Acute Phase Proteins in Dogs with Natural Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi.

Acute phase proteins have been used as tools for the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases in domestic animals. However, the dynamics of these proteins in infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in dogs, is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, ferritin and paraoxonase-1) in dogs in a coastal town of Ecuador, with natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection with or without seroreactivity of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis. For the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi serum antibodies, two different antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests were implemented. For the detection of seroreactivity of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis, an IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test was used. To determine the concentration of C-reactive protein and ferritin, an immunoturbidimetric assay was used; haptoglobin concentration was measured using a commercial colorimetric method validated in dogs; a spectrophotometric method was used to determine the serum concentration of paraoxonase-1. Results showed a reduction in the serum levels of paraoxonase-1 in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs, either with or without seroreactivity to other vector-borne diseases. A serum ferritin increment was observed in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs with seroreactivity to any other vector-borne diseases. Our findings suggest that paraoxonase-1 levels are reduced in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs without evident clinical signs of Chagas disease, despite their seroreactivity to the other vector-borne diseases studied. These findings could indicate an oxidative stress response in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs with no evident signs of inflammation.

Bioinformatic Approach of B and T Cell Epitopes of PLD and CP40 Proteins of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis Mexican Isolate 2J-L towards a Peptide-Based Vaccine.

Mapping B and T cell epitopes constitutes an important action for peptide vaccine design. PLD and CP40 virulence factors of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis, a causal agent of Caseous Lymphadenitis, have been evaluated in a murine model as good candidates for vaccine development. Therefore, the goal of this work was to in silico analyze B and T cell epitopes of the PLD and CP40 proteins of a Mexican isolate of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis. The Immune Epitope Data Base and Resource website was employed to predict the linear and conformational B-cell, T CD4+, and T CD8+ epitopes of PLD and CP40 proteins of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis Mexican strain 2J-L. Fifty B cell epitopes for PLD 2J-L and forty-seven for CP40 2J-L were estimated. In addition, T CD4+ and CD8+ cell epitopes were predicted for PLD 2J-L (MHC I:16 epitopes, MHC II:10 epitopes) and CP40 2J-L (MHC I: 15 epitopes, MHC II: 13 epitopes). This study provides epitopes, paying particular attention to sequences selected by different predictor programs and overlap sequences as B and T cell epitopes. PLD 2J-L and CP40 2J-L protein epitopes may aid in the design of a promising peptide-based vaccine against Caseous Lymphadenitis in Mexico.

Determinación de clorhidrato de clembuterol en orina de bovinos en tres rastros municipales del estado de México / Determination of Clenbuterol Hydrochloride in Bovine Urine in Three Municipal Slaughterhouses of the State of Mexico / Determinação de cloridrato de clenbuterol em urina de bovinos em três trilhas municipais do estado do México

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el porcentaje de bovinos para abasto positivos a clorhidrato de clembuterol (CCL), con base en muestras de orina de bovinos sacrificados en 3 rastros del estado de México. Para esto se colectaron muestras en los rastros municipales de Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52) y Atlacomulco (40), y se obtuvo un total de 151 muestras. El análisis de las muestras se realizó a través de la prueba de ELISA y para el reporte de resultados se utilizó estadística descriptiva. De las muestras analizadas 105 fueron positivas (69,53 %), por rastro la positividad, fue de 48, 30 y 27 respectivamente. Al establecer diferentes rangos de concentración a CCL, en el rango de 200 a 1999 pg g-1 se ubicaron 46 muestras; 6 muestras, en el rango de 2000 a 3525 pg g-1; 3, en el rango de 3526 a 5050 pg g-1; 1 muestra, entre 5051 y 6575 pg g-1, y 95 se ubicaron entre 6575 y >8100 pg g-1. El rastro con mayor porcentaje de positividad fue el de Toluca, con base en los rangos establecidos, y las concentraciones más elevadas también se observaron en el mismo rastro. El límite mínimo de detección de CCL de 2000 pg g-1 permite considerar que, con base tanto en la concentración como en su cinética, las cantidades detectadas en el estudio sirven como un indicador importante de residualidad a través de este tipo de muestra.

Abstract The present work aimed to determine the percentage of bovines that tested positive for clenbuterol hydrochloride (CCL), based on urine samples of cattle slaughtered in 3 slaughterhouses of the State of Mexico. To the effect, samples were collected in the municipal slaughterhouses of Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52), and Atlacomulco (40), resulting in a total of 151 samples. Sample analysis was carried out using the ELISA test, and descriptive statistics were used to report the results. 105 of the analyzed samples were positive (69.53%); by slaughterhouse, positivity was 48, 30, and 27, respectively. When establishing different ranges of CCL concentration, 46 samples were in the range of 200 to 1999 pg g-1; 6 samples were in the range of 2000 to 3525 pg g-1; 3 were in the range of 3526 to 5050 pg g-1; 1 sample was between 5051 and 6575 pg g-1, and 95 samples were between 6575 and >8100 pg g-1. The slaughterhouse with the highest percentage of positivity was that of Toluca, based on the established ranges, and the highest concentrations were also observed there. The minimum limit for the detection of CCL (2000 pg g-1) allows considering that, based on both concentration and kinetics, the quantities detected in the study serve as an important indicator of residuality in this type of sample.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a porcentagem de bovinos para fornecimento, positivos ao cloridrato de Clenbuterol (CCL), baseados em amostras de urina de bovinos abatidos em três trilhas do estado de México. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras nas trilhas municipais de Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52) e Atlacomulco (40), e obtivera-se um total de 151 amostras. A análise das amostras realizou-se através do teste de ELISA e para o relatório de resultados foi usada estatística descritiva. Das amostras analisadas 105 foram positivas (69,53 %), pelo traço a positividade foi de 48, 30 e 27 respetivamente. Ao estabelecer diferentes faixas de concentração a CCL, 46 amostras foram colocadas na faixa de 200 a 1999 pg g-1; 6 amostras na faixa de 2000 a 3525 pg g-1; 3 na faixa de 3526 a 5050 pg g-1; 1 amostra entre 5051 e 6575 pg g-1, e 95 entre 6575 e >8100 pg g-1. A trilha com maior porcentagem de positividade foi a de Toluca, baseada nas faixas estabelecidas e as concentrações mais altas observaram-se na mesma trilha. O limite mínimo de detecção de CCL de 2000 pg g-1 permite considerar que, baseado na concentração e na cinética, as quantidades detectadas no estudo servem como indicador importante de residualidade através deste tipo de amostra.

