Application of neural networks for the detection of oral cancer: A systematic review.

One potential application of neural networks (NNs) is the early-stage detection of oral cancer. This systematic review aimed to determine the level of evidence on the sensitivity and specificity of NNs for the detection of oral cancer, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane guidelines. Literature sources included PubMed, ClinicalTrials, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. In addition, the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias and the quality of the studies. Only 9 studies fully met the eligibility criteria. In most studies, NNs showed accuracy greater than 85%, though 100% of the studies presented a high risk of bias, and 33% showed high applicability concerns. Nonetheless, the included studies demonstrated that NNs were useful in the detection of oral cancer. However, studies of higher quality, with an adequate methodology, a low risk of bias and no applicability concerns are required so that more robust conclusions could be reached.

Ozone for the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) generate pain and difficulties for mouth opening affecting the patients' quality of life. Ozone is an emerging therapy that has been proposed as a potential treatment, due to that, the evidence about its efficacy should be reviewed. Therefore, this work aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review to address the efficacy of ozone therapy for the treatment of pain and limited mouth opening in patients with TMD. The design of the included studies was clinical trials and observational studies, whereas, a series of cases, in vivo, and in vitro studies were excluded. The search was performed in PubMed, ClinicalTrials, Web of Science, and Scopus. Gray literature was searched at Google Scholar. Relevant data of all included studies were recorded. The risk of bias (using RoB 2) and the quality (using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) assessments were carried out. Meta-analyses using random-effects models of pain and maximal mouth opening data were performed. This review included 8 studies with 404 participants suffering limited function and pain related to TMD. At the overall bias of the studies, 25% exhibited some concerns and 75% had high risk; and the quality of the studies was low. The analysis of the included studies suggests that ozone therapy can diminish pain and improve the maximal mouth opening in TMD patients. However, there is no conclusive evidence of ozone therapy as a superior treatment for TMD compared with occlusal splint and pharmacotherapy.

Clinical and serological characteristics of Cuban patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype of systemic autoimmune disease with clinical characteristics that show geographic variations. However, these differences between regions have not been fully described; therefore, the objective of this study is to describe the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of Cuban patients with SLE. Patients and methods: 149 patients with SLE and 151 with other systemic autoimmune diseases were studied. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics according on the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology of 1997 were identified. To evaluate the associations between clinical manifestations and SLE, a logistic regression analysis was performed; the odds ratio (OR) was calculated with its corresponding 95% confidence interval and the method of multiple correspondence analysis was also used. By an analysis of the configurations of frequency the typical combinations of criteria related to the patients with SLE were identified. Results: The most frequent criteria in SLE were immunological disorders (85.2%). ANA positive (85.2%) arthritis (78.5%), photosensitivity (77.2%), and malar rash (61%). The renal involvement and immunological disorders criteria were the best (highest OR) at discriminating SLE patients. The combination of only three criteria (malar rash, positive ANA, and immunological disorder) could be enough to classify a homogeneous population. Conclusions: This study enabled us to determine the main clinical characteristics of patients with SLE in Cuba. This information could be useful to improve the efficiency of SLE diagnosis and facilitate more specific treatments.

Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es el prototipo de enfermedad autoinmune sistémica, con características clínicas que muestran variaciones geográficas. Sin embargo, estas diferencias entre regiones no están completamente descritas, por lo cual, el objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características clínicas y sociodemográficas de pacientes cubanos con LES. Pacientes y métodos: Se hizo un estudio con 149 pacientes con LES y 151 con otras enfermedades autoinmunes sistêmicas. Se identificaron sus características sociodemográficas y clínicas, basadas principalmente en los criterios del Colegio Americano de Reumatología de 1997. Para evaluar las asociaciones entre las manifestaciones clínicas y el LES se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística, se calculó la odds ratio, con su correspondiente intervalo de confianza al 95%, y se empleó la técnica de análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Mediante un análisis frecuencial de las configuraciones, se identificaron las combinaciones típicas de criterios relacionadas con los pacientes con LES. Resultados: Los criterios más frecuentes en el LES fueron: alteraciones inmunológicas (85,2%), ANA positivo (85,2%), artritis (78,5%), fotosensibilidad (77,2%) y rash malar (61%). Los criterios afección renal y alteraciones inmunológicas son los que mejor (mayor valor de la odds ratio) discriminan a los pacientes con LES. La combinación de solamente tres criterios (rash malar, ANA positivo y alteraciones inmunológicas) podría ser suficiente para clasificar a una población homogénea. Conclusiones: El estudio permitió conocer las principales características clínicas de pacientes con LES en Cuba. Esta información puede ser útil para mejorar la eficacia del diagnóstico del LES y favorecer la aplicación de tratamientos más específicos.

