A Cable-Stayed Honeycomb Superstructure to Improve the Stability of Li-Rich Materials via Inhibiting Interlaminar Lattice Strain.

In layered Li-rich materials, over stoichiometric Li forms an ordered occupation of LiTM6 in transition metal (TM) layer, showing a honeycomb superstructure along [001] direction. At the atomic scale, the instability of the superstructure at high voltage is the root cause of problems such as capacity/voltage decay of Li-rich materials. Here a Li-rich material with a high Li/Ni disorder is reported, these interlayer Ni atoms locate above the honeycomb superstructure and share adjacent O coordination with honeycomb TM. These Ni─O bonds act as cable-stayed bridge to the honeycomb plane, and improve the high-voltage stability. The cable-stayed honeycomb superstructure is confirmed by in situ X-ray diffraction to have a unique cell evolution mechanism that it can alleviate interlaminar lattice strain by promoting in-plane expansion along a-axis and inhibiting c-axis stretching. Electrochemical tests also demonstrate significantly improved long cycle performance after 500 cycles (86% for Li-rich/Li half cell and 82% for Li-rich/Si-C full cell) and reduced irreversible oxygen release. This work proves the feasibility of achieving outstanding stability of lithium-rich materials through superstructure regulation and provides new insights for the development of the next-generation high-energy-density cathodes.

Retrospective charts for reporting, analysing, and evaluating disaster emergency response: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Given the frequency of disasters worldwide, there is growing demand for efficient and effective emergency responses. One challenge is to design suitable retrospective charts to enable knowledge to be gained from disasters. This study provides comprehensive understanding of published retrospective chart review templates for designing and updating retrospective research. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and text analysis of peer-reviewed articles and grey literature on retrospective chart review templates for reporting, analysing, and evaluating emergency responses. The search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science and pre-identified government and non-government organizational and professional association websites to find papers published before July 1, 2022. Items and categories were grouped and organised using visual text analysis. The study is registered in PROSPERO (374,928). RESULTS: Four index groups, 12 guidelines, and 14 report formats (or data collection templates) from 21 peer-reviewed articles and 9 grey literature papers were eligible. Retrospective tools were generally designed based on group consensus. One guideline and one report format were designed for the entire health system, 23 studies focused on emergency systems, while the others focused on hospitals. Five papers focused specific incident types, including chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, mass burning, and mass paediatric casualties. Ten papers stated the location where the tools were used. The text analysis included 123 categories and 1210 specific items; large heterogeneity was observed. CONCLUSION: Existing retrospective chart review templates for emergency response are heterogeneous, varying in type, hierarchy, and theoretical basis. The design of comprehensive, standard, and practicable retrospective charts requires an emergency response paradigm, baseline for outcomes, robust information acquisition, and among-region cooperation.

Presynaptic perspective: Axonal transport defects in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Disruption of synapse assembly and maturation leads to a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. Presynaptic proteins are largely synthesized in the soma, where they are packaged into precursor vesicles and transported into distal axons to ensure precise assembly and maintenance of presynapses. Due to their morphological features, neurons face challenges in the delivery of presynaptic cargos to nascent boutons. Thus, targeted axonal transport is vital to build functional synapses. A growing number of mutations in genes encoding the transport machinery have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging lines of evidence have started to uncover presynaptic mechanisms underlying axonal transport defects, thus broadening the view of neurodevelopmental disorders beyond postsynaptic mechanisms. In this review, we discuss presynaptic perspectives of neurodevelopmental disorders by focusing on impaired axonal transport and disturbed assembly and maintenance of presynapses. We also discuss potential strategies for restoring axonal transport as an early therapeutic intervention.

Halogenated aliphatic and phenolic disinfection byproducts in chlorinated and chloraminated dairy wastewater: Occurrence and ecological risk evaluation.

The increasing demand for dairy products has led to the production of a large amount of wastewater in dairy plants, and disinfection is an essential treatment process before wastewater discharge. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in disinfected dairy wastewater may negatively influence the aquatic organisms in receiving water. During chlorine and chloramine disinfection of dairy wastewater, the concentrations of aliphatic DBPs increased from below the detection limits to 485.1 µg/L and 26.6 µg/L, respectively. Brominated and iodinated phenolic DBPs produced during chlor(am)ination could further react with chlorine/chloramine to be transformed. High level of bromide in dairy wastewater (12.9 mg/L) could be oxidized to active bromine species by chlorine/chloramine, promoting the formation of highly toxic brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs), and they accounted for 80.3% and 71.1% of the total content of DBPs in chlorinated and chloraminated dairy wastewater, respectively. Moreover, Br-DBPs contributed 49.9-75.9% and 34.2-96.4% to the cumulative risk quotient of DBPs in chlorinated and chloraminated wastewater, respectively. The cumulative risk quotient of DBPs on green algae, daphnid, and fish in chlorinated wastewater was 2.8-11.4 times higher than that in chloraminated wastewater. Shortening disinfection time or adopting chloramine disinfection can reduce the ecological risks of DBPs.

