ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is a chronic consumptive infectious disease, which can cause great damage to human and animal health all over the world. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, the unstable protective effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on adults, and the mixed infection with HIV all warn people to exploit new approaches for conquering tuberculosis. At present, there has been significant progress in developing tuberculosis vaccines, such as improved BCG vaccine, subunit vaccine, DNA vaccine, live attenuated vaccine and inactivated vaccine. Among these candidate vaccines, there are some promising vaccines to improve or replace BCG vaccine effect. Meanwhile, the application of adjuvants, prime-boost strategy, immunoinformatic tools and targeting components have been studied concentratedly, and verified as valid means of raising the efficiency of tuberculosis vaccines as well. In this paper, the latest advance in tuberculosis vaccines in recent years is reviewed to provide reliable information for future tuberculosis prevention and treatment.
ABSTRACT
Lactic acid (LA) is a powerful molecule as the metabolic driver in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Inspired by its high intratumoral level (5-20 µmol g-1 ), a novel treatment paradigm via the cascade release of H2 O2 and ·OH from the LA generated by tumor metabolism is developed for catalytic and pH-dependent selective tumor chemotherapy. By utilizing the acidity and overexpression of LA within the TME, the constructed lactate oxidase (LOD)-immobilized Ce-benzenetricarboxylic acid (Ce-BTC) metal organic framework enables the intratumoral generation of ·OH via a cascade reaction: 1) the in situ catalytic release of H2 O2 from LA by LOD, and 2) the catalytic production of ·OH from H2 O2 by Ce-BTC with peroxidase-like activity. Highly toxic ·OH effectively induces tumor apoptosis/death. A new strategy for selective tumor chemotherapy is provided herein.