Effects of interproximal enamel reduction techniques used for orthodontics: A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to determine the effects of the interproximal enamel reduction (IPR) techniques used in orthodontics. Six databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, ScienceDirect and Clinical Trials. Grey literature was sourced from Google Scholar. The risk of bias was assessed by Risk of Bias 2, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Robins-I depending on the design of the evaluated study. Additionally, the quality of the included studies was determined using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. This systematic review included randomized clinical trials, non-randomized clinical trials and observational studies with a control group that reported the effects of IPR for orthodontic purposes on the teeth and periodontium. Case reports, and in vitro and in vivo studies were excluded. Eight clinical studies match the eligibility criteria. As a result, no demineralization of the enamel, no increase in caries incidence, no periodontal changes or dental sensitivity was found after IPR. Also, considering the duration of orthodontic treatment, IPR resulted in a quicker technique than dental extractions. At the risk-of-bias assessment, all observational studies showed low risk, the non-randomized clinical trial had a critical bias, and all randomized clinical trials exhibited some concerns. The overall quality of the studies was found to be between low and very low. After the analysis of the data from included studies, it was concluded that the IPR procedures could be useful to treat dental crowding in orthodontic clinical practice without negative effects. However, more randomized controlled clinical trials with a longer follow-up time and high-quality studies are required to generate robust statements.

Inflammatory Profiles in Depressed Adolescents Treated with Fluoxetine: An 8-Week Follow-up Open Study.

Changes in cytokine levels in major depression and during treatment have been reported in adults. However, few studies have examined cytokine levels in an adolescent sample despite this being a common age of onset. Methods. We measured proinflammatory (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-15) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-1Ra, and IL-10) cytokine serum levels in 22 adolescents with major depression and 18 healthy volunteers. Cytokines were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays at baseline, and 4 and 8 weeks after commencement of fluoxetine administration in the clinical group. Results. Compared to healthy volunteers, adolescents with major depression at baseline showed significant increases in all pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, except IL-1Ra and IL-10. Significant changes were observed in fluoxetine treatment compared to baseline: proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-15 were decreased only at week 4 whereas IL-2 was increased only at week 8; anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were increased at week 8 while IL-1Ra was reduced only at week 4. There were no significant correlations between cytokine levels and symptomatic improvement in HDRS. Discussion. The results suggest a significant interplay between cytokine levels, the depressive state, and the stage of treatment with an SSRI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in depressed adolescents with elevated IL-12, IL-13, and IL-15 levels. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role and mechanisms of altered cytokine levels in the pathogenesis and physiopathology of major depressive disorder.

The contribution of the sympathetic nervous system to the immunopathology of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis.

The role of norepinephrine (NE) in the immunopathology of experimental tuberculosis (TB) was studied by measuring pulmonary NE and determining its cellular sources and targets. Functional studies were performed administrating adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs at different TB phases. Results showed high production of NE during early infection by adrenergic nerve terminals and lymphocytes located in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes, these cells highly expressed ß2 adreno-receptors (ß2AR) which by an autocrine mechanism promote Th-1 cell differentiation favoring protection. During advanced infection, the production of NE and ß2AR sharply decreased, suggesting that adrenergic activity is less important during late TB.

