[Literacy in sexual and reproductive health as well as associated variables: multicenter study]. / Alfabetización en salud sexual y reproductiva así como variables asociadas: estudio multicéntrico.

OBJECTIVE: Limited Health Literacy implies an insufficient understanding of relevant health information, being associated with various variables. The objective of the study was to measure the prevalence of the level of Limited Sexual and Reproductive Health Literacy (AS-SR), its associated variables and the differences in scores between levels of AS-SR, universities and science of study in Chilean university students. METHODS: A multicenter and cross-sectional study, which applied a validated scale to measure levels of AS-SR, was carried out in a sample of 2,186 Chilean university students, categorizing it as high, medium high, medium low and low. The level of Limited AS-SR was obtained by adding the medium-low and low categories. Tests were carried out: descriptive, psychometric and reliability; association, logistic regression and differences between variables of interest. RESULTS: The prevalence of Limited AS-SR was 52.7%. The variables most associated with the level of Limited AS-SR were: low interest in information about health care (OR=2.819; 95% CI: 2.132-3.726), prevention (OR=2.564; 95% CI: 1.941-3.388), sexuality (OR=2.497; 95% CI: 1.807-3.452) and health promotion (OR=1.515; 95% CI: 1.239-1.853); certain sources of Information (OR=1.915; 95% CI:1.614-2.272); low economic income (OR=1.661; 95% CI: 1.361-2.026), among others. There were statistically significant differences in scores between categories of AS-SR levels, universities and study science. The scale had a reliability of 0.940. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the students have Limited AS-SR, mainly associated with low interest in health information. The scale presents excellent psychometric indicators, being recommended for diagnoses of health situations.

OBJECTIVE: La Alfabetización en Salud Limitada implica una comprensión insuficiente de la información relevante en salud, asociándose con diversas variables. El objetivo del estudio fue medir la prevalencia del nivel de Alfabetización en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (AS-SR) Limitada, sus variables asociadas y las diferencias de puntajes entre niveles de AS-SR, universidades y ciencia de estudio en universitarios chilenos. METHODS: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico y transversal, que aplicó una escala validada para medir niveles de AS-SR, en una muestra de 2.186 estudiantes universitarios chilenos, categorizándola en alta, media-alta, media-baja y baja. El nivel de AS-SR Limitada se obtuvo mediante el sumatorio de categorías media-baja y baja. Se realizaron pruebas: descriptivas, psicométricas y fiabilidad; asociación, regresión logística y de diferencias entre variables de interés. RESULTS: La prevalencia de AS-SR Limitada fue del 52,7%. Las variables mayormente asociadas al nivel de AS-SR Limitada fueron: bajo interés en información sobre atención en salud (OR=2,819; IC 95%:2,132-3,726), prevención (OR=2,564; IC 95%: 1,941-3,388), sexualidad (OR=2,497; IC 95%: 1,807-3,452) y promoción de la salud (OR=1,515; IC 95%: 1,239-1,853); ciertas fuentes de Información (OR=1,915; IC 95%:1,614-2,272); bajo ingreso económico (OR=1,661; IC 95%: 1,361-2,026), entre otras. Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas de puntajes entre categorías de niveles de AS-SR, universidades y ciencia de estudio. La escala presentó fiabilidad de 0,940. CONCLUSIONS: Más de la mitad de los estudiantes poseen AS-SR Limitada, asociada principalmente al bajo interés en información en salud. La escala presenta excelentes indicadores psicométricos, siendo recomendable para diagnósticos de situación de salud.

Trends in Mortality from Stroke in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1979-2015.

