8-port MIMO antenna at 27 GHz for n261 band and exploring for body centric communication.

This paper presents a compact 5G wideband antenna designed for body-centric networks (BCN. The single element antenna design includes a simple T-shaped radiator patch with ring shaped ground plane and transformer impedance feedline. First, the antenna was simulated in free-space, and its resonant frequency is found to be 27 GHz, falling within 5G's n261 band. The proposed single radiator antenna has a size of 23.375 mm3, and it offers a wide impedance bandwidth of 2.0 GHz (26-28 GHz). Parametric studies demonstrated that by increasing the length of slots in patch, the antenna frequency can be reduced further. Single radiator antenna is used as 8-element MIMO structure. Parallel adjacent antenna in X-direction has minimal coupling effect, whereas antenna placed in Y-direction has high coupling effect. Thus, coupling is reduced by etching a wall of slots in ground plane. It alters the surface current interference in Y-direction and limits the coupling effect. The antenna is investigated to use in body area network applications. To evaluate its on-body performance, an equivalent body model is virtually developed. The on-body performance is assessed by placing the antenna in close proximity to body model. Stable and robust performance is achieved for the on-body operation. At the resonant point, the antenna exhibits a reflection coefficient of -30 dB (free space) and -40 dB (on-body), high isolation of above 20 dB between adjacent radiators and above 30 dB for other radiators. Antenna has stable performance for different body tissues and on the non-planar structures. Bidirectional radiation pattern with gain of 2.53 dB and broadside type orientations with gain of 4.64 dB are achieved for free space and on body operations respectively. low specific absorption rate makes antenna safe for health care devices. Further, diversity performance is measured in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and diversity gain (DG). Maximum Value of ECC is 0.005 and minimum value DG is 9.97 at 27 GHz which confirms the excellence of antenna for MIMO applications.

Design and performance analysis of an L-shaped radiator and defected ground antenna for enhancing wireless connectivity in brain implants.

Brain implantable wireless microsystems has potential to treat neurological diseases and maintain the quality of life. Highly efficient miniaturized antenna is the fundamental part of BID (brain implantable device) for reliable signaling of data through dissipative intracranial material. In this paper, a patch antenna with L-shaped defected ground is demonstrated. L-shaped radiator contributed to achieve the resonance at 2.45 GHz industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band. Antenna size is reduced to 10 × 10 × 0.25 mm3. The proposed L-shaped ground plane geometry is contributing in improving the radiation performance. |S11| value shifts from 15 dB to 30 dB after modifying the ground plane. Proposed structure attained the gain of -14 dBi when located between the Dura and CSF layers at the depth of 12 mm in human brain model. Full wave simulated antenna prototype is fabricated and measured for performance verification. Impedance bandwidth of 270 MHz and broadside radiation pattern (for transferring maximum electromagnetic energy away from tissue) are maintained by the proposed antenna. Brain tissue safety is ensured by specific absorption rate which is 0.709 W/kg and in compliance with the safety limits of 1.6 W/kg for 1-g averaged tissue. Proposed antenna structure is the promising candidate for medical implant technology.

A Miniaturized Tri-Band Implantable Antenna for ISM/WMTS/Lower UWB/Wi-Fi Frequencies.