Niveles de autoestima en un grupo de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial / Groups self-esteem levels and essential high blood pressure

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial es la más común de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, que afecta la salud de las personas y las poblaciones en el mundo, lo cual le convierte en uno de los problemas determinantes de la vida. Constituye una enfermedad por sí misma y a la vez un factor de riesgo importante para otras enfermedades. Diversos estudios enfatizan elementos de orden clínico y la influencia del estrés en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Objetivo: identificar los niveles de Autoestima en un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados de hipertensión arterial esencial.Métodos: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal con sujetos portadores de hipertensión arterial esencial, provenientes de la consulta de Cardiología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Joaquín Albarrán. La muestra estuvo constituida por 50 pacientes, se le aplicó el Inventario de autoestima de Coopersmith para evaluar el comportamiento de la autoestima (alto, medio o bajo).Resultados: se encontró que los sujetos en estudio presentaron, en su mayoría, niveles medios y bajos de autoestima (p<0.05) atribuible a la condición de cronicidad de la enfermedad. Conclusión: en los pacientes portadores de hipertensión arterial esencial los niveles de autoestima, pudieran constituir un factor predictivo en la evolución y pronóstico de la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: high blood pressure is the most common worldwide chronic non-transmissible disease that affects people´s health. Due to this, it has become one of life´s most disturbing problems. It is a disease as well as an important risk factor for other diseases. Objective: to identify the levels of self-esteem from a group of patients with high blood pressure.Methods: A quantitative, descriptive and transversal study relating persons suffering from high blood pressure was carried out on patients from the Cardiology Service at Clinical–Surgical Joaquin Albarrán Hospital. The Coopersmith self-esteem questionnaire was applied to a sample of fifty patients to evaluate their self-esteem behavior at high, medium or low levelResearch carried out by several clinicians directed the attention to the disorders of this disease on different systems and the influence of stress on the disease development.Results: the results showed that most of the patients under study have medium and low levels of self-esteem (p<0.05) due to the chronic condition of the disease. Conclusion: Therefore, on patients suffering from essential high blood pressure, the self-esteem levels could be an important factor for the evolution and prediction of the disease(AU)

Los efectos conductuales modulados por las citocinas / Behavioural changes modulated by interleukins

The nervous, endocrine, and immune systems maintain permanent and concerted communication through humoral and neural pathways, which involves neurotransmitters like serotonin and noradrenaline; hormones like cortisol, corticosterone release hormone; and a wide range of inflammatory molecules and their corresponding receptors. Variations in the circulatory levels of these soluble mediators modulate several physiological processes and help to mantain homeostasis in the face of stressful stimuli, regardless whether they are physical like systemic bacterial, viral or parasitical infections, as well as tissular injuries or psychological stress, that is secondary to the individual's perception and processing. Chronic activation of neuro-immune-endocrine interactions induces numerical and functional changes in these systems and behavioral disorders. "Sickness behavior" is one the most studied behavioral disorders that is characterized by the presence of anhedonia, fatigue, psychomotor retardation, decreased appetite, altered sleep patterns, and pain-increased sensitivity. Based on the similarities between the behavioral symptoms of "sickness behavior" and major depression, it has been hypothesized that molecules like cytokines and other inflammatory factors could be involved in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, anxiety and personality disorders as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson and Alzheimer. The behavioral disorders in major depression can be induced by single or combined administration of proinflammatory cytokines as well as mitogens or infectious agents that induce significant secretion of wide range of inflammatory molecules. Variations in peripheral and central inflammatory mediators significantly affect the levels of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin; p38 MAPK and IDO proteins. The latest data on the involvement of cytokines and neurotransmitters in metabolic pathways have provided various targets for pharmaceutical development and have established new treatment approaches for psychiatric disorders. All this advantages about molecular mecanism involved in behavioural changes will result in the short term in a better quality of life for patients.

