Nutritional Strategies in the Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Athletes: A Systematic Integrative Review.

It is estimated that three to five million sports injuries occur worldwide each year. The highest incidence is reported during competition periods with mainly affectation of the musculoskeletal tissue. For appropriate nutritional management and correct use of nutritional supplements, it is important to individualize based on clinical effects and know the adaptive response during the rehabilitation phase after a sports injury in athletes. Therefore, the aim of this PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science PERSiST-based systematic integrative review was to perform an update on nutritional strategies during the rehabilitation phase of musculoskeletal injuries in elite athletes. After searching the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, PEDro, and Google Scholar, a total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria (Price Index: 66.6%). The risk of bias assessment for randomized controlled trials was performed using the RoB 2.0 tool while review articles were evaluated using the AMSTAR 2.0 items. Based on the main findings of the selected studies, nutritional strategies that benefit the rehabilitation process in injured athletes include balanced energy intake, and a high-protein and carbohydrate-rich diet. Supportive supervision should be provided to avoid low energy availability. The potential of supplementation with collagen, creatine monohydrate, omega-3 (fish oils), and vitamin D requires further research although the effects are quite promising. It is worth noting the lack of clinical research in injured athletes and the higher number of reviews in the last 10 years. After analyzing the current quantitative and non-quantitative evidence, we encourage researchers to conduct further clinical research studies evaluating doses of the discussed nutrients during the rehabilitation process to confirm findings, but also follow international guidelines at the time to review scientific literature.

A diagnostic model for overweight and obesity from untargeted urine metabolomics of soldiers.

Soldiers in active military service need optimal physical fitness for successfully carrying out their operations. Therefore, their health status is regularly checked by army doctors. These inspections include physical parameters such as the body-mass index (BMI), functional tests, and biochemical studies. If a medical exam reveals an individual's excess weight, further examinations are made, and corrective actions for weight lowering are initiated. The collection of urine is non-invasive and therefore attractive for frequent metabolic screening. We compared the chemical profiles of urinary samples of 146 normal weight, excess weight, and obese soldiers of the Mexican Army, using untargeted metabolomics with liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In combination with data mining, statistical and metabolic pathway analyses suggest increased S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) levels and changes of amino acid metabolites as important variables for overfeeding. We will use these potential biomarkers for the ongoing metabolic monitoring of soldiers in active service. In addition, after validation of our results, we will develop biochemical screening tests that are also suitable for civil applications.

The Stingless Bee Melipona solani Deposits a Signature Mixture and Methyl Oleate to Mark Valuable Food Sources.

Stingless bees foraging for food improve recruitment by depositing chemical cues on valuable food sites or pheromone marks on vegetation. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and bioassays, we showed that Melipona solani foragers leave a mixture composed mostly of long chain hydrocarbons from their abdominal cuticle plus methyl oleate from the labial gland as a scent mark on rich food sites. The composition of hydrocarbons was highly variable among individuals and varied in proportions, depending on the body part. A wide ratio of compounds present in different body parts of the bees elicited electroantennogram responses from foragers and these responses were dose dependent. Generally, in bioassays, these bees prefer to visit previously visited feeders and feeders marked with extracts from any body part of conspecifics. The mean number of visits to a feeder was enhanced when synthetic methyl oleate was added. We propose that this could be a case of multi-source odor marking, in which hydrocarbons, found in large abundance, act as a signature mixture with attraction enhanced through deposition of methyl oleate, which may indicate a rich food source.

Ornithine lipids and their structural modifications: from A to E and beyond.

Ornithine lipids (OLs) are phosphorus-free membrane lipids that are widespread in eubacteria, but absent from archaea and eukaryotes. They contain a 3-hydroxy fatty acyl group attached in amide linkage to the α-amino group of the amino acid ornithine. A second fatty acyl group is ester-linked to the 3-hydroxy position of the first fatty acid. About 25% of the bacterial species whose genomes have been sequenced are predicted to have the capacity to form OLs. Distinct OL hydroxylations have been described in the ester-linked fatty acid, the amide-linked fatty acid, and the ornithine moiety. These modifications often seem to form part of a bacterial stress response to changing environmental conditions, allowing the bacteria to adjust membrane properties by simply modifying already existing membrane lipids without the need to synthesize new lipids.

Hydroxylated ornithine lipids increase stress tolerance in Rhizobium tropici CIAT899.