Background: Stroke is the second largest single cause of death and disability in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). There have been large overall declines in stroke mortality rates in most LAC countries in recent decades. Objective: To analyze trends in mortality caused by stroke in LAC countries in the period 1979-2015. Methods: We extracted data for age-standardized stroke mortality rates per 100,000 in LAC for the period 1979-2015 from the World Health Organization Mortality Database. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trends and compute the annual percent change (APC) in LAC as a whole and by country. Analyses were conducted by gender, region and World Bank income classification. Results: Mortality from stroke has decreased in LAC over the study period by an average APC of -1.9%. Most countries showed significant downward trends, with the sharpest decreases in Chile, Colombia and Uruguay. We recorded statistically significant decreases of -1.4% and -2.4% in mortality rates in men and women, respectively, in the whole LAC. Southern and high-income countries showed the steepest decreases. Conclusions: Stroke mortality has decreased in LAC, in both sexes, especially in southern and high-income countries. Our results could serve as a reference for the development of primary prevention and acute management of stroke policies focused on countries with higher mortality.

[Allergies in children due to early food consumption in Barranquilla, Colombia]. / Presencia de alergias en menores por consumo temprano de alimentos en Barranquilla, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of symptoms associated with asthma, rhinitis and eczema with food intake in children under six years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive study on the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema and their correlation with food consumption. Information was obtained from 1 520 schoolchildren of the District of Barranquilla and its metropolitan area. The ISSAC method was used to process the information, which was provided by the child's guardian, using the software SPSS version 24. Only duly completed questionnaires with informed consents were considered. Analysis was made using a chi-squared test, with a significant P value and 95% confidence. RESULTS: In the 1 520 children surveyed, the type of food related to allergies was fish, associated with asthma, showing that this may be a protective factor for the population regarding the onset of eczema, with a statistically a P value of <0.05, chi-square of 4.566, and CI of 95% [0.3;0.8]. CONCLUSIONS: The analyzed foods showed that fish is related and associated as a protective factor for eczema, while the consumption of cow's milk was related as a protective factor for rhinitis. Regarding other foods and allergies, the study is not conclusive as to whether their early intake is a predisposing factor or trigger in children.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas asociados a asma, rinitis y eccema relacionada con la ingesta de alimentos en menores de seis a siete años. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia de asma, rinitis y eccema y la relación con el consumo de alimentos. Información obtenida en 1 520 escolares del Distrito de Barraquilla y su área metropolitana. Se empleó metodología ISSAC procesándose la información mediante el software SPSS versión 24 El cuestionario fue contestado por el acudiente del menor y solo se tuvieron en cuenta los que tenían debidamente diligenciado los consentimientos informados Se hizo análisis empleando Chi-cuadrado, y el valor P de significancia con un 95% de confianza. RESULTADOS: Para los 1 520 menores encuestados el alimento que presentó relación con alergias fue el pescado asociándolo con el asma, evidenciando que en la población puede ser factor protector para la aparición de eccema mostrando estadísticamente una P<0,05, un Chi-cuadrado: 4,566, IC 95% [0,3;0,8]. CONCLUSIONES: De los alimentos analizados el pescado es uno que presentó relación y se asoció como factor protector para el eccema, el consumo de la leche de vaca se relacionó como factor protector para rinitis; en lo referente a los demás alimentos y las alergias el estudio no es conclusivo en cuanto a si la ingesta temprana es un factor predisponente o desencadenante de ellas en los menores, o no lo son.