Los Sistemas Nervioso, Endocrino e Inmunológico mantienen a través de la vía humoral y neuronal una comunicación permanente y concertada que incluye a las hormonas neurotransmisoras, las citocinas y a sus respectivos receptores expresados en las células que conforman estos tres sistemas. La variación de los niveles de estos mediadores solubles induce la regulación de varios procesos fisiológicos y media la respuesta de nuestro organismo ante la presencia de estímulos estresantes, tanto físicos como psicológicos. La activación crónica de la interacción neuroendocrinoinmunológica favorece la aparición de variaciones numéricas y funcionales en los tres sistemas involucrados y genera alteraciones de tipo conductual. Entre las alteraciones conductuales más estudiadas destaca el llamado "sickness behavior", que se caracteriza por la presencia de anedonia, fatiga, enlentecimiento psicomotor, disminución del apetito, alteraciones en el patrón del sueño y un incremento en la sensibilidad al dolor. Las similitudes entre los síntomas conductuales del "sickness behavior" y la depresión mayor han permitido establecer una hipótesis sobre la participación de las citocinas y otros factores inflamatorios en la fisiopatología de algunos trastornos neuropsiquiátricos como la depresión, la disfunción cognitiva, la fatiga, los trastornos de ansiedad, los de la personalidad y las enfermedades neurodegenerativas como las de Parkinson y de Alzheimer. Las alteraciones conductuales presentes en la depresión mayor pueden ser inducidas por la administración individual o conjunta de citocinas proinflamatorias, de mitógenos o por agentes infecciosos que inducen una importante secreción de moléculas inflamatorias. Las variaciones periféricas y centrales de los mediadores inflamatorios influyen significativamente sobre los neurotransmisores como el glutamato, la dopamina, la serotonina, la proteína p38 MAPK y la indolomina-2-3 dioxigenasa (IDO). Es por ello que actualmente las citocinas, los neurotransmisores al igual que las rutas metabólicas en las que participan son el blanco de nuevos tratamientos para algunos padecimientos psiquiátricos, lo que mejorará la calidad de vida para los pacientes.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in a fetus with rhizomelia and polydactyly. Report of a case diagnosed by genetic analysis, and correlation with pathological andradiologic findings.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder mainly characterized by a disproportionate limb dwarfism, chondroectodermal dysplasia, congenital heart disease, postaxial polydactyly, and dysplastic fingernails and teeth. Only 300 cases have been published worldwide. We report a 21-week fetus with rhizomelia and polydactyly detected. Gross photographs, radiologic studies and pathological study were performed leading to the clinico-pathological suspicion of EvC. DNA from fresh fetal tissue was extracted for sequencing the EVC and EVC2 genes. p.W215X and p.R677X mutations were identified in the EVC2 gene in the fetal sample. Parental sample analysis showed the p.W215X mutation to be inherited from the mother and the p.R677X mutation from the father. The clinical information is essential not only to arrive at a correct diagnosis in fetuses with pathologic ultrasound findings, but also to offer a proper genetic counseling to the parents and their relatives.

Estudio preliminar de la expresión del mensaje genético del transportador de serotonina en células mononucleares de sangre periférica en pacientes con dependencia al alcohol con y sin depresión mayor comórbida / Preliminary study of the genetic message expression of serotonin transporter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with alcohol dependence with and without comorbid major depression

