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1.
Clinics (Sao Paulo) ; 79: 100353, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38579639

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Child health actions in Brazil have their primary focus on early childhood. A new epidemiological profile is emerging for children after the first one thousand days: an increase in non-communicable chronic diseases. This research aimed to analyze the attributes of Primary Health Care comparatively among different age groups, using three years of age as the cutoff point. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional and conducted in three Primary Health Care Units and three Ambulatory Medical Assistance facilities in the Western Region of São Paulo. The PCA Tool Brazil was used as the assessment instrument. RESULTS: A total of 311 interviews were conducted with caregivers of children aged 0 to 12 years; 153 children were under three years old, and 158 were three years or older. The attributes that showed statistically significant differences between age groups (< 3 years and > 3 years) were affiliation (4.9 × 3.8), longitudinality (5.7 × 5.2), information system (7.4 × 6.3), and services provided (5.4 × 4.5). Through linear regression analysis, it was observed that there was a trend for better overall and essential scores in the evaluations of the group of children under three years old who attended Primary Health Care Units. CONCLUSION: The comparative analysis of Primary Health Care attributes among pediatric age groups revealed a trend towards higher scores, according to caregivers' perceptions, for children under three years old. This study suggests the need for the implementation of programs that can better address the healthcare needs of children beyond early childhood.


Subject(s)
Caregivers , Primary Health Care , Humans , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Brazil/epidemiology , Research Design
2.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 119(5): 724-731, nov. 2022. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1533702

ABSTRACT

Resumo Fundamento A associação entre o status de saúde cardiovascular ideal ( ideal cardiovascular health ( ICVH) e diagnóstico de fibrilação ou flutter atrial (FFA) foi menos estudado em comparação a outras doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivos Analisar a associação entre o diagnóstico de FFA e métricas e escores de ICVH no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos Este estudo analisou dados de 13141 participantes com dados completos. Os traçados eletrocardiográficos foram codificados de acordo com o Sistema de Minnesota, em um centro de leitura centralizado. As métricas do ICVH (dieta, atividade física, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, glicemia de jeju, e colesterol total) e escores do ICVH foram calculados conforme proposto pela American Heart Association . Modelos de regressão logística bruta e ajustada foram construídos para analisar associações de métricas e escores do ICVH com diagnóstico de FFA. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 0,05. Resultados A idade mediana da amostra foi de 55 anos, e 54,4% eram mulheres. Nos modelos ajustados, os escores de ICVH não apresentaram associação significativa com diagnóstico de FFA prevalente [odds ratio (OR):0,96; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%):0,80-1,16; p=0,70). Perfis de pressão arterial ideal (OR:0,33; IC95%:0,1-0,74; p=0,007) e colesterol total ideal (OR:1,88; IC95%:1,19-2,98; p=0,007) foram significativamente associados com o diagnóstico de FFA. Conclusões Não foram identificadas associações significativas entre escores de ICVH global e diagnóstico de FFA após ajuste multivariado em nossas análises, devido, ao menos em parte, às associações antagônicas da FFA com métricas de pressão arterial e de colesterol total do ICVH. Nossos resultados sugerem que estimar a prevenção da FFA por meio de escore de ICVH global pode não ser adequado, e as métricas do ICVH devem ser consideradas separadamente.


Abstract Background The association between ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) status and atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) diagnosis has been less studied compared to other cardiovascular diseases. Objective To analyze the association between AFF diagnosis and ICVH metrics and scores in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods This study analyzed data from 13,141 participants with complete data. Electrocardiographic tracings were coded according to the Minnesota Coding System, in a centralized reading center. ICVH metrics (diet, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol) and scores were calculated as proposed by the American Heart Association. Crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models were built to analyze the association of ICVH metrics and scores with AFF diagnosis. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results The sample had a median age of 55 years and 54.4% were women. In adjusted models, ICVH scores were not significantly associated with prevalent AFF diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]:0.96; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.80-1.16; p=0.70). Ideal blood pressure (OR:0.33; 95% CI:0.15-0.74; p=0.007) and total cholesterol (OR:1.88; 95% CI:1.19-2.98; p=0.007) profiles were significantly associated with AFF diagnosis. Conclusions No significant associations were identified between global ICVH scores and AFF diagnosis after multivariable adjustment in our analyses, at least partially due to the antagonistic associations of AFF with blood pressure and total cholesterol ICVH metrics. Our results suggest that estimating the prevention of AFF burden using global ICVH scores may not be adequate, and ICVH metrics should be considered in separate.

3.
Arq Bras Cardiol ; 2022 Sep 23.
Article in Portuguese, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36169453

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The association between ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) status and atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) diagnosis has been less studied compared to other cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between AFF diagnosis and ICVH metrics and scores in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: This study analyzed data from 13,141 participants with complete data. Electrocardiographic tracings were coded according to the Minnesota Coding System, in a centralized reading center. ICVH metrics (diet, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol) and scores were calculated as proposed by the American Heart Association. Crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models were built to analyze the association of ICVH metrics and scores with AFF diagnosis. Significance level was set at 0.05. RESULTS: The sample had a median age of 55 years and 54.4% were women. In adjusted models, ICVH scores were not significantly associated with prevalent AFF diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]:0.96; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.80-1.16; p=0.70). Ideal blood pressure (OR:0.33; 95% CI:0.15-0.74; p=0.007) and total cholesterol (OR:1.88; 95% CI:1.19-2.98; p=0.007) profiles were significantly associated with AFF diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: No significant associations were identified between global ICVH scores and AFF diagnosis after multivariable adjustment in our analyses, at least partially due to the antagonistic associations of AFF with blood pressure and total cholesterol ICVH metrics. Our results suggest that estimating the prevention of AFF burden using global ICVH scores may not be adequate, and ICVH metrics should be considered in separate.