Presencia de alergias en menores por consumo temprano de alimentos en Barranquilla, Colombia / Allergies in children due to early food consumption in Barranquilla, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas asociados a asma, rinitis y eccema relacionada con la ingesta de alimentos en menores de seis a siete años. Metodología Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia de asma, rinitis y eccema y la relación con el consumo de alimentos. Información obtenida en 1 520 escolares del Distrito de Barraquilla y su área metropolitana. Se empleó metodología ISSAC procesándose la información mediante el software SPSS versión 24 El cuestionario fue contestado por el acudiente del menor y solo se tuvieron en cuenta los que tenían debidamente diligenciado los consentimientos informados Se hizo análisis empleando Chi-cuadrado, y el valor P de significancia con un 95% de confianza. Resultados Para los 1 520 menores encuestados el alimento que presentó relación con alergias fue el pescado asociándolo con el asma, evidenciando que en la población puede ser factor protector para la aparición de eccema mostrando estadísticamente una P<0,05, un Chi-cuadrado: 4,566, IC 95% [0,3;0,8]. Conclusiones De los alimentos analizados el pescado es uno que presentó relación y se asoció como factor protector para el eccema, el consumo de la leche de vaca se relacionó como factor protector para rinitis; en lo referente a los demás alimentos y las alergias el estudio no es conclusivo en cuanto a si la ingesta temprana es un factor predisponente o desencadenante de ellas en los menores, o no lo son.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of symptoms associated with asthma, rhinitis and eczema with food intake in children under six years of age. Materials and Methods Descriptive study on the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema and their correlation with food consumption. Information was obtained from 1 520 schoolchildren of the District of Barranquilla and its metropolitan area. The ISSAC method was used to process the information, which was provided by the child's guardian, using the software SPSS version 24. Only duly completed questionnaires with informed consents were considered. Analysis was made using a chi-squared test, with a significant P value and 95% confidence. Results In the 1 520 children surveyed, the type of food related to allergies was fish, associated with asthma, showing that this may be a protective factor for the population regarding the onset of eczema, with a statistically a P value of <0.05, chi-square of 4.566, and CI of 95% [0.3;0.8]. Conclusions The analyzed foods showed that fish is related and associated as a protective factor for eczema, while the consumption of cow's milk was related as a protective factor for rhinitis. Regarding other foods and allergies, the study is not conclusive as to whether their early intake is a predisposing factor or trigger in children.(AU)

Alimentación materna y desarrollo de alergias en menores de 6 y 7 años / Maternal feeding and allergy development in minors of 6 and 7 years

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de alergias en niños y niñas de 6 y 7 años y su relación con la nutrición materna Materiales y métodos: Este estudio transversal descriptivo de prevalencia de alergias en niños y niñas de 6 y 7 años y su relación con la alimentación de la madre recolectó la información a través del cuestionario del International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, el cual es empleado para describir el comportamiento epidemiológico de las enfermedades como asma, rinitis y eccema en niños y jóvenes; dicho instrumentos este fue resuelto por los padres de los menores previa firma y entrega del consentimiento informado. El cuestionario arrojó una confiabilidad del 0,78 en el α de Cronbach; a las categorías de interés de este estudio se les hizo análisis de proporción, y el contraste de hipótesis se realizó mediante diferencia de proporciones con intervalo de confianza en un nivel del 95 %, Resultados: Teniendo en cuenta los resultados sobre el consumo de alimentos de la madre en etapa de gestación y la presencia de síntomas de alergia en los menores, se concluye que: Valor-P = 0,05 Valor-Zα/2 = -34,6241 No se acepta la H0 para un α/2 = 0,025, se encontró en el estudio que aunque las madres refirieron haber consumido mayormente alimentos saludables, sus hijos presentaron síntomas de enfermedades alérgicas asociadas a asma, rinitis y eccema. Conclusiones: Este estudio, al igual que otros, no presenta un consenso sobre si la dieta materna influye positivamente en la disminución de alergias en los neonatos.

Abstract Objective: To establish the prevalence of allergies in boys and girls of 6 and 7 years old and their relation with maternal nutrition. Methods and materials: Descriptive transversal study of prevalence of allergies in boys and girls of 6 and 7 years old and their relation with theirs mother´s nutrition, information that was collected through the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire, which is used to describe the epidemiological behavior of diseases like asthma, rhinitis and eczema in kids and youths. It was resolved by theirs parents before their signature and delivery of informed consent. It was made a questionnaire throw one reliability of 0,78 in the α of Cronbach, an analysis of proportion to the categories of interest of this study and a contrast of hypothesis was made by the differences of proportions with the interval of confidence in a level of 95% Results: Given the results of the consumption of mother´s food in the gestation age and the presence of symptom of allergies in kids, it includes that: Value-P: 0,05 Value -Za/2: -34,6241, it´s not accepted the Ho for a α/2= 0,025. It was found in the study although mothers reported having consumed mainly healthy food, these children felt and showed symptom of allergic diseases, associated with asthma, rhinitis and eczema. Conclusions: This study as well as others, does not present a consensus looking if the maternal diet influences positively in the reduction of allergies in neonates.