The impact of ulinastatin on wound infection and healing in patients with burn wounds: A meta-analysis.

Burn injuries result in localised tissue damage and precipitate systemic responses; routine clinical treatments, which typically include metabolic nutritional support and anti-infection therapies, do not yield optimal outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of ulinastatin on wound infection and healing in patients with burns to provide reliable evidence-based recommendations for burn treatment. An electronic search of the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, supplemented by manual searches, was conducted from database inception to October 2023 to collect randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of ulinastatin for the treatment of burns. Two researchers screened all retrieved articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria; the included studies were evaluated for quality, and the relevant data were extracted. Stata 17.0 software was employed for data analysis. Overall, 8 RCTs with 803 patients were included, with 404 and 399 in the ulinastatin and conventional treatment groups, respectively. The analysis revealed that wound infections (odds ratio [OR] = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.35, p = 0.001) and complications (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.10-0.42, p < 0.001) were significantly lower, and wound healing time (standardised mean differences [SMD] = -1.31, 95% CI: -2.05 to -0.57, p = 0.001) was significantly shorter, in the ulinastatin groups than in the control group. This meta-analysis revealed that ulinastatin can effectively reduce the incidence of wound infections and complications and significantly shorten the duration of wound healing in patients with burns, thereby promoting early recovery in these patients.

High efficiency removal of organic and inorganic iodine with ferrate[Fe(VI)] through oxidation and adsorption.

I- is a halogen species existing in natural waters, and the transformation of organic and inorganic iodine in natural and artificial processes would impact the quality of drinking water. Herein, it was found that Fe(VI) could oxidize organic and inorganic iodine to IO3-and simultaneously remove the resulted IO3- through Fe(III) particles. For the river water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and shale gas wastewater treated by 5 mg/L of Fe(VI) (as Fe), around 63 %, 55 % and 71 % of total iodine (total-I) had been removed within 10 min, respectively. Fe(VI) was superior to coagulants in removing organic and inorganic iodine from the source water. Adsorption kinetic analysis suggested that the equilibrium adsorption amount of I- and IO3- were 11 and 10.1 µg/mg, respectively, and the maximum adsorption capacity of IO3- by Fe(VI) resulted Fe(III) particles was as high as 514.7 µg/mg. The heterogeneous transformation of Fe(VI) into Fe(III) effectively improved the interaction probability of IO3- with iron species. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggested that the IO3- was mainly adsorbed in the cavity (between the γ-FeOOH shell and γ-Fe2O3 core) of Fe(III) particles through electrostatic adsorption, van der Waals force and hydrogen bond. Fe(VI) treatment is effective for inhibiting the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products in chlor(am)inated source water.

A Rare Case of Sinonasal Pleomorphic Adenoma.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most prevalent benign tumor of the salivary glands, characterized by both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. It primarily originates within the parotid and submandibular glands, with only rare occurrences in the minor salivary glands. PA in the sinonasal area is extremely rare. Herein, we present a case of a 61-year-old female with a large soft tissue mass in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity, as evidenced by computed tomography imaging. The patient suffered from repeated nasal congestion for more than 6 months. Eventually, the mass was completely resected using an endoscopic endonasal prelacrimal approach under general anesthesia. Postoperative pathological examination revealed the presence of PA in the nasal sinus.

Decomposition and comparative analysis of health inequities between the male and female older adults in China: a national cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the factors influencing self-rated health (SRH) among Chinese older adults by gender differences and provide suggestions and theoretical references to help make policies for older adults' health concerns by government agencies. METHODS: Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2018 was adopted, the chi-squared test and the logistic regression analysis were performed to analyse self-rated health reported by Chinese female and male older adults and its influencing factors. In addition, Fairlie decomposition analysis was performed to quantify the contribution level of different influencing factors. RESULTS: Among older adults, males (48.0%) reported a significantly higher level of good self-rated health than females (42.3%). Residence, body mass index (BMI), self-reported income, smoking, drinking, exercise, and social activity were the factors that influenced SRH reported by male and female respondents, with age, marital status and education reaching the significance level only in women. The Fairlie decomposition model can explain the underlying reasons for 86.7% of the gender differences in SRH, with self-reported income (15.3%), smoking (32.7%), drinking (42.5%), exercise (17.4%), social activity (15.1%) and education (-14.6%) being the major factors affecting gender differences in SRH. CONCLUSIONS: The study results can help promote the implementation of the Healthy China Initiative, inform intervention measures, and offer new proposals on creating policies for older adults' health issues by the Chinese government to improve health equity.