FUNDAMENTO: A associação entre o status de saúde cardiovascular ideal ( ideal cardiovascular health ( ICVH) e diagnóstico de fibrilação ou flutter atrial (FFA) foi menos estudado em comparação a outras doenças cardiovasculares. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a associação entre o diagnóstico de FFA e métricas e escores de ICVH no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). MÉTODOS: Este estudo analisou dados de 13141 participantes com dados completos. Os traçados eletrocardiográficos foram codificados de acordo com o Sistema de Minnesota, em um centro de leitura centralizado. As métricas do ICVH (dieta, atividade física, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, glicemia de jeju, e colesterol total) e escores do ICVH foram calculados conforme proposto pela American Heart Association . Modelos de regressão logística bruta e ajustada foram construídos para analisar associações de métricas e escores do ICVH com diagnóstico de FFA. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 0,05. RESULTADOS: A idade mediana da amostra foi de 55 anos, e 54,4% eram mulheres. Nos modelos ajustados, os escores de ICVH não apresentaram associação significativa com diagnóstico de FFA prevalente [odds ratio (OR):0,96; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%):0,80-1,16; p=0,70). Perfis de pressão arterial ideal (OR:0,33; IC95%:0,1-0,74; p=0,007) e colesterol total ideal (OR:1,88; IC95%:1,19-2,98; p=0,007) foram significativamente associados com o diagnóstico de FFA. CONCLUSÕES: Não foram identificadas associações significativas entre escores de ICVH global e diagnóstico de FFA após ajuste multivariado em nossas análises, devido, ao menos em parte, às associações antagônicas da FFA com métricas de pressão arterial e de colesterol total do ICVH. Nossos resultados sugerem que estimar a prevenção da FFA por meio de escore de ICVH global pode não ser adequado, e as métricas do ICVH devem ser consideradas separadamente.

4.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35162852

ABSTRACT

(1) Background: Brazil has a universal public healthcare system, but individuals can still opt to buy private health insurance and/or pay out-of-pocket for healthcare. Past research suggests that Brazilians make combined use of public and private services, possibly causing double costs. This study aims to describe this dual use and assess its relationship with socioeconomic status (SES). (2) Methods: We calculated survey-weighted population estimates and descriptive statistics, and built a survey-weighted logistic regression model to explore the effect of SES on dual use of healthcare, including demographic characteristics and other variables related to healthcare need and use as additional explanatory variables using data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. (3) Results: An estimated 39,039,016 (n = 46,914; 18.6%) persons sought care in the two weeks before the survey, of which 5,576,216 were dual users (n = 6484; 14.7%). Dual use happened both in the direction of public to private (n = 4628; 67.3%), and of private to public (n = 1855; 32.7%). Higher income had a significant effect on dual use (p < 0.0001), suggesting a dose-response relationship, even after controlling for confounders. Significant effects were also found for region (p < 0.0001) and usual source of care (USC) (p < 0.0001). (4) Conclusion: A large number of Brazilians are seeking care from a source different than their regular system. Higher SES, region, and USC are associated factors, possibly leading to more health inequity. Due to its high prevalence and important implications, more research is warranted to illuminate the main causes of dual use.


Subject(s)
Health Services , Insurance, Health , Brazil , Delivery of Health Care , Humans , Income
5.
PLOS Digit Health ; 1(5): e0000029, 2022 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36812543

ABSTRACT

With the onset of COVID-19, general practitioners (GPs) and patients worldwide swiftly transitioned from face-to-face to digital remote consultations. There is a need to evaluate how this global shift has impacted patient care, healthcare providers, patient and carer experience, and health systems. We explored GPs' perspectives on the main benefits and challenges of using digital virtual care. GPs across 20 countries completed an online questionnaire between June-September 2020. GPs' perceptions of main barriers and challenges were explored using free-text questions. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. A total of 1,605 respondents participated in our survey. The benefits identified included reducing COVID-19 transmission risks, guaranteeing access and continuity of care, improved efficiency, faster access to care, improved convenience and communication with patients, greater work flexibility for providers, and hastening the digital transformation of primary care and accompanying legal frameworks. Main challenges included patients' preference for face-to-face consultations, digital exclusion, lack of physical examinations, clinical uncertainty, delays in diagnosis and treatment, overuse and misuse of digital virtual care, and unsuitability for certain types of consultations. Other challenges include the lack of formal guidance, higher workloads, remuneration issues, organisational culture, technical difficulties, implementation and financial issues, and regulatory weaknesses. At the frontline of care delivery, GPs can provide important insights on what worked well, why, and how during the pandemic. Lessons learned can be used to inform the adoption of improved virtual care solutions and support the long-term development of platforms that are more technologically robust and secure.