Assessment of the methodological and ethical quality of clinical trials published in family medicine journals / Valoración de la calidad metodológica y ética de los ensayos clínicos publicados en revistas de medicina de familia (2010-2013)

Objective: To evaluate some methodological and ethical quality variables of clinical trials (CTs) published in 10 family medicine journals. Methods: Quality descriptive study of 10 family medicine journals including CTs in humans published since 2010 to 2013. We obtained 141 CT and 2447 were excluded. Results: CTs parallels controlled in 92.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 92.0-93.9). Masked randomization in 72.3% (95% CI: 71.7-73.1), decentralized in 51.8% (95% CI: 51.4-52.4) and using as control an active treatment in 82.2% (95% CI: 81.5-83.1). Wrote informed consent in 48.9% (95% CI: 48.5-49.5) and it was not withdrawn in 56.0% of cases (95% CI: 55.5-56.7). Approval by clinical research ethics committee (CREC) in 134, and there was no conflict of interest in 117 CTs. Average κ was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93-0.99). Conclusions: We observe an increase in some quality variables like masked randomization (19.6%) and approval by CREC (75%) post CONSORT, in CTs published in 10 family medicine journals (2010-2013).

Objetivo: Evaluar algunas variables sobre la calidad metodológica y ética de los ensayos clínicos publicados en 10 revistas de medicina de familia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de calidad sobre 10 revistas de medicina de familia incluyendo ensayos clínicos en humanos publicados entre 2010 y 2013. Obtuvimos 141 ensayos clínicos y fueron excluidos 2447. Resultados: Ensayos clínicos controlados paralelos en el 92,9% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 92.0-93.9). Aleatorización enmascarada en el 72.3% (IC 95%: 71.7-73.1), descentralizada en el 51.8% (IC 95%: 51.4-52…4) y utilizando como control un tratamiento activo el 82.2% (IC 95%: 81.5-83.1). Consentimiento informado escrito en el 48.9% (IC 95%: 48.5-49.5) y no fue retirado en el 56.0% (IC 95%: 55.5-56.7). En 134 ensayos clínicos se contó con la aprobación por un comité ético de investigación clínica (CEIC), y en 117 no hubo conflicto de intereses. Se obtuvo un κ medio de 0,96 (IC 95%: 0.93-0.99). Conclusiones: Observamos, tras considerar las normas CONSORT, un aumento en algunas variables de calidad, como la aleatorización enmascarada (19.6%) y la aprobación por un CEIC (75%), en los ensayos clínicos publicados en 10 revistas de medicina de familia (2010-2013).

[Association between cardiometabolic risk factors, physical activity and sedentariness in Chilean university students]. / Asociación entre factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, actividad física y sedentarismo en universitarios chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: There is a huge evidence in adults, that a high level of physical activity and a low level of sedentariness are associated independently with a reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF). This association has been poor evaluated in young people and the results are not conclusive. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between CMRF, physical activity and sedentariness in Chilean university students. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Sample of 326 students who enrolled at University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, in 2014. They were selected randomly and stratified according to faculty, career and gender. We measured anthropometry, blood pressure, lipidic profile, glycemia, insulin resistance, tobacco and alcohol consumption. These variables were associated with physical activity level (PAL) and sedentariness using the IPAQ questionnaire. RESULTS: The students with a low PAL had a higher probability of abdominal obesity (OR: 4.68; IC 95% 1.86-11.73), metabolic syndrome (OR: 3.80; IC 95% 1.23-11.73) and triglycerides elevated (OR: 2.61 IC 95%; 1.18-5.75), compared with students with moderate and vigorous PAL (p < 0.05). There were no association between CMRF and sedentariness, even after fit by physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between CMRF and PAL which was independent of sedentatiness. We believe it is very important to implement effective physical activity programs at universities. It is necesary to encourage students in order to increase the physical activity level to a moderate and vigorous range with the purpose of decreasing their cardiovascular risk. We consider it is recommendable to keep studying the association between sedentariness and CMRF.