This study aims to design a compact antenna structure suitable for implantable devices, with a broad frequency range covering various bands such as the Industrial Scientific and Medical band (868-868.6 MHz, 902-928 MHz, 5.725-5.875 GHz), the Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) band, a subset of the unlicensed 3.5-4.5 GHz ultra-wideband (UWB) that is free of interference, and various Wi-Fi spectra (3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 5.9 GHz, 6 GHz). The antenna supports both low and high frequencies for efficient data transfer and is compatible with various communication technologies. The antenna features an asynchronous-meandered radiator, a parasitic patch, and an open-ended square ring-shaped ground plane. The antenna is deployed deep inside the muscle layer of a rectangular phantom below the skin and fat layer at a depth of 7 mm for numerical simulation. Furthermore, the antenna is deployed in a cylindrical phantom and bent to check the suitability for different organs. A prototype of the antenna is created, and its reflection coefficient and radiation patterns are measured in fresh pork tissue. The proposed antenna is considered a suitable candidate for implantable technology compared to other designs reported in the literature. It can be observed that the proposed antenna in this study has the smallest volume (75 mm3) and widest bandwidth (181.8% for 0.86 GHz, 9.58% for 1.43 GHz, and 285.7% for the UWB subset and Wi-Fi). It also has the highest gain (-26 dBi for ISM, -14 dBi for WMTS, and -14.2 dBi for UWB subset and Wi-Fi) compared to other antennas in the literature. In addition, the SAR values for the proposed antenna are well below the safety limits prescribed by IEEE Std C95.1-1999, with SAR values of 0.409 W/Kg for 0.8 GHz, 0.534 W/Kg for 1.43 GHz, 0.529 W/Kg for 3.5 GHz, and 0.665 W/Kg for 5.5 GHz when the applied input power is 10 mW. Overall, the proposed antenna in this study demonstrates superior performance compared to existing tri-band implantable antennas in terms of size, bandwidth, gain, and SAR values.

Performance Analysis of an Aperture-Coupled THz Antenna for Diagnosing Breast Cancer.

The most important technique for exposing early-stage breast cancer is terahertz imaging. It aids in lowering the number of breast cancer-related fatalities and enhancing the quality of life. An essential component of developing the THz imaging system for high-quality photos is choosing the right sensor. In this article, a wideband antenna for microwave imaging of breast tissue with an operating frequency of 30 GHz (107 GHz to 137 GHz) is constructed and analyzed. An aperture-coupled antenna with an optimized ground aperture is proposed and analyzed, which made it possible to obtain better and consistent impedance matching in the wideband spectrum. The variation of backscattered signal energy in body tissue is assessed with healthy breast tissue and in the presence of malignant cells. A significant difference in energy scattering is observed for both situations. The suggested antenna's linear and stable time domain characteristics make it an appropriate component for THz imaging technology.

Prevalence of Palm-Print Patterns and their Association with ABO Blood Group and Gender, among Medical Students of North India.

Introduction: The Palmprint, a dermatoglyphic marker, is defi¬ned as the print of a palm, which is mainly composed of the palmar flexion creases and ridges. The palm print patterns and blood groups are unique, stable and remain unchanged throughout the life. Hence, the present study was undertaken to investigate association between Palm print patterns and ABO and Rh blood groups in both the genders of the North Indian population. Material and Method: The sample for the cross- sectional study was consist of palmprints from 300 (Male: female 1:1,150 each) medical students of North India. The palmprints of both the hands of the subjects were recorded by the ink and roller method. Result: The distribution of palmprint patterns of both hands showed a high frequency of Category 5, moderate of category 4, small of category 6 & 3 and none of category 1 &2. The study also show gender discrimination as category 5 was more common in males while Category 4 was more common in females (P-value for Right hand is.012 and for Left hand is <.001). Positive correlation was found between palm print patterns and blood group but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of present study revealed statistically significant sexual dimorphism in the study population. Palm print patterns also showed a positive correlation with ABO blood groups.

An Active and Low-cost Microwave Imaging System for Detection of Breast Cancer Using Back Scattered Signal.

A defected ground antenna with dielectric reflector is designed and investigated for breast tumour diagnosis. Ultra-wide band resonance (3.1 to 10.6 GHz) is achieved by etching two slots and adding a narrow vertical strip in a patch antenna. A high dielectric constant substrate is added below the antenna, which shows remarkable effect on performance. Antenna performance is verified experimentally on an artificially fabricated breast tissue and tumour. Malignant tissue has different dielectric properties than the normal tissue which causes deviation in the scattered antenna power. Average value of backscattered signal variation and ground penetrating radar (GPR) algorithm is used to localize the tumour of radius 4mm in breast tissue.