[Relationship between atherogenic index of plasma and childhood asthma]. / è¡€æµ†è‡´åŠ¨è„‰ç¡¬åŒ–æŒ‡æ•°ä¸Žå„¿ç«¥æ”¯æ°”ç®¡å“®å–˜çš„ç›¸å ³æ€§åˆ†æž.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationship between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and childhood asthma. METHODS: This retrospective study included 86 children with asthma admitted to the Changzhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from July 2020 to August 2022 as the asthma group and 149 healthy children undergoing physical examination during the same period as the control group. Metabolic parameters including total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood glucose, as well as general information of the children such as height, weight, body mass index, presence of specific dermatitis, history of inhalant allergen hypersensitivity, family history of asthma, and feeding history, were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to study the relationship between AIP, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and asthma. The value of AIP, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for predicting asthma was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The AIP and triglyceride levels in the asthma group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between the two groups (P>0.05). Before and after adjusting for height, weight, presence of specific dermatitis, history of inhalant allergen hypersensitivity, family history of asthma, feeding method, and blood glucose, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that AIP, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with asthma (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cutoff value for predicting asthma with AIP was -0.333, with a sensitivity of 80.2%, specificity of 55.0%, positive predictive value of 50.71%, and negative predictive value of 82.85%. The area under the curve (AUC) for AIP in predicting asthma was significantly higher than that for triglycerides (P=0.009), but there was no significant difference in AUC between AIP and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.686). CONCLUSIONS: AIP, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are all associated with asthma. AIP has a higher value for predicting asthma than triglycerides and comparable value to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

D-ß-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase Mitigates Diabetes-Induced Atherosclerosis through the Activation of Nrf2.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of ß-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (Bdh1) in regulating macrophage oxidative stress in diabetes-induced atherosclerosis (AS). METHODS: We performed immunohistochemical analysis of femoral artery sections to determine differences in Bdh1 expression between normal participants, AS patients, and patients with diabetes-induced AS. Diabetic Apoe-/- mice and high-glucose (HG)-treated Raw264.7 macrophages were used to replicate the diabetes-induced AS model. The role of Bdh1 in this disease model was determined by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of Bdh1 or overexpression or silencing of Bdh1. RESULTS: We observed reduced expression of Bdh1 in patients with diabetes-induced AS, HG-treated macrophages, and diabetic Apoe-/- mice. AAV-mediated Bdh1 overexpression attenuated aortic plaque formation in diabetic Apoe-/- mice. Silencing of Bdh1 resulted in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and an inflammatory response in macrophages, which were reversed by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. Overexpression of Bdh1 protected Raw264.7 cells from HG-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting ROS overproduction. In addition, Bdh1 induced oxidative stress through nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation by fumarate acid. CONCLUSION: Bdh1 attenuates AS in Apoe-/- mice with type 2 diabetes, accelerates lipid degradation, and reduces lipid levels by promoting ketone body metabolism. Moreover, it activates the Nrf2 pathway of Raw264.7 by regulating the metabolic flux of fumarate, which inhibits oxidative stress and leads to a decrease in ROS and inflammatory factor production.

Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Allylation/Annulation Reaction of Amides and Allylic Alcohols: Regioselective Construction of Vinyl-Substituted 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolones.

A palladium-catalyzed highly regioselective C-H allylation/annulation reaction of N-sulfonyl amides with secondary or tertiary allylic alcohols has been developed to construct 3,4-dihydroisoquinolones bearing a synthetically valuable vinyl substituent. This cascade cyclization approach of allylic alcohols involving C-H allylation has not been reported previously. The commercially available allylic alcohol substrates, the only by-product of water, and the used terminal oxidant of O2 provide environmentally benign advantages.

Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Carbinols via a HFIP-Promoted Hydroxydifluoromethylation of Aniline, Indole, and Pyrrole Derivatives with Difluoroacetaldehyde Ethyl Hemiacetal.

A hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-promoted hydroxydifluoromethylation of aniline, indole, and pyrrole derivatives with difluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal has been developed. This protocol provides a facile and straightforward approach to access diverse difluoromethylated carbinols in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Furthermore, gram-scale and synthetic derivatization experiments have also been demonstrated.

Decomposition and comparative analysis of differences in depressive symptoms between urban and rural older adults: Evidence from a national survey.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing urban-rural differences in depressive symptoms among old people in China and to measure the contribution of relevant influencing factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional research. The 2018 data from The Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS). SETTING: Twenty-three provinces in China. PARTICIPANTS: From the 8th CLHLS, 11,245 elderly participants were selected who met the requirements of the study. MEASUREMENTS: We established binary logistic regression models to explore the main influencing factors of their depressive symptoms and used Fairlie models to analyze the influencing factors of the differences in depressive symptoms between the urban and rural elderly and their contribution. RESULTS: The percentage of depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults was 11.72%, and the results showed that rural older adults (12.41%) had higher rates of depressive symptoms than urban (10.13%). The Fairlie decomposition analysis revealed that 73.96% of the difference in depressive symptoms could be explained, which was primarily associated with differences in annual income (31.51%), education level (28.05%), sleep time ( - 25.67%), self-reported health (24.18%), instrumental activities of daily living dysfunction (20.73%), exercise (17.72%), living status ( - 8.31%), age ( - 3.84%), activities of daily living dysfunction ( - 3.29%), and social activity (2.44%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in rural than in urban older adults, which was primarily associated with differences in socioeconomic status, personal lifestyle, and health status factors between the urban and rural residents. If these factors were addressed, we could make targeted and precise intervention strategies to improve the mental health of high-risk elderly.

Highly Efficient Utilization of Ferrate(VI) Oxidation Capacity Initiated by Mn(II) for Contaminant Oxidation: Role of Manganese Species.

Manganese ion [Mn(II)] is a background constituent existing in natural waters. Herein, it was found that only 59% of bisphenol A (BPA), 47% of bisphenol F (BPF), 65% of acetaminophen (AAP), and 49% of 4-tert-butylphenol (4-tBP) were oxidized by 20 µM of Fe(VI), while 97% of BPA, 95% of BPF, 96% of AAP, and 94% of 4-tBP could be oxidized by the Fe(VI)/Mn(II) system [20 µM Fe(VI)/20 µM Mn(II)] at pH 7.0. Further investigations showed that bisphenol S (BPS) was highly reactive with reactive iron species (RFeS) but was sluggish with reactive manganese species (RMnS). By using BPS and methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO) as the probe compounds, it was found that reactive iron species contributed primarily for BPA oxidation at low Mn(II)/Fe(VI) molar ratios (below 0.1), while reactive manganese species [Mn(VII)/Mn(III)] contributed increasingly for BPA oxidation with the elevation of the Mn(II)/Fe(VI) molar ratio (from 0.1 to 3.0). In the interaction of Mn(II) and Fe(VI), the transfer of oxidation capacity from Fe(VI) to Mn(III), including the formation of Mn(VII) and the inhibition of Fe(VI) self-decay, improved the amount of electron equivalents per Fe(VI) for BPA oxidation. UV-vis spectra and dominant transformation product analysis further revealed the evolution of iron and manganese species at different Mn(II)/Fe(VI) molar ratios.

Application of molecular markers in the research of genetic diversity in medical helminths / 中国热带医学

@#Human-animal parasitic diseases caused by medical helminths are hazardous to human health. Genetic polymorphism studies on medical helminth populations can not only understand the biological characteristics and genetic structure of their populations, but also help reveal how they adapt to their parasitic environment, thus contributing to deepen our understanding of the epidemiological patterns of parasitic diseases and improve our understanding of accurate prevention and control of parasitic diseases. With the development of molecular biology, molecular markers such as DNA barcodes, simple sequence repeats, and single nucleotide polymorphism markers have been widely used to study the genetic relationships among parasite populations and individuals, and to reveal the genetic variation of parasite populations and the evolution of species origins. In this paper, we systematically review the application of three molecular markers commonly used in the study of genetic polymorphism in medical helminths, with a view to laying the foundation for related research.

Correlation of renal function indicators and vascular damage in T2DM patients with normal renal function.