Presencia de síntomas asociados a enfermedades alérgicas por consumo de alimentos en niños antes y después de los seis meses de edad en barranquilla - colombia / Presence of symptoms associated with allergic diseases by consumption of foods in children's before and after of six months old in barranquilla - colombia

En este trabajo de investigación, se determinó si la presencia de síntomas asociados a enfermedades alérgicas presenta relación con el consumo de alimentos en niños, antes y después de los 6 meses de edad, considerando estudios que indican que la ingesta temprana de alimentos, por parte de los menores, puede ser factor predisponente a padecimiento de enfermedades alérgicas. Se realizó mediante estudio de carácter descriptivo modalidad Cross, seccional en escuelas públicas y privadas del Distrito de Barranquilla, a nivel de básica primaria, aplicando el instrumento cuestionario ISAAC. Se obtuvieron 1.520 encuestas contestadas por los padres de los menores de niños y niñas, entre 6 y 7 años, 47% varones y 53% niñas. De los alimentos objetos del presente estudio, huevos, pescado y leche de vaca, los que presentaron valores significativos en relación a la presencia de síntomas enfermedades alérgicas fue: el pescado, para el asma, con un p valor < 0,05, y un OR: 2,40; en los demás alimentos, no se pudo establecer, mediante significancia relación entre el padecimiento de alergias y su consumo. Actualmente, no hay un consenso universal y este estudio tampoco concluye si la ablactación temprana y la ingesta de alimentos, antes de los seis meses de edad, pueda provocar la presencia de síntomas de enfermedades alérgicas. Se recomienda continuar con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud e iniciar ingreso de alimentos a la dieta del menor, después de los seis meses.

In this research, it was determined whether the presence of symptoms associated with allergic diseases is related to food consumption in children before and after 6 months of age, considering studies that indicate that the early intake of food by children Can be a predisposing factor to allergic diseases, was carried out by means of a descriptive cross sectional modality in public and private schools of the District of Barranquilla at primary level through the instrument ISAAC questionnaire. We obtained 1520 surveys answered by the parents of the minors of children between 6 and 7 years old, 47% male and 53% female. Of the food items of the present study, eggs, fish and cow's milk, those presenting significant values in relation to the presence of allergic diseases symptoms were: fish for asthma with a p value <0.05, and an OR: 2.40 in other foods could not be established by a significant relationship between the allergy condition and its consumption. There is currently no universal consensus and this study also does not conclude whether early ablation and food intake before 6 months of age may lead to the presence of allergic disease symptoms, it is recommended to continue the recommendations of the World Health Organization and initiate food intake into the child's diet after six months.

[Cardiovascular risk factors among first and third year university students]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en universitarios de primer y tercer año.

BACKGROUND: College students are in a critical stage in their life style due to the transition between high school and university and they may be prone to develop cardiovascular diseases. AIM: To compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in students from first and third year at the University of La Frontera, Temuco-Chile, according to faculty, gender and socioeconomic status (SES). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profile, blood glucose, insulin resistance (IR), sedentary lifestyle, tobacco and alcohol consumption were evaluated during 2014 in randomly selected 163 freshmen aged 19.2 ± 1.8 years and 163 third year students aged 21.7 ± 2.5 years (49% females), stratified by faculty, career and gender. RESULTS: 32.4% of students had prehypertension, 30.6% abdominal obesity, 26.3% insulin resistance, 25.7% dyslipidemia and 8.9% metabolic syndrome. Third grade students had higher prevalence of elevated total and LDL cholesterol and higher alcohol consumption, especially among students of middle and high socioeconomic level. Compared with students from the School of Medicine, students from the Education Faculty had 3.9, 3.3 and 2.7 times greater likelihood of being obese, having elevated LDLcholesterol and being smokers, respectively. Women had the highest prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and dyslipidemia. Men had the highest prevalence of prehypertension and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Educational programs are required to promote healthy lifestyles among these students.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en universitarios de primer y tercer año / Cardiovascular risk factors among first and third year university students