The 2008 National Addiction Survey demonstrated the existence of 39 million alcohol drinkers, of whom 4.2 million are excessive drinkers and 4.8 million are alcohol dependents. No reports of the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in alcohol consumers in our country exist. Nevertheless, 40% to 50% of alcohol-dependent patients from other countries have some sort of psychiatric disorder, such as major depression. Serotonergic function is a key mediator of mood states, impulsiveness, and addictive behavior, including alcohol consumption. Several studies have noted alterations in the serotonergic system in alcoholics (as demonstrated by an increase in the shooting frequency of raphe nuclei serotonergic neurons, an increase in serotonin levels in the accumbens nuclei, and a loss in serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei) and depressed patients (decreases in the density of serotonin reuptake transporter [5-HTT] and serotonin levels [5-HT]). Clinical studies have documented that excessive alcohol intake reduces 5-HT levels and that this condition potentiates psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, major depression, and alcohol dependence. These data demonstrate an association between alcoholism, psychiatric disorders, and alcohol dependence. By molecular biology techniques, genetic risk factors have been identified and candidate genes, such as 5-HTT, have been selected. This gene is associated with a greater susceptibility to onset of alcohol-dependence and major depression. The 5-HTT gene lies in the SLC6A4 locus of 1 7q1 1.1-q12 and encodes a 600-amino-acid integral membrane protein. This transporter regulates serotonergic neurotransmission through removal of 5-HT from the synaptic space. Pharmacological research has shown that selective reuptake inhibitors (5-HTT blockers) reduce alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent and major depression patients. Serotonergic system receptors, such as 5-HTT, 5-HT1, and 5-HT2, are expressed in nervous system and immune system cells; thus it is likely that both systems have functional similarities. Due to this property, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be used to research neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and alcohol dependence disorders. The aim of this study was to assess 5-HTT expression levels in the PBMCs from alcohol-dependent patients and patients with comorbid alcohol-dependence and major depression disorder. Materials and methods The Outpatient Consultative Service from the Centro de Ayuda a Alcohólicos y Familiares (CAAF) and the Centro de Alcohólicos y Drogadictos <

La Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones 2008 reportó que en México existen 39 millones de personas que consumen alcohol y 4.8 millones presentan dependencia. A nivel mundial varios estudios indican que los pacientes con dependencia al alcohol (40 a 50%) presentan comorbilidad con algún tipo de padecimiento psiquiátrico. La función serotoninérgica es un mediador clave en los estados de ánimo, la impulsividad y las conductas adictivas, entre ellas el consumo de alcohol. Se ha reportado que el consumo excesivo de alcohol etílico disminuye los niveles de serotonina, aumenta la frecuencia de disparo de las neuronas serotoninérgicas en el núcleo del rafé y aumenta los niveles de serotonina en el núcleo accumbens. Las técnicas de biología molecular han permitido identificar factores de riesgo genético y se han seleccionado genes candidatos del sistema serotoninérgico, siendo uno de ellos el gen para el transportador de serotonina (5-HTT), el cual se ha demostrado que se encuentra asociado tanto a una mayor susceptibilidad para el establecimiento de la dependencia al alcohol como a la depresión mayor. Los receptores del sistema serotoninérgico como el 5-HTT, el 5-HT1 y el 5-HT2 se expresan tanto en las células del Sistema Nervioso como en las células del sistema inmunológico, lo que sugiere una similitud funcional de ambos sistemas. Es por ello que las células mononucleares de sangre periférica (PBMC) han sido utilizadas como un modelo de estudio en los trastornos de dependencia al alcohol y en los psiquiátricos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los niveles de expresión del gen 5-HTT en células mononucleares de sangre periférica de pacientes con dependencia al alcohol con y sin depresión mayor comórbida. En el Servicio de Consulta Externa del Centro de Ayuda a Alcohólicos y Familiares (CAAF) y en el Centro de Alcohólicos y Drogadictos <

Detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in Panamanian patients with disseminated histoplasmosis and AIDS.

Histoplasmosis is a common endemic mycosis in the Americas, often causing severe disease in patients with AIDS. Antigen detection has become an important method for rapid diagnosis of histoplasmosis in the United States but not in Central or South America. Isolates from patients in the United States are predominantly found to be class 2 isolates when typed using the nuclear gene YPS3, while isolates from Latin America are predominantly typed as class 5 or class 6. Whether infection with these Latin American genotypes produces positive results in the Histoplasma antigen assay has not been reported. In this study, we have compared the sensitivity of antigen detection for AIDS patients from Panama who had progressive disseminated histoplasmosis to that for those in the United States. Antigenuria was detected in the MVista Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in 95.2% of Panamanian cases versus 100% of U.S. cases. Antigenemia was detected in 94.7% of the Panamanian cases versus 92% of the U.S. cases. Two clinical isolates from Panama were typed using YPS3 and were found to be restriction fragment length polymorphism class 6. We conclude that the MVista Histoplasma antigen EIA is a sensitive method for diagnosis of histoplasmosis in Panama.

Disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS in Panama: a review of 104 cases.

We identified the incidence and primary clinical characteristics of histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in our hospital. Disseminated histoplasmosis is a common and severe disease among patients with AIDS in Panama and should be suspected for patients with a CD4 cell count of <100 cells/ microL, fever, respiratory symptoms, weight loss, and diarrhea.

Conocimientos y actitudes de la población acerca del alcohol y el alcoholismo / Knowledge and attitudes of the population about alcohol and alcoholism

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, directo y de corte transversal de la población masculina adulta de 4 consultorios médicos del área de salud "Ángel A. Aballí" de La Habana Vieja, clasificados según sus patrones de consumo alcohólico, para evaluar algunos conocimientos y actitudes sobre el alocohol y el alcoholismo a través de un cuestionario autoaplicado. Se encontró un bajo nivel de información sobre algunos efectos nocivos del alcohol, como su acción sobre el funcionamiento sexual y las tendencias suicidas, así como una pobre percepción de riesgo alcohólico vinculado a los patrones de consumo excesivo. Hubo un predominio de mitos acerca del alcohol como estimulante psicosexual, medicamento, alimento y sustancia útil para combatir el frío. Fue notable la tolerancia casi incondicional hacia la embriaguez(AU)

Conocimientos y actitudes de la población acerca del alcohol y el alcoholismo / Knowledge and attitudes of the population about alcohol and alcoholism

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, directo y de corte transversal de la población masculina adulta de 4 consultorios médicos del área de salud "Ángel A. Aballí" de La Habana Vieja, clasificados según sus patrones de consumo alcohólico, para evaluar algunos conocimientos y actitudes sobre el alocohol y el alcoholismo a través de un cuestionario autoaplicado. Se encontró un bajo nivel de información sobre algunos efectos nocivos del alcohol, como su acción sobre el funcionamiento sexual y las tendencias suicidas, así como una pobre percepción de riesgo alcohólico vinculado a los patrones de consumo excesivo. Hubo un predominio de mitos acerca del alcohol como estimulante psicosexual, medicamento, alimento y sustancia útil para combatir el frío. Fue notable la tolerancia casi incondicional hacia la embriaguez

Conocimientos y actitudes de la población acerca del alcohol y el alcoholismo / Knowledge and attitudes of the population about alcohol and alcoholism

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, directo y de corte transversal de la población masculina adulta de 4 consultorios médicos del área de salud "Ángel A. Aballí" de La Habana Vieja, clasificados según sus patrones de consumo alcohólico, para evaluar algunos conocimientos y actitudes sobre el alocohol y el alcoholismo a través de un cuestionario autoaplicado. Se encontró un bajo nivel de información sobre algunos efectos nocivos del alcohol, como su acción sobre el funcionamiento sexual y las tendencias suicidas, así como una pobre percepción de riesgo alcohólico vinculado a los patrones de consumo excesivo. Hubo un predominio de mitos acerca del alcohol como estimulante psicosexual, medicamento, alimento y sustancia útil para combatir el frío. Fue notable la tolerancia casi incondicional hacia la embriaguez (AU)

Conocimiento y aplicación del proceso de enfermería en las instituciones de salud. Medellín 1991 / Knowledge and application of the nursing process in healthcare services. Medellin 1991

El proceso de enfermería como herramienta de trabajo ha existido en los planes curriculares desde la década del 50, experimentando un continuo progreso en su aplicación. Mediante encuesta autoadministrada y anónima, se obtuvo información que permitió determinar el conocimiento sobre las etapas del proceso de enfermería, la aplicación y dificultades en la práctica profesional. Finalmente se presentan comentarios, conclusiones y recomendaciones con el fin de mejorar la aplicación del proceso de enfermería en nuestro medio.