6.
JMIR Res Protoc ; 10(8): e30099, 2021 Aug 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34292867

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, virtual care has emerged as a promising option to support primary care delivery. However, despite the potential, adoption rates remained low. With the outbreak of COVID-19, it has suddenly been pushed to the forefront of care delivery. As we progress into the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need and opportunity to review the impact remote care had in primary care settings and reassess its potential future role. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the perspectives of general practitioners (GPs) and family doctors on the (1) use of virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) perceived impact on quality and safety of care, and (3) essential factors for high-quality and sustainable use of virtual care in the future. METHODS: This study used an online cross-sectional questionnaire completed by GPs distributed across 20 countries. The survey was hosted in Qualtrics and distributed using email, social media, and the researchers' personal contact networks. GPs were eligible for the survey if they were working mainly in primary care during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistical analysis will be performed for quantitative variables, and relationships between the use of virtual care and perceptions on impact on quality and safety of care and participants' characteristics may be explored. Qualitative data (free-text responses) will be analyzed using framework analysis. RESULTS: Data collection took place from June 2020 to September 2020. As of this manuscript's submission, a total of 1605 GP respondents participated in the questionnaire. Further data analysis is currently ongoing. CONCLUSIONS: The study will provide a comprehensive overview of the availability of virtual care technologies, perceived impact on quality and safety of care, and essential factors for high-quality future use. In addition, a description of the underlying factors that influence this adoption and perceptions, in both individual GP and family doctor characteristics and the context in which they work, will be provided. While the COVID-19 pandemic may prove the first great stress test of the capabilities, capacity, and robustness of digital systems currently in use, remote care will likely remain an increasingly common approach in the future. There is an imperative to identify the main lessons from this unexpected transformation and use them to inform policy decisions and health service design. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/30099.

7.
Cien Saude Colet ; 25(4): 1241-1250, 2020 Mar.
Article in Portuguese, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32267427

ABSTRACT

The International Classification of Primary Care-2 (ICPC-2) is the result of forty years of continuous development. It originates in the second half of the twentieth century after the concern of general practitioners about the need to record and encode data specifically related to primary care, both in the reasons for encounter and procedures and conditions or diagnoses. The World Health Organization endorsed the classification, as did the developer committee after the Alma Ata meeting, since it also identified specific needs. Two forms of use are employed now in gathering information: by encounter or by an episode of care. The latter is more complex and controversial. Recently, an eleventh version of the International Classification of Diseases has been released, and the third edition of ICPC is being developed. One cannot predict how new technologies, classifications, and international organizations will interact. The role of front line health professionals and patients will define the course.


A Classificação Internacional de Atenção Primária-2 (CIAP-2) é fruto de quarenta anos de desenvolvimento contínuo. Tem origem na segunda metade do século XX, a partir da inquietação de médicos gerais com a necessidade de se registrar e codificar dados especificamente relacionados à atenção primária, tanto nos motivos de consulta quanto nos procedimentos e nas condições ou diagnósticos. A Organização Mundial de Saúde chancelou a classificação bem como o seu comitê desenvolvedor após o encontro de Alma-Ata, pois também identificou necessidades específicas. Hoje há essencialmente duas formas de uso na coleta de informações: por encontro ou por episódio de cuidado. A segunda forma é mais complexa e controversa. Recentemente foi lançada a décima primeira versão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças, enquanto que a CIAP-3 esta sendo desenvolvida. Não há como prever como vão interagir com as novas tecnologias, as classificações e os organismos internacionais. O protagonismo dos profissionais da ponta e dos pacientes tem potencial de definir a direção.


Subject(s)
Episode of Care , Family Practice , International Classification of Diseases , Primary Health Care , Clinical Coding , Diagnosis , Forms and Records Control , General Practice , Humans , Terminology as Topic
8.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 25(4): 1241-1250, abr. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1089522

ABSTRACT

Resumo A Classificação Internacional de Atenção Primária-2 (CIAP-2) é fruto de quarenta anos de desenvolvimento contínuo. Tem origem na segunda metade do século XX, a partir da inquietação de médicos gerais com a necessidade de se registrar e codificar dados especificamente relacionados à atenção primária, tanto nos motivos de consulta quanto nos procedimentos e nas condições ou diagnósticos. A Organização Mundial de Saúde chancelou a classificação bem como o seu comitê desenvolvedor após o encontro de Alma-Ata, pois também identificou necessidades específicas. Hoje há essencialmente duas formas de uso na coleta de informações: por encontro ou por episódio de cuidado. A segunda forma é mais complexa e controversa. Recentemente foi lançada a décima primeira versão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças, enquanto que a CIAP-3 esta sendo desenvolvida. Não há como prever como vão interagir com as novas tecnologias, as classificações e os organismos internacionais. O protagonismo dos profissionais da ponta e dos pacientes tem potencial de definir a direção.


Abstract The International Classification of Primary Care-2 (ICPC-2) is the result of forty years of continuous development. It originates in the second half of the twentieth century after the concern of general practitioners about the need to record and encode data specifically related to primary care, both in the reasons for encounter and procedures and conditions or diagnoses. The World Health Organization endorsed the classification, as did the developer committee after the Alma Ata meeting, since it also identified specific needs. Two forms of use are employed now in gathering information: by encounter or by an episode of care. The latter is more complex and controversial. Recently, an eleventh version of the International Classification of Diseases has been released, and the third edition of ICPC is being developed. One cannot predict how new technologies, classifications, and international organizations will interact. The role of front line health professionals and patients will define the course.


