Tracking in situ checkpoint inhibitor-bound target T cells in patients with checkpoint-induced colitis.

The success of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) for cancer has been tempered by immune-related adverse effects including colitis. CPI-induced colitis is hallmarked by expansion of resident mucosal IFNγ cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, but how these arise is unclear. Here, we track CPI-bound T cells in intestinal tissue using multimodal single-cell and subcellular spatial transcriptomics (ST). Target occupancy was increased in inflamed tissue, with drug-bound T cells located in distinct microdomains distinguished by specific intercellular signaling and transcriptional gradients. CPI-bound cells were largely CD4+ T cells, including enrichment in CPI-bound peripheral helper, follicular helper, and regulatory T cells. IFNγ CD8+ T cells emerged from both tissue-resident memory (TRM) and peripheral populations, displayed more restricted target occupancy profiles, and co-localized with damaged epithelial microdomains lacking effective regulatory cues. Our multimodal analysis identifies causal pathways and constitutes a resource to inform novel preventive strategies.

Exploring how Australian general practice registrars define cultural safety with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients: a mixed method study.

BACKGROUND: Understanding how the general practice medical workforce defines cultural safety may help tailor education and training to better enable community-determined culturally safe practice. This project seeks to explore how Australian general practice registrars define cultural safety with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients and alignment with an Australian community derived definition of cultural safety. METHODS: This mixed method study involved a survey considering demographic details of general practice registrars, questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews to explore how general practice registrars defined cultural safety and a culturally safe consultation. RESULTS: Twenty-six registrars completed the survey. Sixteen registrars completed both the survey and the interview. CONCLUSION: This study shows amongst this small sample that there is limited alignment of general practice registrars' definitions of cultural safety with a community derived definition of cultural safety. The most frequently cited aspects of cultural safety included accessible healthcare, appropriate attitude, and awareness of differences.

A Post-Fellowship Support Framework for Rural Doctors: the Queensland experience.

Background: International workforce shortages have prompted many initiatives to recruit, train and retain rural doctors, including Australia's emerging National Rural Generalist Pathway. This project explored an important component of retention, rural doctors' post-Fellowship support needs, to develop and validate a post-Fellowship support framework. There has been considerable international attention on social accountability in medical education and how medical schools and other institutions can address the needs of the communities they serve. The recognition that rural and remote communities globally are underserved has prompted numerous educational approaches including rurally focused recruitment, selection, and training. Less attention has been paid to the support needs of rural doctors and how they can be retained in rural practice once recruited. Methods: The project team reviewed international and Australian rural workforce and medical education literature and relevant policy documents to develop a set of guiding principles for a post-Fellowship support framework. This project utilised a mixed methods approach involving quantitative and qualitative methodologies. A range of rural doctors, administrators, and clinicians, working in primary and secondary care, across multiple rural locations in Queensland were invited to participate in interviews. Thematic analysis was undertaken. Results: The interviews validated ten interconnected guiding principles which enabled development of a grounded, contextually relevant approach to post-Fellowship support. This framework provides a blueprint for a retention strategy aiming to build a strong, skilled, and sustainable medical workforce capable of meeting community needs. Conclusions: The ten principles were designed in the real-world context of a mature Queensland Rural Generalist Pathway. Four themes emerged from the inductive thematic analysis: connecting primary and secondary care; valuing a rural career; supporting training and education; and valuing rural general practice. These themes will be used as a basis for engagement and consultation with rural stakeholders to develop appropriate retention and support strategies.

Field evidence of brown carbon absorption enhancement linked to organic nitrogen formation in Indo-Gangetic Plain.

Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC), a short-lived climate forcer, absorbs solar radiation and is a substantial contributor to the warming of the Earth's atmosphere. BrC composition, its absorption properties, and their evolution are poorly represented in climate models, especially during atmospheric aqueous events such as fog and clouds. These aqueous events, especially fog, are quite prevalent during wintertime in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and involve several stages (e.g., activation, formation, and dissipation, etc.), resulting in a large variation of relative humidity (RH) in the atmosphere. The huge RH variability allowed us to examine the evolution of water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) diurnally and as a function of aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) and RH in this study. We explored links between the evolution of WS-BrC mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAEWS-BrC-365) and chemical characteristics, viz., low-volatility organics and water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) ratio (org-N/C), in the field (at Kanpur in central IGP) for the first time worldwide. We observed that WSON formation governed enhancement in MAEWS-BrC-365 diurnally (except during the afternoon) in the IGP. During the afternoon, the WS-BrC photochemical bleaching dwarfed the absorption enhancement caused by WSON formation. Further, both MAEWS-BrC-365 and org-N/C ratio increased with a decrease in ALWC and RH in this study, signifying that evaporation of fog droplets or bulk aerosol particles accelerated the formation of nitrogen-containing organic chromophores, resulting in the enhancement of WS-BrC absorptivity. The direct radiative forcing of WS-BrC relative to that of elemental carbon (EC) was ∼19 % during wintertime in Kanpur, and âˆ¼ 40 % of this contribution was in the UV-region. These findings highlight the importance of further examining the links between the evolution of BrC absorption behavior and chemical composition in the field and incorporating it in the BrC framework of climate models to constrain the predictions.

Validating the knowledge represented by a self-organizing map with an expert-derived knowledge structure.

BACKGROUND: Professionals are reluctant to make use of machine learning results for tasks like curriculum development if they do not understand how the results were generated and what they mean. Visualizations of peer reviewed medical literature can summarize enormous amounts of information but are difficult to interpret. This article reports the validation of the meaning of a self-organizing map derived from the Medline/PubMed index of peer reviewed medical literature by its capacity to coherently summarize the references of a core psychiatric textbook. METHODS: Reference lists from ten editions of Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry were projected onto a self-organizing map trained on Medical Subject Headings annotating the complete set of peer reviewed medical research articles indexed in the Medline/PubMed database (MedSOM). K-means clustering was applied to references from every edition to examine the ability of the self-organizing map to coherently summarize the knowledge contained within the textbook. RESULTS: MedSOM coherently clustered references into six psychiatric knowledge domains across ten editions (1967-2017). Clustering occurred at the abstract level of broad psychiatric practice including General/adult psychiatry, Child psychiatry, and Administrative psychiatry. CONCLUSIONS: The uptake of visualizations of published medical literature by medical experts for purposes like curriculum development depends upon validation of the meaning of the visualizations. The current research demonstrates that a self-organizing map (MedSOM) can validate the stability and coherence of the references used to support the knowledge claims of a standard psychiatric textbook, linking the products of machine learning to a widely accepted standard of knowledge.

Retraction of 'Ameliorating the Role of Aripiprazole in Memory Deficits Induced by Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin-Induced Dementia of Alzheimer's Type'.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02550.].

Renal dysfunction in routine proton-pump inhibitor use may be linked to comorbidities: A real-world observational study.

INTRODUCTION: The use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) is linked with infrequent but serious adverse events, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progression of CKD. Data on renal safety in routine use of PPI are more relevant to clinical practice. We studied whether such use of PPI is associated with renal dysfunction. METHODS: Patients taking PPI for at least six weeks had serum creatinine tested pre (n = 200) and post (n = 180) recruitment. These patients were then advised to follow-up: those taking PPI for at least 90 days in the next six months (n = 77) and at least another 90 days in the following six months (n = 50), had serum creatinine tested at such follow-up. Renal dysfunction was defined as any increase in serum creatinine level above baseline. RESULTS: The 200 patients recruited had mean age 39.6 (SD 9.2) years. Ninety-eight (49%) patients had a history of previous PPI use (median six months; interquartile range [IQR] 3-24). Only 20 (11.1%) patients at six weeks, 11 (14.3%) at six months and six (12%) at one year had increase in creatinine level; a majority of them had less than 0.3 mg/dL increase. Ten of these 20 (six weeks), five of 11 (six months) and five of six (one year) had other risk factors for renal dysfunction. No patient developed CKD during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Mild and non-progressive increase in serum creatinine occurred in 10% to 15% of patients on routine PPI use. A majority of them had other risk factors. Small sample size and short follow-up duration are a few limitations of this study.