Variations of gonadal veins: embryological prospective and clinical significance.

INTRODUCTION: An adequate knowledge of anomalies of gonadal veins will help the radiologists and surgeons in recognition and protection of these veins which play major roles in thermo-regulation that is essential for the efficient functioning of testis on which the survival of the human species depends. AIM: The aim of this work is to present an analysis of the anatomical variations of gonadal veins. An effort has also been made to explicate the possible embryological model of development of such variants and to present the variable clinical aspects concerning them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gonadal veins in 60 dissection room cadavers were examined for variations from the classic anatomic description. RESULT: In the present study, out of 60 cases, male: female ratio was 2:1(40:20) in which no variation was found in ovarian veins. In the 18 (45%) cases, testicular veins showed variations which consist of duplication and atypical drainage. DISCUSSION: Variations of drainage of gonadal vein are due to error of embryological development in venous shift and alteration in anastomotic channel of post-cardinal, supra-cardinal and sub cardinal veins. CONCLUSION: The gonadal veins present numeric variations as well as variations in its site of drainage, which attributed to the various pathological conditions as varicocele and pelvic congestion syndrome, leading to infertility in patients. Hence, in -depth knowledge of these developmental anomalies of gonadal veins is important.

Wnk1 kinase deficiency lowers blood pressure in mice: a gene-trap screen to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

The availability of both the mouse and human genome sequences allows for the systematic discovery of human gene function through the use of the mouse as a model system. To accelerate the genetic determination of gene function, we have developed a sequence-tagged gene-trap library of >270,000 mouse embryonic stem cell clones representing mutations in approximately 60% of mammalian genes. Through the generation and phenotypic analysis of knockout mice from this resource, we are undertaking a functional screen to identify genes regulating physiological parameters such as blood pressure. As part of this screen, mice deficient for the Wnk1 kinase gene were generated and analyzed. Genetic studies in humans have shown that large intronic deletions in WNK1 lead to its overexpression and are responsible for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hypertension, increased renal salt reabsorption, and impaired K+ and H+ excretion. Consistent with the human genetic studies, Wnk1 heterozygous mice displayed a significant decrease in blood pressure. Mice homozygous for the Wnk1 mutation died during embryonic development before day 13 of gestation. These results demonstrate that Wnk1 is a regulator of blood pressure critical for development and illustrate the utility of a functional screen driven by a sequence-based mutagenesis approach.

Multiple Trp isoforms implicated in capacitative calcium entry are expressed in human pregnant myometrium and myometrial cells.

Capacitative Ca2+ entry plays a role in thapsigargin- and oxytocin-mediated increases in intracellular free Ca2+ in human myometrium. Members of the Trp protein family have been implicated in capacitative Ca2+ entry in a number of tissues. Pregnant human myometrium and the human myometrial cell line PHM1-41 expressed mRNA for hTrp1, hTrp3, hTrp4, hTrp6, and hTrp7. A number of known splice variants of hTrp1 and hTrp4 were expressed in these cells. In addition, novel splice variants for hTrp1 and hTrp3 were discovered. hTrp1gamma1 and hTrp1gamma2 contain insertions between previously described exons 9 and 10 that would alter reading frame and produce Trp proteins truncated in the membrane spanning region if expressed. The hTrp3 variant introduces sequence between exons 8 and 9 that would insert 16 amino acids in the C-terminal region of the protein upstream of the calmodulin and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor interaction domain. hTrp1, hTrp3, and hTrp4 proteins were detected in both pregnant human myometrial and PHM1-41 membranes; a weak band consistent with hTrp6 expression was detected in pregnant human myometrium. These data are consistent with the presence of proteins that could form putative capacitative Ca2+ channels in human myometrium. Control of the activity of these channels may be important for the control of uterine contractile activity.