Subject(s)
Humans , Primary Health Care , International Classification of Diseases , Episode of Care , Family Practice , Diagnosis , General Practice , Clinical Coding , Forms and Records Control , Terminology as Topic
9.
Rev. Bras. Med. Fam. Comunidade (Online) ; 15(42): 2461-2461, 20200210. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | Coleciona SUS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1095969

ABSTRACT

O que você precisa saber? A maioria dos pacientes com Covid-19 podem ser manejados remotamente com aconselhamento de manejo de sintomas e autoisolamento; Apesar da maioria das consultas poderem ser feitas por telefone, a imagem de vídeo fornece pistas adicionais visuais e a presença terapêutica do profissional de saúde para o paciente; Falta de ar é um sintoma preocupante, embora, hoje, não há ferramenta validada para avaliá-la remotamente; Aconselhamento sobre rede de segurança para o paciente é crucial, uma vez que, alguns pacientes deterioram muito a sua condição de saúde em 2 semanas, mais comumente por pneumonia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Primary Health Care , Coronavirus Infections
10.
Rev. Bras. Med. Fam. Comunidade (Online) ; 15(42): 2365-2365, 20200210. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-1099557

ABSTRACT

Este artigo apresenta a História do Grupo de Trabalho em Medicina Rural da SBMFC, um dos mais ativos grupos de trabalho da SBMFC. São revisados os primeiros passos desde a sua criação e posteriores desenvolvimentos. Um dos principais resultados identificados foi o de ajudar a consolidar a identidade do "MFC rural" e trazer a discussão da saúde das populações rurais para a agenda da saúde, da atenção primária e da medicina de família. Este relato tem também como objetivo auxiliar outros grupos em criação ou já estabelecidos a criar estratégias de fortalecimento de seus trabalhos.


This article presents the History of the SBMFC Working Party on Rural Medicine, one of SBMFC's most active working groups. The first steps since its creation and further developments are reviewed. One of the main results identified was to help consolidate the identity of the "rural family doctor" and bring the discussion of the health of rural populations to the health, primary care and family medicine agenda. This report also aims to assist other groups in creation or already established to create strategies to strengthen their work.


Este artículo presenta la Historia del Grupo de Trabajo de Medicina Rural de SBMFC, uno de los grupos de trabajo más activos de SBMFC. Se revisan los primeros pasos desde su creación y otros desarrollos. Uno de los principales resultados identificados fue ayudar a consolidar la identidad del "MFC rural" y llevar el debate sobre la salud de las poblaciones rurales a la agenda de salud, atención primaria y medicina familiar. Este informe también tiene como objetivo ayudar a otros grupos en la creación o ya establecidos para crear estrategias para fortalecer su trabajo. Descriptores: Salud rural, Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Historia de La Medicina.


Subject(s)
Rural Health , Family Practice , History of Medicine
11.
Rev. bras. med. fam. comunidade ; 13(40): 1-5, jan.-dez. 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-883980

ABSTRACT

Este editorial tem como objetivo apresentar as principais conclusões dos artigos publicados no Especial Residência Médica pela Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade em 2018. Tais artigos assinalam a importância da Residência Médica em Medicina de Família e Comunidade (RMMFC) na consolidação da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil, trazendo significativas discussões sobre currículos baseados nas competências esperadas para o MFC, ferramentas de ensino-aprendizagem, política de preceptoria, desafios da política municipal e da organização das redes de atenção locais para o funcionamento do programa, sustentabilidade financeira da implementação da RMMFC, e propostas de novas áreas de atuação para a MFC. No geral, observa-se uma significativa expansão da RMMFC no país, sendo fundamental garantir maiores investimentos no fortalecimento da APS e da preceptoria com vistas a uma maior atratividade da área para os recém-formados. Sugere-se também uma contínua atualização das matrizes de competências esperadas para a MFC.(AU)


This editorial aims to present the main conclusions of the articles published in the Medical Residency Special Edition of the Brazilian Journal of Family and Community Medicine in 2018. These articles point to the importance of the Family and Community Medicine Residency (RMMFC) in the consolidation of Primary Health Care in Brazil, bringing significant discussions on competency-based curricula, teaching-learning tools, preceptorship policy, municipal policy challenges, organization of local health care networks, financial sustainability of the implementation of the RMMFC and proposals for new areas of actuation for the family physician. In the last years, there was a significant expansion of RMMFC in Brazil, being necessary greater investments in strengthening PHC, preceptorship and continuous update of the competency matrices expected for the Family and Community Medicine.(AU)


Este editorial tiene como objetivo presentar las principales conclusiones de los artículos publicados en el Especial Residencia Médica por la Revista Brasileña de Medicina de Familia y Comunidad en 2018. Tales artículos señalan la importancia de la Residencia Médica en Medicina de Familia y Comunidad (RMMFC) en la consolidación de la Atención Primaria a la salud en Brasil, trayendo significativas discusiones sobre currículos basados en las competencias, herramientas de enseñanza-aprendizaje, política de preceptoría, desafíos de la política municipal y de la organización de las redes de atención locales para el funcionamiento del programa, sostenibilidad financiera de la implementación de la RMMFC, y propuestas de nuevas áreas de actuación para la MFC. En general, se observa una significativa expansión de la RMMFC en el país, siendo fundamental mayores inversiones en el fortalecimiento de la APS y de la preceptoría con vistas a una mayor atracción del área para los recién formados. Se sugiere también una continua actualización de las matrices de competencias esperadas para la MFC.(AU)


Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Health Systems , Family Practice , Internship and Residency , Brazil , National Health Programs
12.
Rev. bras. med. fam. comunidade ; 13(40): 1-16, jan.-dez. 2018. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-969184

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Apresentar os passos adotados para a construção de um currículo de competências dentro do programa de residência em medicina de família da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; descrever características e diretrizes fundamentais do currículo de competências relacionadas aos seus três atributos centrais: ferramentas de aprendizado, metodologias docentes e processos avaliativos; e, por fim, descrever comparações do uso de instrumentos de avaliação pelo nosso programa de residência e outras experiências na literatura. Métodos: Levantamento e análise das principais experiências internacionais em treinamento de médicos de família; realização de uma série de oficinas e workshops; criação de grupos de trabalho com áreas, temas e responsabilidades específicas para estudo, apresentação e definição coletiva. Resultados: Elaboração de um currículo de competências apoiado em um modelo quintidimensional de competências. Conclusão: O estabelecimento de um currículo baseado em competências é vital para organizar o programa de residência. O uso de referenciais internacionais, nacionais e a contribuição das pessoas envolvidas no programa de residência favorecem a organização das competências ao mesmo tempo em que se respeitam as singularidades do programa de residência. Desafios são encontrados para aplicar o currículo na prática do dia-a-dia.