Ornithine lipids (OLs) are widespread among Gram-negative bacteria. Their basic structure consists of a 3-hydroxy fatty acyl group attached in amide linkage to the α-amino group of ornithine and a second fatty acyl group ester-linked to the 3-hydroxy position of the first fatty acid. OLs can be hydroxylated within the secondary fatty acyl moiety and this modification has been related to increased stress tolerance. Rhizobium tropici, a nodule-forming α-proteobacterium known for its stress tolerance, forms four different OLs. Studies of the function of these OLs have been hampered due to lack of knowledge about their biosynthesis. Here we describe that OL biosynthesis increases under acid stress and that OLs are enriched in the outer membrane. Using a functional expression screen, the OL hydroxylase OlsE was identified, which in combination with the OL hydroxylase OlsC is responsible for the synthesis of modified OLs in R. tropici. Unlike described OL hydroxylations, the OlsE-catalysed hydroxylation occurs within the ornithine moiety. Mutants deficient in OlsE or OlsC and double mutants deficient in OlsC/OlsE were characterized. R. tropici mutants deficient in OlsC-mediated OL hydroxylation are more susceptible to acid and temperature stress. All three mutants lacking OL hydroxylases are affected during symbiosis.

Early INCAP longitudinal nutrition studies at the community level.

This paper reviews the findings of early field studies of INCAP comparing the effects of vitamin B12 and animal and vegetable protein on the growth of poorly nourished schoolchildren. It also describes a 5-year community-based intervention study showing that a protein-rich supplement given to preschool children improves growth and cognition and decreases morbidity and mortality. Medical care in one village had no detectable benefits. A classical seven-year community-based detailed observational study of the infection status and growth in children from birth is also summarized.

Diet and chronic diseases: INCAP studies of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.

This paper describes early INCAP studies showing that cholesterol and lipoprotein levels were much lower in the low-income populations of Central America than values that were just beginning to emerge from industrialized countries. These led to the collection of aortas and coronary vessels from 14,610 males and 7,906 females from serial autopsies from 12 public general hospitals in developing countries, mostly in Latin America and in New Orleans and Oslo. The severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the samples was evaluated independently by four pathologists after the samples were randomized, who determined that the severity of atherosclerosis progressed so slowly in the developing country samples that it rarely became clinically significant. The strongest correlation with the severity of lesions was the fat content of the diet.

Lead-, cadmium-, and arsenic-induced DNA damage in rat germinal cells.

Toxic agents can interfere with the male reproductive system at many targets. One of the major unresolved questions concerning male infertility is identification of its molecular origins. Clinical and animal studies indicate that abnormalities of spermatogenesis result from exposure to three toxic metals (lead acetate, cadmium chloride, and arsenic trioxide), but the effects on primary spermatocyte DNA of the male rat after chronic exposure to these metals have not been identified. The aims of this study were to analyze, in three independent experiments, the DNA damage induced by lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in rat germinal cells during three time periods, and to determine the relationship between DNA damage and blood Pb, blood Cd, and urine As levels. For lead acetate and cadmium chloride experiments, blood was collected by cardiac puncture, while for arsenic trioxide a 24-h urine sample was collected. Afterward, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. Pachytene spermatocytes from rat testes were purified by trypsin digestion followed by centrifugal elutriation. After establishment of cell purity and viability, DNA damage (tail length) was measured employing a single cell gel/comet assay. Significant DNA damage was found in primary spermatocytes from rats with chronic exposure (13 weeks) to toxic metals. In conclusion, these findings indicate that exposure to toxic metals affects primary spermatocyte DNA and are suggestive of possible direct testicular toxicity.

Biodisponibilidad de dos formas bucales sólidas de ampicilina en dosis única / Bioavailability of 2 solid oral forms of ampicillin in a single dose

Se estudió en 10 voluntarios sanos, por el método cruzado, la biodisponibilidad de tabletas y cápsulas de ampicilina. Se observó que desde los primeros 30 minutos las concentracions que se alcanzan con ambas presentaciones son suficientes para inhibir la mayor parte de microrganismos susceptibles, pero los niveles plasmáticos obtenidos con las tabletas son, en general, superiores a los de las cápsulas con diferencias importantes después de dos y tres horas de administrado el medicamento. Debido a que los procesos de elaboración farmacéutica pueden producir modificaciones en la biodisponibilidad de las sustancias activas, se concluye que la equivalencia química no necesariamente significa equivalencia biológica

Niveles sericos de Vitamina E de sujetos Centroamericanos / Vitamin E levels in Central American subjects

Publicado en ingles en la Revista Analitico-Bibliografica de la Vitamina E, 1:1, 1955

Efecto de los suplementos dietéticos y de la administración de vitamina B12 y aureomicina sobre el crecimiento de los niños de edad escolar

Publicado en ingles en el National Vitamin Foundation, Serie 8, mayo 1953

Efecto de la aureomicina y penicilina sobre el crecimiento de escolares guatemaltecos / Effect of aureomycin and penicillin on the growth of Guatemalan school children

Federation Proceedings, 13:477, 1954 (English). No. INCAP I-32. Publicacion Ccientifica INCAP E-87

Hallazgos bioquimicos y hematologicos en el sindrome pluricarencial de la infancia (Kwashiorkor) / Biochemical and hematological findings in infantile, pluricarencial syndrome (Kwashiorkor)

Federation Proceedings 14:449, 1955 (English). No. INCAP I-44. Publicacion Cientifica INCAP E-106