Phenotypic-genotypic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from cattle carcasses from the north central zone of the State of Mexico.

Salmonella is a public and animal health problem due to the generation of strains multiresistant to antimicrobial products. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence and antimicrobial phenotypic and genotypic resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from beef cattle carcasses killed in slaughterhouses of the north central zone of the State of Mexico. Sampling was carried out according to the European Directive 2001/471/EC; isolation and identification of the strain was carried out according to the Mexican Official Standard NOM-114-SSA1-1994; resistance was established by CMI according to the National Committees for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCLS) and multiplex PCR according to Ahmed et al. (Journal of Applied Microbiology 106:402-409, 2009) with PSE-1, tetG, qnrS, FloR, STR, and sul1 oligonucleotides. Twenty-seven strains of Salmonella spp. were obtained from 327 samples (prevalence of 0.083); 19 strains (70 %) were resistant to 10 µg/ml of ampicillin, 15 of these (79 %) had the PSE-1 gene; 22 strains (84 %) were resistant to 30 µg/ml streptomycin, 14 of these (63.6 %) had the STR gene. Genes PSE-1 and STR were factors in the presence of resistance, the rest of the genes (tetG, qnrS, FloR, and sul1) were not factors of resistance in the studied strains.

Salmonelosis y campilobacteriosis, las zoonosis emergentes de mayor expansión en el mundo / Salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis, the most prevalent zoonosis in the world

Nowadays salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the most prevalent diseases transmitted to humans through contaminated food of animal origin in developed countries. Propagation of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium has increased since the second half of the twentieth century, derived from two changes in the epidemiology of salmonellosis that occurred worldwide: the emergence of human infections caused by Salmonella Enteritidis, and the multiple resistances against antibiotics of Salmonella Typhimurium strains. Most retrospective studies suggest an epidemiological relationship between human infections and poultry products. Modernization of poultry industry and exportation of progenitor stock birds have played an important roll disseminating Salmonella Enteritidis. Campylobacteriosis is the most frequent enteric bacterial diseases in developed countries. Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of acute infectious diarrheas, and the sources of infection are mainly poultry products. The present review includes relevant taxonomic and pathogenic aspects of these organisms; and stresses the problematic of diagnosis and detection, analyzing techniques that permit rapid detection of animal carriers. Finally, some preliminary findings, not yet published, suggest that a prevalence of salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis in Mexican poultry farms must be similar to that found in other countries with massive poultry production; therefore, epidemiological studies to determine the frequency of human infections, derived from poultry consumption, are recommended.

En la actualidad, la salmonelosis y la campilobacteriosis son las zoonosis de mayor prevalencia en países desarrollados, debido a la contaminación de alimentos de origen animal. La propagación de Salmonella enterica serotipo Enteritidis y Salmonella enterica serotipo Typhimurium va en aumento a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, cuando ocurrieron dos cambios mundiales en la epidemiología de la salmonelosis: el surgimiento de infecciones en humanos por Salmonella Enteritidis, y la múltiple resistencia a los antibióticos de cepas de Salmonella Typhimurium. La mayoría de los análisis retrospectivos sugieren que existe relación epidemiológica entre las aves y los humanos: La modernización de la avicultura y las exportaciones de aves progenitoras son de importancia en la diseminación de Salmonella Enteritidis. La campilobacteriosis es la enfermedad entérica bacteriana más común en países desarrollados. Campylobacter jejuni es la causa más frecuente de diarreas infecciosas agudas, y las fuentes de esta infección son principalmente productos avícolas. En la presente revisión se incluyen aspectos relevantes de taxonomía y patogenia de estos organismos, y se hace hincapié en la problemática del diagnóstico y detección, analizando las técnicas para detectar rápidamente la existencia de animales portadores. Finalmente, se discuten hallazgos preliminares aún no publicados que sugieren que la prevalencia de salmonelosis y campilobacteriosis en granjas avícolas mexicanas debe ser semejante a la de otros países que tienen avicultura tecnificada, y se recomiendan los estudios epidemiológicos para determinar la frecuencia de estas infecciones en humanos, derivadas del consumo de alimentos de origen aviar.