Objective: To present the steps taken to build a competency curriculum in family medicine residency program of the within the Medical School of the University of São Paulo; to describe fundamental characteristics and guidelines of the competency curriculum related to its three central attributes: learning tools, teaching methodologies and evaluation processes; and finally, to describe comparisons of the use of evaluation instruments by our residency program and other experiences in the literature. Methods: Review and analysis of the main international experiences in training of family physicians; conducting a series of workshops and creation of working groups with specific areas, themes and responsibilities for study, presentation and collective definition. Results: Elaboration of a competency curriculum based on a five-dimensional competence model. Conclusion: Establishing a competency-based curriculum is vital to in the organization of the residency program. The use of international and national references and the contribution of the people involved in the residence program favor the organization of competences while respecting the singularities of the residency program. Challenges are encountered in implementing the curriculum in the practice of the day.


Objetivo: Presentar los pasos adoptados para la construcción de un currículo de competencias dentro del programa de residencia en medicina de familia de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de São Paulo; describir características y directrices fundamentales del currículo de competencias relacionadas a sus 3 atributos centrales: herramientas de aprendizaje, metodologías docentes y procesos de evaluación; y por último, describir comparaciones del uso de instrumentos de evaluación por nuestro programa de residencia y otras experiencias en la literatura. Métodos: Levantamiento y análisis de las principales experiencias internacionales en capacitación de médicos de familia; realización de una serie de talleres; creación de grupos de trabajo con áreas, temas y responsabilidades específicas para estudio, presentación y definición colectiva. Resultados: Elaboración de un currículo de competencias apoyado en un modelo de cinco dimensiones de competencias. Conclusión: El establecimiento de un currículo basado en competencias es vital para organizar el programa de residencia. El uso de referencias internacionales, nacionales y la contribución de las personas implicadas en el programa de residencia favorecen la organización de las competencias mientras se respetan las singularidades del programa de residencia. Los desafíos se encuentran para aplicar el currículo en la práctica del día a día.


Subject(s)
Competency-Based Education , Family Practice , Internship and Residency
13.
Rev. bras. med. fam. comunidade ; 13(40): 1-8, jan.-dez. 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-969158

ABSTRACT

A atividade de preceptoria dentro da formação médica tem sido globalmente estabelecida como modelo para o processo docente na área e existem diversas formas e experiências de organização. O Programa de Residência Médica (PRM) em Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP) apresenta um modelo de preceptoria incomum, composto por preceptores do programa de residência médica e por preceptores dos residentes (tutores), cada um com especificidades próprias e complementares. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo neste relato de experiência foi compartilhar as políticas institucionais e experiências de preceptoria em nosso programa de residência médica, bem como apontar as múltiplas adversidades existentes e possíveis formas de enfrentamento. Resultados: Atingir o nível de excelência no desenvolvimento das competências necessárias para a formação do especialista em MFC, em situações adversas de valorização da especialidade e do corpo docente, é uma tarefa árdua. Neste difícil desafio de conduzir o PRM e garantir o desenvolvimento das competências almejadas com qualidade, o papel do preceptor do programa de residência médica e do preceptor do residente (tutor) são fundamentais. Conclusão: Frente aos desafios apontados, observa-se grande desgaste dos tutores, que voluntariamente desempenham as atividades de ensino mesmo atuando em sobrecarga assistencial. A falta de reconhecimento, escasso apoio institucional e da gestão administrativa são fatores que oferecem obstáculos ao melhor desenvolvimento e ampliação do programa de residência.


Introduction: The preceptorship activity within medical education has been globally established as a model for the teaching process in the area and there are several forms and experiences of organization. The Medical Residency Program in Family Medicine of Universidade de São Paulo presents an unusual model of preceptors, composed of preceptors of the medical residency program, each one with its own and complementary specificities. Objectives: Our goal in this experience report was to share the institutional policies and preceptory experiences in our medical residency program, as well as to point out the multiple adversities and possible forms of coping. Results: Achieving the level of excellence in developing the skills needed to train the Family Medicine specialist, in adverse situations of appreciation of the specialty and the teaching staff, is an arduous task. In this difficult challenge of conducting the Medical Residency Program and ensuring the development of quality skills, the role of the preceptor of the medical residency program and the resident's tutor is crucial. Conclusion: Faced with the challenges pointed out, there is great wear and tear on the tutors, who voluntarily perform the teaching activities even when acting on welfare overload. The lack of recognition, scarcity of institutional support and administrative management are factors that hinder the better development and expansion of the residency program.