Defining the Boundaries of Psychiatric and Medical Knowledge: Applying Cartographic Principles to Self-Organising Maps.

Biases in selection, training, and continuing professional development of medical specialists arise in part from reliance upon expert judgement for the design, implementation, and management of medical education. Reducing bias in curriculum development has primarily relied upon consensus processes modelled on the Delphi technique. The application of machine learning algorithms to databases indexing peer-reviewed medical literature can extract objective evidence about the novelty, relevance, and relative importance of different areas of medical knowledge. This study reports the construction of a map of medical knowledge based on the entire corpus of the MEDLINE database indexing more than 30 million articles published in medical journals since the 19th century. Techniques used in cartography to maximise the visually intelligible differentiation between regions are applied to knowledge clusters identified by a self-organising map to show the structure of published psychiatric evidence and its relationship to non-psychiatric medical domains.

Investigating the temporal dynamics of sub-micron particles and particle-bound transition metals in indoor air of a metropolitan city.

The present study portrays an association between particle-bound transition metals and children's health. The indoor air quality of the urban metropolitan city households was monitored for four PM sizes, namely PM1.0-2.5, PM0.50-1.0, PM0.25-0.50 and PM<0.25, in major seasons observed in the city; summer and winter. Further transition/heavy metals, viz. Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, were analysed in PM1-2.5 samples. In order to evaluate the effect, health risk assessment was performed using mathematical and computational model for assessing dermal exposure and dose estimation (multiple path particle dosimetry model version3.0). The study principally targeted the children aged 2-15 years for the health risk assessment. According to the results, for the largest particle size i.e. PM1.0-2.5 the highest deposition was in the head region (49.1%) followed by pulmonary (43.6%) and tracheobronchial region (7.2%), whereas, for the smallest particle size i.e. PM<0.25 the highest deposition was obtained in the pulmonary region (73.0%) followed by the head (13.6%) and TB region (13.2%). Also, the most imperilled group of children with highest dose accumulation was found to be children aged 8-9 years for all particle sizes. Moreover, the dermal exposure dose as evaluated was found to be preeminent for Ni, Zn and Pb. Besides, seasonal variation gesticulated towards elevated concentrations in winter relative to the summer season. Altogether, the study will provide a conception to the researchers in the fields mounting season-specific guidelines and mitigation approaches. Conclusively, the study commends future work focussing on defining the effects of other chemical components on particles and associated transition metal composition along with proper extenuation of the same.

Charge variants of proposed biosimilar to Omalizumab: Isolation, purification and analysis by HPLC methods.

Omalizumab (Xolair) is a humanized monoclonal antibody derived by recombinant DNA technology. It binds specifically to immunoglobulin E (IgE) which plays a major role in allergic reaction by releasing histamine and other inflammatory factors from mast cells. Omalizumab binds circulatory IgE with high affinity and prevents from its binding to mast cell receptor. Charge variants are one of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) in biological drug development and sources of heterogeneity which needs to be considered in biosimilarity assessment. In this study, biosimilar product of Xolair was expressed in mammalian cell culture process in laboratory to isolate charge variants (acidic, main peak and basic). Different charge variants were isolated from intermediate purified biosimilar product of Xolair. Isolated charge variants were purified with preparative cation exchange chromatography technique and characterized with different analytical tools includes size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) and cation exchange chromatography (CEX-HPLC). Purity of acidic, main peak and basic variants was 99.58%, 99.98% and 98.64% respectively as per SEC-HPLC and according to CEX-HPLC purity was 94.25%, 95.58% and 91.33% respectively. The study data indicates that isolated charge variants were purified with desired purity and can be further used for process characterization, in vitro potency and in vivo kinetics studies.

Neutral saccharides and hemicellulose over two urban sites in Indo-Gangetic Plain and Central Europe during winter.

