ABSTRACT
Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of overactive bladder (OAB) in young adults and to explore the influence of OAB on mental health. @*Methods@#Between October 2019 and January 2020, 14,010 anonymous questionnaires were distributed to freshmen at 2 universities in Henan, China. The students came from all over the country. The questionnaire included general items and information necessary to calculate the overactive bladder symptom score, the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score, Self-Esteem Scale (SES) score, and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) score. The relationships between the prevalence of OAB and its risk factors were evaluated. @*Results@#The overall prevalence of OAB was 6.0%, with 4.3% of participants characterized as having dry OAB and 1.7% as having wet OAB. The prevalence of mild OAB was 5.5%, and that of moderate OAB was 0.5%; no severe OAB was observed. Higher prevalence rates of OAB were found among women, respondents with constipation, and respondents with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) (P <0.05). Compared to healthy controls, the OAB group exhibited a higher mean SDS score (52.12±8.986 vs. 47.71±9.399, P<0.001) and mean PSQI score (5.28±2.486 vs. 4.27±2.431, P<0.001), but a lower mean SES score (27.78±3.599 vs. 29.57±4.109, P<0.001). @*Conclusions@#OAB significantly affects the mental health of young adults. Female sex, constipation, and PNE are risk factors for OAB.
ABSTRACT
A novel HTIB-promoted direct intramolecular dehydrogenative C-S bond coupling reaction of thioamides has been developed to provide 1,3-benzothiazine derivatives in good yields. The reaction proceeds smoothly to reach completion at room temperature within 1 min under metal-free conditions. This protocol provides a mild and efficient strategy for the synthesis of six-membered N,S-containing heterocycles. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that a spirocyclic intermediate might be involved.
ABSTRACT
The first general protocol for the synthesis of 1,3-benzothiazepine derivatives was established. With the aid of bench-stable hypervalent iodine promoter fluoro-HTIB, these seven-membered heterocycles can be rapidly synthesized from readily available thioamides under air atmosphere and metal-free conditions. The transformation can be completed within 1 min at room temperature and features a broad substrate scope.
ABSTRACT
A novel Mn(II)-promoted tandem phosphorylation/cyclization reaction of 2-biaryl isothiocyanates with phosphine oxides is described. This is the first general method to synthesize 6-phosporylated phenanthridines from 2-biaryl isothiocyanates. The approach is featured by oxidant-free, low loading of P-reagent, easy operation, and high functional group tolerance.
ABSTRACT
A copper-catalyzed tandem arylation-cyclization process to access 1-(arylthio)isoquinolines from isothiocyanates and diaryliodonium salts is described. It is the first general method to construct the potentially useful 1-(arylthio)isoquinoline derivatives. Moreover, 1-(methylthio)isoquinoline derivatives were also achieved successfully with MeOTf instead of diaryliodonium salts under metal-free conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal that these two processes proceed in different routes. This method has been successfully applied to the synthesis of quinazolinone alkaloid rutaecarpine.
ABSTRACT
ß-Ketothioamides (KTAs) are versatile building blocks for the rapid construction of various heterocyclic compounds. In the past decade, a number of successful reactions based on KTAs have been developed for the construction of heterocyclic skeletons under mild conditions. This minireview focuses on the annulation reactions of KTAs with dielectrophilic or dinucleophilic reagents. Multicomponent reactions using KTAs to construct various heterocycles are also the major contents in this review.