitious disorder by proxy.

Perpetrators of Factitious Disorder by proxy are usually driven by motives such as garnering attention, mobilizing sympathy, acting out anger or controlling others. Widespread media coverage provides an opportunity for fulfilling all these needs. We describe a case of Factitious Disorder by proxy with a rather unusual ocular complaint. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the presentation may have been influenced by a similar case from the same locality in the preceding month, which received extensive media attention. The role of media on shaping psychopathology is discussed. Comparisons are drawn with other media influenced cases reported in the recently.