Background: College students are in a critical stage in their life style due to the transition between high school and university and they may be prone to develop cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in students from first and third year at the University of La Frontera, Temuco-Chile, according to faculty, gender and socioeconomic status (SES). Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study. Anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profile, blood glucose, insulin resistance (IR), sedentary lifestyle, tobacco and alcohol consumption were evaluated during 2014 in randomly selected 163 freshmen aged 19.2 ± 1.8 years and 163 third year students aged 21.7 ± 2.5 years (49% females), stratified by faculty, career and gender. Results: 32.4% of students had prehypertension, 30.6% abdominal obesity, 26.3% insulin resistance, 25.7% dyslipidemia and 8.9% metabolic syndrome. Third grade students had higher prevalence of elevated total and LDL cholesterol and higher alcohol consumption, especially among students of middle and high socioeconomic level. Compared with students from the School of Medicine, students from the Education Faculty had 3.9, 3.3 and 2.7 times greater likelihood of being obese, having elevated LDLcholesterol and being smokers, respectively. Women had the highest prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and dyslipidemia. Men had the highest prevalence of prehypertension and smoking. Conclusions: Educational programs are required to promote healthy lifestyles among these students.

Cambios en el consumo de tabaco de los estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Navarra, España, durante el periodo universitario / Changes in the Tobacco Consumption of Students in Navarre, Spain, during their College Life / Análise do consumo de tabaco dos estudantes em Navarra, Espanha, durante o período acadêmico

Objetivo: Analizar los cambios que se producen en el patrón de consumo de tabaco de estudiantes de la Universidad Pública de Navarra, en el tercer curso de titulación versus el primero. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte descriptivo-observacional. Se autoaplicó un cuestionario, con preguntas sobre el consumo de tabaco. La utilización de una clave elaborada por el propio estudiante permitió enlazar los cuestionarios en los dos momentos del estudio, para asegurar la confidencialidad de los datos. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS v21.0. Resultados: La cohorte la constituyeron 245 estudiantes: el 64,1% eran mujeres (n = 157), y el 35,9%, hombres (n = 88). El porcentaje de fumadores a diario descendió de un 24,5% en primer curso a un 23,7% en tercero, así como el porcentaje de fumadores ocasionales (de 21,6% a 20,8%). Sin embargo, el consumo medio de cigarrillos diario entre los fumadores aumentó de 10,30% a 11,02%. En las mujeres se observó la misma tendencia de cambio que en la media general: 2,8% el descenso de las fumadoras a diario y 1% las fumadoras ocasionales. Entre tanto, en los hombres aumentó el porcentaje de fumadores a diario (1,2%) y el de fumadores ocasionales (1,10%), así como el número medio de cigarrillos consumidos al día que se aumenta en 2,6. Conclusiones: Un alto porcentaje de estudiantes mantiene la frecuencia de consumo de tabaco durante la vida universitaria, que resultan porcentajes similares entre los que modifican su hábito aumentando o disminuyendo la frecuencia de consumo.