Introducción: La actividad de preceptoría dentro de la formación médica ha sido globalmente establecida como modelo para el proceso docente en el área y existen diversas formas y experiencias de organización. El Programa de Residencia Médica (PRM) en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (MFyC) de la Universidade de São Paulo presenta un modelo de preceptoria inusual, compuesto por preceptores del programa de residencia médica y por preceptores de los residentes (tutores), cada uno con especificidades propias y complementarias. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo en este relato de experiencia fue compartir las políticas institucionales y experiencias de preceptoría en nuestro programa de residencia médica, así como apuntar las múltiples adversidades existentes y posibles formas de enfrentamiento. Resultados: Alcanzar el nivel de excelencia en el desarrollo de las competencias necesarias para la formación del especialista en Medicina Familiar, en situaciones adversas de valorización de la especialidad y del cuerpo docente, es una tarea ardua. En este difícil desafío de conducir el Programa de Residencia Médica y garantizar el desarrollo de las competencias anheladas con calidad, el papel del preceptor del programa de residencia médica y del preceptor del residente (tutor) son fundamentales. Conclusión: Ante los desafíos señalados, hay gran desgaste de los tutores, que voluntariamente desempeñan las actividades de enseñanza incluso actuando en sobrecarga asistencial. La falta de reconocimiento, escaso apoyo institucional y de la gestión administrativa son factores que dificultan el desarrollo y la expansión del programa de residencia.


Subject(s)
Preceptorship , Primary Health Care , Education, Medical , Family Practice , Internship and Residency
14.
Rev. bras. med. fam. comunidade ; 13(40): 1-14, jan.-dez. 2018. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-969422

ABSTRACT

The concept of quaternary prevention, resulting from a reflection on the doctor-patient relationship, is presented as a renewal of the age-old ethical requirement: first, a doctor must do no harm; second, the doctor must control himself/herself. The origin of the concept, its endorsement by the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA) and the European Union of General Practitioners (UEMO), its dissemination, and the debates to which it has given rise, are presented by a panel of authors from 10 countries. This collective text deals more specifically with: the bioethics of prevention, the importance of teaching Quaternary prevention and factual medicine, the social and political implications of the concept of quaternary prevention, and its anthropological dimensions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Preventive Health Services/ethics , Sociological Factors , Politics , Anthropology
15.
Fam Pract ; 35(4): 406-411, 2018 07 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30060181

ABSTRACT

Background: The routine application of a primary care classification system to patients' medical records in general practice/primary care is rare in the African region. Reliable data are crucial to understanding the domain of primary care in Nigeria, and this may be actualized through the use of a locally validated primary care classification system such as the International Classification of Primary Care, 2nd edition (ICPC-2). Although a few studies from Europe and Australia have reported that ICPC is a reliable and feasible tool for classifying data in primary care, the reliability and validity of the revised version (ICPC-2) is yet to be objectively determined particularly in Africa. Objectives: (i) To determine the convergent validity of ICPC-2 diagnoses codes when correlated with International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes, (ii) to determine the inter-coder reliability among local and foreign ICPC-2 experts and (iii) to ascertain the level of accuracy when ICPC-2 is engaged by coders without previous training. Methods: Psychometric analysis was carried out on ICPC-2 and ICD-10 coded data that were generated from physicians' diagnoses, which were randomly selected from general outpatients' clinic attendance registers, using a systematic sampling technique. Participants comprised two groups of coders (ICPC-2 coders and ICD-10 coders) who coded independently a total of 220 diagnoses/health problems with ICPC-2 and/or ICD-10, respectively. Results: Two hundred and twenty diagnoses/health problems were considered and were found to cut across all 17 chapters of the ICPC-2. The dataset revealed a strong positive correlation between selected ICPC-2 codes and ICD-10 codes (r ≈ 0.7) at a sensitivity of 86.8%. Mean percentage agreement among the ICPC-2 coders was 97.9% at the chapter level and 95.6% at the rubric level. Similarly, Cohen's kappa coefficients were very good (κ > 0.81) and were higher at chapter level (0.94-0.97) than rubric level (0.90-0.93) between sets of pairs of ICPC-2 coders. An accuracy of 74.5% was achieved by ICD-10 coders who had no previous experience or prior training on ICPC-2 usage. Conclusion: Findings support the utility of ICPC-2 as a valid and reliable coding tool that may be adopted for routine data collection in the African primary care context. The level of accuracy achieved without training lends credence to the proposition that it is a simple-to-use classification and may be a useful starting point in a setting devoid of any primary care classification system for morbidity and mortality registration at such a critical level of public health importance.


Subject(s)
Diagnosis-Related Groups/classification , Diagnosis-Related Groups/standards , International Classification of Diseases/standards , Primary Health Care , Forms and Records Control/standards , General Practice , Humans , Medical Records/standards , Nigeria , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results
16.
Rev. Bras. Med. Fam. Comunidade (Online) ; 12(39): 1-9, jan.-dez. 2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS, RHS Repository | ID: biblio-877120

ABSTRACT

Trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre o trabalho de supervisão do Mais Médicos em uma cidade na região da Grande São Paulo ao longo de 2014. O programa Mais Médicos foi instituído pelo governo federal em 2013 e conta com a participação de médicos de diversos países, sendo que a maioria é de Cuba. Este relato de experiência procura elencar e analisar de forma sucinta alguns potenciais riscos e benefícios que o programa proporciona aos diversos atores envolvidos.


This is an experience report on the supervisory work of the More Doctors in a city in the Greater São Paulo throughout 2014. More Doctors program was established by the federal government in 2013 and with the participation of physicians from several countries, mostly from Cuba. This experience report seeks to list and analyze briefly some risks and benefits that the program provides for the actors involved.