Saccharides are ubiquitous organic compounds that are omnipresent in nature and are considered tracers of aerosol sources. Saccharides and hemicellulose were analyzed in the aerosols of two polluted regions (Allahabad, India and Sosnowiec, Poland). The chemical compositions of the compounds and their abundances were significantly different at the two sites. Levoglucosan was the most dominant saccharide present at both sites. Galactosan, anhydroglucofuranose, mannosan, glucose, arabitol, D-pinitol, sucrose, and trehalose were found in Allahabad samples in high abundance but were significantly lower than levoglucosan. Mannosan, galactosan, arabinose, glycerol, and sucrose were significant compounds in Sosnowiec after dominating levoglucosan. The major sources of saccharides present in the Allahabad aerosols are hardwood and agricultural waste-burning emissions, whereas those at Sosnowiec are attributed to the burning of softwood (mainly gymnosperm trees), pine needles, or sporadically grass during the winter. Further, the chemical characteristics of hemicellulose remnants present in ambient aerosol at the Indian and European sites were analyzed and discussed. At both locations, hemicellulose was found using methanolysis of the filter samples; however, its state of preservation was poor. We believe that the primary sources of hemicellulose remnants are incomplete wood burning, crop straw, grass burning, or plant debris. Relatively poor preservation is associated with partial hemicellulose degradation when exposed to elevated temperatures or due to the oxidation and microbial degradation of plant fragments.

Using competition for plasma donor recruitment and retention: An Australian university case study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Using evidence from one Australian university's participation in the Vampire Cup (an 8-week national inter-university blood donation competition), this study aimed to (1) understand important motivators and successful promotional strategies driving engagement in the competition, and (2) determine the impact of competition on the recruitment and retention of young adult plasma donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design involving a self-administered survey (Study 1, n = 64) and four focus groups (Study 2, n = 20) with plasma donors aged 18-29 years who participated in the 2021 Vampire Cup. Also, we used a 12-month prospective comparative cohort analysis (Study 3) of those who did (n = 224 'competition donors') and did not (n = 448 control group) present to donate for the Vampire Cup. RESULTS: Competition was a strong motivator, with 76% of survey participants donating to help their university win the Vampire Cup. The survey and focus groups suggested that successful engagement in the competition was due to peer-led recruitment, leveraging existing rivalries at both the inter- and intra-university level, and using prize draws to create an active online social community promoting blood donation. Competition donors donated plasma significantly more often during the competition but donated at similar rates after the competition, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Rivalry-based competition strategies, combined with enthusiastic team leaders and an active social media community, can help to recruit, and retain, young adult plasma donors, and motivate an intermittent boost to donation frequency over a short period each year.

Highly purified charge variants of a proposed biosimilar to Omalizumab: impact on in vitro potency and stability under thermal stress.

Biosimilars are highly complex and similar biological drugs are developed with different manufacturing processes which are not similar to originator manufacturing process. Due to this, biosimilar products inherently have quality differences in comparison to innovator molecule which may be related to size, charge and glycosylation. Despite these differences they are supposed to demonstrate similar behaviour in safety and efficacy profile to the reference product and these differences should not be clinically meaningful. Charge variants are one of the critical quality attributes and sources of heterogeneity. In this study, highly purified charge variants cluster (acidic, main peak and basic) of biosimilar product of Xolair were assessed for their impact on in vitro potency and stability at different thermal stress conditions (2-8 °C and - 20 °C). The study data indicating purified charge variants (> 90%) have no impact on in vitro potency and are stable at different thermal stress conditions up to a week.

Strategies for facilitating social work placements in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Hosting social work placements within general practice can provide opportunities to extend interdisciplinary skills, increase the ability to meet patient needs and improve understanding of social work as a discipline. OBJECTIVE: This paper is based on an Australian pilot project involving social work students being placed in general practice for their 500-hour placements. Collaboratively written by academics and practitioners from social work and general practice, it provides key strategies guiding practices to optimise implementing social work student placements. It identifies strategies to design the placement, select students and to prepare practices, supervisors and students to benefit student learning and the general practice. DISCUSSION: Preparing key stakeholders, providing targeted supervision, longer appointments for social work students and involving all stakeholders are key strategies to successfully facilitate social work placements in general practice. Hosting social work students effectively can further develop multidisciplinary practice, connecting general practices even more with best practice, research and community.