Background: This study aimed to assess the correlation between renal function-related indices and vascular damages among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and normal renal function. Methods: We screened a cohort of eligible patients with T2DM, ultimately including 826 individuals. Utilizing multifactorial logistic regression, we conducted an in-depth analysis to explore the potential associations between renal function-related indices-specifically BUN, Cr, ALB, ACR, and eGFR-and the incidence of diabetic vascular damage. Additionally, to comprehensively understand the relationships, we employed Spearman correlation analysis to assess the connections between these indicators and the occurrence of vascular damage. Results: In this cross-sectional study of 532 patients with carotid atherosclerosis (CA), the prevalence of CA was positively correlated with Cr (53.1%, 72.3%, 68.0%, P<0.05) and negatively correlated with eGFR (71.6%, 68.5%, 53.1%, P<0.05). the higher the Cr, the higher the predominance ratio of CA (T1: reference; T2:OR. 2.166,95%CI:1.454,3.225; T3:OR:1.677, 95%CI:1.075, 2.616; P<0.05), along with an eGFR of 66.9% and 52.0% in terms of sensitivity and specificity, with a 95% CI of 0.562-0.644. Conclusion: Within our experimental sample, a noteworthy observation emerged: Creatinine (Cr) exhibited a positive correlation with the prevalence of individuals affected by carotid atherosclerosis (CA), underscoring a potential connection between Cr levels and CA incidence. Conversely, the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) demonstrated a negative correlation with the occurrence of CA, implying that lower eGFR values might be associated with an increased likelihood of CA development.

Correlation of thyroid-related hormones with vascular complications in type 2 diabetes patients with euthyroid.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between thyroid-related hormones and vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with euthyroidism. Methods: We enrolled 849 patients with T2DM after screening out the ineligible. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between fT3, fT4, the fT3/fT4 ratio, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and diabetic vascular complications. Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between thyroid-related hormones and vascular complications. Results: In this cross-sectional study of T2DM, 538 patients with carotid atherosclerosis (CA) and 299 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The prevalence of DPN was negatively correlated with fT3 and the fT3/fT4 ratio but positively correlated with fT4 (all P<0.01). At the same time, the odds ratio for DPN decreased with increasing fT3 (T1: reference; T2: OR: 0.689, 95%CI: 0.477, 0.993; T3: OR: 0.426, 95% CI: 0.286, 0.633, all P<0.05) and fT3/fT4 ratio (T1: reference; T2: OR: 0.528, 95% CI: 0.365, 0.763; T3: OR: 0.413, 95% CI: 0.278, 0.613, all P<0.001). In terms of sensitivity and specificity, fT4 was found to be 39.5% and 71.4% accurate, respectively, with a 95% CI of 0.531-0.611. Conclusions: We found a negative correlation between fT3 and fT3/fT4 ratio and the number of individuals with DPN, and a positive correlation between fT4 and the prevalence of DPN.

HFIP-Promoted Selective Hydroxyalkylation of Aniline Derivatives with Arylglyoxal Hydrates.

A HFIP-promoted highly selective hydroxyalkylation of aniline derivatives with arylglyoxal hydrates has been realized. The reaction produces various N,N-dialkylanilines and their derivatives with α-hydroxy carbonyl units in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Furthermore, the synthetic potential of this method has been demonstrated by the facile synthesis of several structurally interesting molecules such as benzil, 1,2,4-triazine, quinoxaline, hydantoin, and 2-thiohydantoin with aromatic amine units.

Transcriptome analysis of the impact of diabetes as a comorbidity on tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (DMTB) comorbidity has been recognized as a major obstacle towards achieving the World Health Organization goal of reducing the tuberculosis incidence rate by 90% in 2035. Host immune responses affected by diabetes can lead to increased susceptibility, severity and poor treatment outcomes in DMTB patients, and the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to identify key immunological and cellular components that contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in DMTB cases. METHODS: We performed RNA-Seq of total RNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 3 TB, 3 diabetes mellitus, and 3 DMTB patients and healthy controls, and analyzed differential expression, pathway enrichment and clustering of differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) to identify biological pathways altered specifically in DMTB patients. RESULTS: Bioinformatic analysis of DEGs suggested that enhanced inflammatory responses, small GTPases, the protein kinase C signaling pathway, hemostasis and the cell cycle pathway are likely implicated in the pathogenesis of the DMTB comorbidity. CONCLUSION: The DMTB comorbidity is associated with an altered transcriptome and changes in various biological pathways. Our study provides new insights on the pathological mechanism that may aid the development of host-directed therapies for this increasingly prevalent disease in high TB burden countries.