Se trata de un relato de experiencia en la labor de supervisión de los más doctores en una ciudad en el Gran São Paulo a lo largo de 2014. El programas Más Médicos fue establecido por el gobierno federal en 2013 y con la participación de los médicos en varios países y la mayoría és de Cuba. Este relato de experiencia pretende enumerar y analizar brevemente algunos riesgos y beneficios que el programa ofrece a los diversos actores involucrados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Personnel Management , Health Policy, Planning and Management , Health Personnel/organization & administration , Foreign Medical Graduates/supply & distribution , National Health Programs , Brazil , International Cooperation
17.
Interface (Botucatu, Online) ; 21(61): 349-361, abr.-jun. 2017. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-954278

ABSTRACT

A consolidação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) requer políticas públicas embasadas por evidências científicas. Este artigo apresenta o estudo ELECT, cujo objetivo foi identificar temas prioritários de pesquisa para a fortalecimento da APS no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Com a participação de especialistas e de um grupo focal com usuários, foi obtida uma lista com os vinte principais obstáculos, bem como dez temas de pesquisa prioritários, na APS. Os resultados apontam para problemas e temas de pesquisas relacionados à: organização da gestão, capacitação de profissionais e gestores, valorização profissional, criação de mecanismos de colaboração entre equipes de saúde e informatização dos recursos. Espera-se, assim, estimular o debate no contexto da APS sobre o papel da priorização de pesquisas, seus obstáculos e proposições de pesquisa. Almeja-se, também, estimular a adoção de modelos mais participativos de seleção de temas de pesquisa.(AU)


The consolidation of Primary Health Care (PHC) requires public policies based on scientific evidence. This paper presents the ELECT study, aimed to identify priority research themes for strengthening PHC in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. A list of the twenty main obstacles and ten priority research themes in PHC were obtained with participation of specialists and a focus group with users. The results point to problems and research issues related to organizational management, training of professionals and managers, professional development, creation of cooperation mechanisms between health teams and computerization of resources. It is expected to stimulate debate in the context of the PHC on the role of research prioritization, its obstacles and research propositions. It also aims to encourage the adoption of more participatory models of selection of research topics.(AU)


La solidificación de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) requiere políticas públicas con base en evidencias científicas. Este artículo presenta el estudio ELECT, cuyo objetivo fue identificar temas prioritarios de investigación para el fortalecimiento de la APS en el estado de São Paulo. Con la participación de especialistas y de un grupo de opinión formado por usuarios, se obtuvo una lista con los veinte principales obstáculos, así como diez temas de investigación prioritarios en la APS. Los resultados señalan problemas y temas de investigación relacionados a la organización de la gestión, la capacitación de profesionales y gestores, la valorización profesional, la creación de mecanismos de colaboración entre equipos de salud e informatización de los recursos. Se espera por lo tanto incentivar el debate en el contexto de la APS sobre el papel de la priorización de investigaciones, sus obstáculos y propuestas de investigación. Se anhela también incentivar la adopción de modelos más participativos de selección de temas de investigación.(AU)


Subject(s)
Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Health Priority Agenda , Health Research Agenda
18.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 1304, 2017 05 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28465538

ABSTRACT

Understanding the brain mechanisms involved in diagnostic reasoning may contribute to the development of methods that reduce errors in medical practice. In this study we identified similar brain systems for diagnosing diseases, prescribing treatments, and naming animals and objects using written information as stimuli. Employing time resolved modeling of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses enabled time resolved (400 milliseconds epochs) analyses. With this approach it was possible to study neural processes during successive stages of decision making. Our results showed that highly diagnostic information, reducing uncertainty about the diagnosis, decreased monitoring activity in the frontoparietal attentional network and may contribute to premature diagnostic closure, an important cause of diagnostic errors. We observed an unexpected and remarkable switch of BOLD activity within a right lateralized set of brain regions related to awareness and auditory monitoring at the point of responding. We propose that this neurophysiological response is the neural substrate of awareness of one's own (verbal) response. Our results highlight the intimate relation between attentional mechanisms, uncertainty, and decision making and may assist the advance of approaches to prevent premature diagnostic closure.


Subject(s)
Brain/physiology , Decision Making/physiology , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/psychology , Physicians , Adult , Attention/physiology , Brain Mapping/methods , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Male , Medical Errors/psychology , Middle Aged
19.
Rev. Bras. Med. Fam. Comunidade (Online) ; 11(38): 1-3, jan./dez. 2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-877775

ABSTRACT

Assumimos como editores da Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (RBMFC) há quase um ano. Nesse período tentamos implementar uma reforma na gestão para que a Revista ganhasse em eficiência. Ao mesmo tempo, modificamos alguns fluxos, fornecedores, secretaria e escopo.


We have assumed as editors of the Brazilian Journal of Family and Community Medicine (RBMFC) for almost a year. During this period we have tried to implement a management reform in order to gain efficiency. At the same time, we modified some flows, suppliers, office and scope.


Asumimos como editores de la Revista Brasileña de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (RBMFC) hace casi un año. Durante este período tratamos de poner en práctica una reforma de la gestión para el aumento de la eficiencia. Al mismo tiempo, hemos modificado algunos flujos, los proveedores, la oficina y el alcance.