Objective: To analyze the change in the tobacco consumption of the university students during their university studies. Methodology: A descriptive cohort study of university students followed from the first to third year. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to the students. The use of a key generated by the student questionnaires allowed linking the two stages of the study, ensuring the confidentiality of data. A statistical package SPSS v210 was used for the statistical analysis of data. Results: The cohort consisting of 245 students, with 64.1% of female (n=157) and 35.9% male (n=88). The percentage of daily smokers decreased from 24.5% in the first year to 23.7% in the third, and the percentage of occasional smokers (from 21.6% to 20.8%). However, the average daily consumption of cigarettes among smokers increased from 10.30% to 11.02%. In women, the same trend of change in the overall average being 2.8% declining daily smokers and 1.0% the casual smokers was observed. However in men the percentage of daily smokers increased (1.2%) and occasional smokers (1.10%) and the average number of cigarettes smoked per day increases by 2.6. Conclusions: A high percentage of students support the frequency of consumption of tobacco during the university life, turning out to be similar percentages between those who modify smoking increasing or decreasing the frequency of consumption.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as mudanças que ocorrem no padrão de consumo de tabaco por estudantes universitários no terceiro ano de estudo em relação ao primeiro ano. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte descritivo de uma coorte de estudantes universitários seguiu para o primeiro e terceiro ano os alunos. Autocuplimentación questionário com perguntas sobre o consumo de tabaco foi aprovada. O uso de uma chave gerada pelos questionários dos alunos autorizados a ligar as duas etapas do estudo, garantindo a confidencialidade dos dados. Para a análise estatística do pacote estatístico SPSSS dados v21.0 foi usado. Resultado: A coorte constituída 245 alunos, com 64,1% de participantes do sexo feminino (n = 157) e 35,9% do sexo masculino (n = 88). O percentual de fumantes diários diminuiu de 24,5% no primeiro ano para 23,7% no terceiro, eo percentual de fumantes ocasionais (de 21,6% para 20,8%). No entanto, o consumo médio diário de cigarros entre os fumantes aumentou 10,30%- 11,02%. Nas mulheres, a mesma tendência de mudança na média geral sendo 2,8% de declínio fumantes diários e 1% dos fumantes ocasionais foi observada. No entanto, em homens, aumentou o percentual de fumantes diários (1,2%) e fumantes ocasionais (1,10%) e do número médio de cigarros fumados por dia aumenta em 2.6. Conclusões: Uma elevada percentagem de estudantes mantém a frequência de consumo de tabaco durante a vida da faculdade, resultando em taxas similares entre aqueles que mudam de hábito, aumentando ou diminuindo a frequência de consumo.

The multimodal management of locally advanced N2 non-small cell lung cancer: is there a role for surgical resection? A single institution's experience.

BACKGROUND: The management of operable locally advanced N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a controversial topic. Concurrent chemoradiation (CT-RT) is considered the standard of care for inoperable or unresectable patients, but the role of trimodality treatment remains controversial. We present our institution's experience with the management of stage III (N2) NSCLC patients, analyzing whether the addition of surgery improves survival when compared with definitive CT-RT alone. METHODS: From 1996 to 2006, 72 N2 NSCLC patients were treated. Thirty-four patients received cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy, followed by paclitaxel-cisplatin CT-RT, and 38 patients underwent surgery preceded by induction and/or followed by adjuvant therapy. Survival curves were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the differences were assessed with the log-rank test. RESULTS: Most of the patients (87 %) were men. The median age was 59 years. A statistically significant association between T3-T4c and definitive CT-RT as well as between T1-T2c and surgery was noted (p < 0.0001). After a median follow-up period of 35 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 42 months for the surgery group versus 41 months for the CT-RT patients (p = 0.590). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 14 months after surgery and 25 months after CT-RT (p = 0.933). Responders to radical CT-RT had a better OS than non-responders (43 vs. 17 months, respectively, p = 0.011). No significant differences were found in the OS or PFS between the pN0 [14 (37.8 %) patients] and non-pN0 patients at thoracotomy. Three treatment-related deaths (7.8 %) were observed in the surgical cohort and none in the CT-RT group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of surgery did not render a median OS or PFS benefit when compared with CT-RT alone in our series of stage III-N2 NSCLC patients, in accordance with previously published data. However, responses to CT-RT had a greater impact in terms of OS and PFS. Although the patients selected for management including surgery showed a favorable T clinical staging in comparison to patients exclusively treated with definitive CT-RT, similar survival outcomes were found.

A Spanish version of the Family Assessment Device.

INTRODUCTION: This paper presents the results of a study on the psychometric properties of an authorized Spanish version of the McMaster Family Assessment Device, a self-report measure of family functioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample comprised 60 psychiatric patients and their family member and 60 controls, without mental health problems, and their family member. RESULTS: Compared to other studies, all subscales displayed adequate temporal stability and acceptable reliability. While the instrument discriminated well between the two groups of families on all subscales, the results nevertheless indicated limitations in the inter-item discriminant capacity of the "Roles" subscale. Factor analysis resulted in a three-factor model that does not coincide with the established structure of this instrument. CONCLUSION: Proposals to improve and adapt questionnaire are discussed with a view to make it applicable to cultures other than the one it was developed. Theoretical models relating to psychosocial aspects such as family functioning, albeit compatible in some areas, should be viewed with caution in cultures different to that in which the model originates.