Self-reported food intolerances in an Indian population: Need for individualization rather than a universal low-FODMAP diet.

Background and Aim: Low-fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyol (FODMAP) diets have been recommended for individuals with food intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Individual food intolerances may, however, not correspond to the FODMAP content alone. Methods: We conducted a survey on self-reported intolerance to articles of food commonly identified as high FODMAP in 400 healthy Indian subjects (median age 40 years; 69% men) and 204 consecutive consenting patients with IBS (median age 36 years; 58% men). Results: One-hundred seventy-nine (44.8%) healthy subjects and 147 (72.1%) patients with IBS reported some food intolerance (P < 0.00001); the latter reported intolerance to all items (except nuts) more frequently than healthy subjects. The prevalence, however, varied from 2.5 to 32%. Milk intolerance was reported equally commonly by healthy subjects and patients (23% vs 29.9%). Twenty-three (11.3%) patients and no healthy subjects reported wheat sensitivity. The IBS diarrhea subgroup reported intolerance to milk, pulses, capsicum, cauliflower, leafy vegetables, and dry fruits more frequently than the constipation subgroup. Conclusion: From among a list of high-FODMAP items, individuals' intolerance varied widely, suggesting that individuals should be the final judge in deciding their elimination diets rather than devise them based on the FODMAP content alone. As in the West, food intolerance was reported more commonly by patients with IBS, especially those with diarrhea, than by healthy individuals. Also noteworthy is the low prevalence of milk intolerance in a subcontinent labeled as high in lactose intolerance. Unlike in the West, wheat intolerance was not reported by any healthy individual.

What works for and what hinders deimplementation of low-value care in emergency medicine practice? A scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: Low-value care can harm patients and healthcare systems. Despite a decade of global endeavours, low value care has persisted. Identification of barriers and enablers is essential for effective deimplementation of low-value care. This scoping review is an evidence summary of barriers, enablers and features of effective interventions for deimplementation of low-value care in emergency medicine practice worldwide. DESIGN: A mixed-methods scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. DATA SOURCES: Medline, CINAHL, Embase, EMCare, Scopus and grey literature were searched from inception to 5 December 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Primary studies which employed qualitative, quantitative or mixed-methods approaches to explore deimplementation of low-value care in an EM setting and reported barriers, enablers or interventions were included. Reviews, protocols, perspectives, comments, opinions, editorials, letters to editors, news articles, books, chapters, policies, guidelines and animal studies were excluded. No language limits were applied. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Study selection, data collection and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Barriers, enablers and interventions were mapped to the domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for quality assessment. RESULTS: The search yielded 167 studies. A majority were quantitative studies (90%, 150/167) that evaluated interventions (86%, 143/167). Limited provider abilities, diagnostic uncertainty, lack of provider insight, time constraints, fear of litigation, and patient expectations were the key barriers. Enablers included leadership commitment, provider engagement, provider training, performance feedback to providers and shared decision-making with patients. Interventions included one or more of the following facets: education, stakeholder engagement, audit and feedback, clinical decision support, nudge, clinical champions and training. Multifaceted interventions were more likely to be effective than single-faceted interventions. Effectiveness of multifaceted interventions was influenced by fidelity of the intervention facets. Use of behavioural change theories such as the Theoretical Domains Framework in the published studies appeared to enhance the effectiveness of interventions to deimplement low-value care. CONCLUSION: High-fidelity, multifaceted interventions that incorporated education, stakeholder engagement, audit/feedback and clinical decision support, were administered daily and lasted longer than 1 year were most effective in achieving deimplementation of low-value care in emergency departments. This review contributes the best available evidence to date, but further rigorous, theory-informed, qualitative and mixed-methods studies are needed to supplement the growing body of evidence to effectively deimplement low-value care in emergency medicine practice.

Cultural safety in telehealth consultations with Indigenous people: A scoping review of global literature.