Subject(s)
Periodical , Family Practice
20.
Rev. Bras. Med. Fam. Comunidade (Online) ; 11(38): 1-12, jan./dez. 2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | Coleciona SUS, LILACS | ID: biblio-877910

ABSTRACT

Introdução: No Brasil, faltam avaliações que mensurem o desempenho direto da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Serviços desenvolvidos para a atenção à demanda espontânea de baixa complexidade como as Assistências Médicas Ambulatoriais (AMA), de São Paulo, são oferecidos como alternativa à Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), o serviço brasileiro oficial de APS, mas ainda não há estudos comparativos entre eles. Objetivo: Comparar a presença e extensão dos atributos de APS em dois representantes desses dois serviços da cidade de São Paulo: uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), parte integrante da ESF, e uma AMA. Métodos: Este artigo trata de um estudo transversal utilizando o Primary Care Assessment Tool, versão validada em português (PCATool Brasil). Resultados: Foram aplicados 616 questionários, 76,3% demonstrou-se afiliado à UBS e 12,3% à AMA. Os frequentadores da UBS se demonstraram mais pobres. A UBS apresentou escores essencial e geral maiores (5,64 e 5,58 contra 3,70 e 3,38, respectivamente) e teve médias superiores em todos os atributos, exceto "acessibilidade" (2,46 contra 3,68). Apenas a UBS apresentou atributos com escores superiores a 6,6: "Acesso de Primeiro Contato - Utilização" (7,22) e "Coordenação - Sistemas de Informação" (7,31). Entretanto, a má avaliação dos outros atributos do PCATool na UBS foi preponderante para considerá-la um serviço de baixa orientação à APS, assim como a AMA. Conclusão: Os usuários identificam muito pouco os atributos de APS nos dois serviços, em um nível aquém do considerado satisfatório, mesmo que os escores da UBS sejam mais elevados do que os da AMA em 8 dos 10 atributos. Apesar de ser reconhecido como um bom local para realizar o primeiro contato com o sistema, a falta de acessibilidade prejudica a UBS como serviço de APS. A AMA, apresentada como a solução para o problema, não demonstra desempenho que a justifique como alternativa.


Introduction: In Brazil, there is a lack of information about the direct performance of Primary Health Care. In the city of São Paulo, Outpatient Medical Care units (Assistências Médicas Ambulatoriais - AMAs), walk-in clinics developed to address acute diseases of low complexity, are offered as an alternative to the Family Health Strategy - FHS (Estratégia Saúde da Família), the official Brazilian PHC service, and there are no comparative studies of them. Objectives: To assess the presence and extent of PHC attributes in two units in the city of São Paulo: a Basic Health Unit (Unidade Básica de Saúde - BHU), part of the FHS, and an AMA. Methods: This article is a cross-sectional study using the Primary Care Assessment Tool validated version in Portuguese (PCATool Brazil). Results: Questionnaires were applied to 616 people, 76.3% of whom reported an affiliation with the BHU and 12.3% with the AMA. The BHU users were poorer. The BHU had higher essential and overall scores than the AMA (5.64 and 5.58 versus 3.70 and 3.38, respectively) and higher averages for all the attributes, except for "accessibility" (2.46 compared to 3.68. Only the BHU presented scores over 6.6: "Access to First Contact - Utilization" (7.22) and "Coordination - Systems of Information" (7.31). However, the poor evaluation of the other PCATool attributes in the BHU was preponderant to consider it as a low oriented PHC service, just as the AMA. Conclusion: The users identified a very low level of satisfactory development of PHC attributes in the two services evaluated, even though the BHU scores were higher than those of the AMA in 8 of the 10 attributes. Despite being recognized as a good place to get the first contact to the system, the lack of accessibility affects BHU as a PHC service. The AMA, presented as the solution to the problem, has no performance to justify itself as an alternative.


Introducción: En Brasil, carecen las evaluaciones que miden el desempeño directo de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Servicios desarrollados para la atención a la demanda espontánea de baja complejidad como las "Assistências Médicas Ambulatoriais" (AMA) de São Paulo se ofrecen como una alternativa a la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF), el servicio brasileño oficial de APS, pero todavía no hay estudios que comparaban ellos. Objetivos: Comparar la presencia y extensión de los atributos de la atención primaria entre dos representantes de esos dos servicios en São Paulo: una Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS), parte de la ESF, y un AMA. Métodos: Este artículo es un estudio transversal utilizando el Primary Care Assessment Tool validado versión en portugués (PCATool Brasil). Resultados: Se aplicaron 616 cuestionarios, 76,3% resultó estar afiliado a UBS y 12,3% a la AMA. Los clientes de la UBS se demostraron más pobres. UBS tuve puntuaciones superiores en los escores esenciales y generales (5,64 y 5,58 frente a 3,70 y 3,38) y tuvieron promedios más altos en todos los atributos excepto la "accesibilidad" (2,46 frente a 3,68). Sólo UBS presentó atributos con puntuaciones más altas que 6,6: "Acceso de Primer Contacto - Utilización" (7,22) y "Coordinación - Sistemas de Información" (7,31). Sin embargo, la mala evaluación de los otros atributos del PCATool en la UBS fue preponderante para considerarla como un servicio de baja orientación a la APS, así como la AMA. Conclusión: Los usuarios identificaron muy poco los atributos de APS en ambos los servicios a un nivel abajo de lo satisfactorio, aunque los resultados de UBS fueron superiores a la AMA en 8 de los 10 atributos. A pesar de ser reconocido como un buen lugar para lograr el primer contacto con el sistema, la falta de accesibilidad afecta la UBS como servicio de APS. La AMA, presentada como la solución al problema, no tiene el rendimiento para justificarla como una alternativa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Primary Health Care , Health Services Accessibility , Health Services Research
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