INTRODUCTION: Telehealth has become increasingly routine within healthcare and has potential to reduce barriers to care, including for Indigenous populations. However, it is crucial for practitioners to first ensure that their telehealth practice is culturally safe. This review aims to describe the attributes of culturally safe telehealth consultations for Indigenous people as well as strategies that could promote cultural safety. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted on key features of cultural safety in telehealth for Indigenous people using the Johanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines and PRISMA-ScR checklist. Five electronic databases were searched, and additional literature was identified through handsearching. RESULTS: A total of 649 articles were screened resulting in 17 articles included in the review. The central themes related to the provision of culturally safe telehealth refer to attributes of the practitioner: cultural and community knowledge, communication skills and the building and maintenance of patient-provider relationships. These practitioner attributes are modified and shaped by external environmental factors: technology, the availability of support staff and the telehealth setting. DISCUSSION: This review identified practitioner-led features which enhance cultural safety but also recognised the structural factors that can contribute, both positively and negatively, to the cultural safety of a telehealth interaction. For some individuals, telehealth is not a comfortable or acceptable form of care. However, if strategies are undertaken to make telehealth more culturally safe, it has the potential to increase opportunities for access to care and thus contribute towards reducing health inequalities faced by Indigenous peoples.

Do educational interventions improve prescribing skills of medical students compared to no additional learning? A systematic review.

Research suggests that medical students are not confident and may be ill-prepared to prescribe competently. Therefore, changes to standard education may be required to fortify medical student prescribing skills, confidence, and competence. However, specific education to write a safe and legal prescription is generally lacking. Furthermore, the term prescribe and the skill thereof is not clearly defined. This review compares additional education for medical students to no identified additional education or another educational modality on the skill of prescription writing. Secondary aims include review of education modalities, prescribing skill assessments, educator professional background, and timing of education within the medical curriculum. This systematic review was conducted and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Databases searched included: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Emcare (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed and Scopus. Search terms included: medical education, medical undergraduate, medical student, medical school, and prescriptions. The search was conducted in February 2023, and quantitative outcomes were reported. Of the 5197 citations identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies reported significant improvements in prescribing skills of medical students after additional educational intervention(s). Various educational modalities were implemented, including case-based teaching (n=3), patient-based teaching (n=1), tutorial-based teaching (n=2), didactic teaching (n=1), and mixed methods (n=6). There were no commonalities in the professional background of the educator; however, five studies used faculty members. There was no consensus on the best assessment type and time to implement prescription writing education during medical training. There are a range of interventions to educate and assess prescribing competencies of medical students. Despite heterogenous study designs, there is evidence of the superiority of additional prescription writing education versus no identified additional education to develop prescription writing skills. The introduction of formal teaching and standardised assessment of prescribing skills for medical students is recommended.

A review on potential approach for in silico toxicity analysis of respirable fraction of ambient particulate matter.

Epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown the adverse effect of ambient particulate matter (PM) on respiratory and cardiovascular systems inside the human body. Various cellular and acellular assays in literature use indicators like ROS generation, cell inflammation, mutagenicity, etc., to assess PM toxicity and associated health effects. The presence of toxic compounds in respirable PM needs detailed studies for proper understanding of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion mechanisms inside the body as it is difficult to accurately imitate or simulate these mechanisms in lab or animal models. The leaching kinetics of the lung fluid, PM composition, retention time, body temperature, etc., are hard to mimic in an artificial experimental setup. Moreover, the PM size fraction also plays an important role. For example, the ultrafine particles may directly enter systemic circulations while coarser PM10 may be trapped and deposited in the tracheo-bronchial region. Hence, interpretation of these results in toxicity models should be done judiciously. Computational models predicting PM toxicity are rare in the literature. The variable composition of PM and lack of proper understanding for their synergistic role inside the body are prime reasons behind it. This review explores different possibilities of in silico modeling and suggests possible approaches for the risk assessment of PM particles. The toxicity testing approach for engineered nanomaterials, drugs, food industries, etc., have also been investigated for application in computing PM toxicity.