Axonal endoplasmic reticulum tubules control local translation via P180/RRBP1-mediated ribosome interactions.

Local mRNA translation in axons is critical for the spatiotemporal regulation of the axonal proteome. A wide variety of mRNAs are localized and translated in axons; however, how protein synthesis is regulated at specific subcellular sites in axons remains unclear. Here, we establish that the axonal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) supports axonal translation in developing rat hippocampal cultured neurons. Axonal ER tubule disruption impairs local translation and ribosome distribution. Using nanoscale resolution imaging, we find that ribosomes make frequent contacts with axonal ER tubules in a translation-dependent manner and are influenced by specific extrinsic cues. We identify P180/RRBP1 as an axonally distributed ribosome receptor that regulates local translation and binds to mRNAs enriched for axonal membrane proteins. Importantly, the impairment of axonal ER-ribosome interactions causes defects in axon morphology. Our results establish a role for the axonal ER in dynamically localizing mRNA translation, which is important for proper neuron development.

Development and validation of a 6-plex Luminex-based assay for measuring human serum antibodies to group B streptococcus capsular polysaccharides.

Six serotypes (Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, and V) cause nearly all group B streptococcal (GBS) disease globally. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) conjugate vaccines aim to prevent GBS disease, however, licensure of a vaccine would depend on a standardized serological assay for measuring anti-CPS IgG responses. A multiplex direct Luminex-based immunoassay (dLIA) has been developed to simultaneously measure the concentration of serum IgG specific for the six prevalent GBS CPS serotypes. Assay validation was performed using serum samples obtained from human subjects vaccinated with an investigational 6-valent GBS CPS conjugate vaccine. Results for the assay are expressed as IgG concentrations (µg/mL) using a human serum reference standard composed of pooled sera from vaccinated subjects. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) for all serotypes covered in the 6-plex GBS IgG dLIA fell within the range of 0.002-0.022 µg/mL IgG. Taken together, the 6-plex GBS IgG dLIA platform is specific for the six GBS serotypes included in Pfizer's investigational vaccine, has a wide dilution adjusted assay range, and is precise (<18.5% relative standard deviation) for all serotypes, and, therefore, is suitable for quantitatively measuring vaccine-induced or naturally acquired serotype-specific anti-CPS IgG responses against GBS.

Anatomical variant of the superficial temporal artery in temporoparietal fascia flap for microtia reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Single-stage microtia auricular reconstruction is becoming more relevant. The determining factor is a temporoparietal fascia flap (TPF) with both branches of the superficial temporal artery (STA). There are not many studies regarding vascular branching in people with microtia. METHODS: We conducted an anatomical study on the TPF flap harvested during single-stage endoscopic-assisted microtia auricular reconstruction from May 2018 to July 2021. We observed the flaps under endoscopic and surgical microscopes to determine several variables (vascular size, number of frontal/parietal branches, distance from the branching location to the estimated external ear canal, distance from the frontal artery to projected course of facial nerve's frontal branch, etc.). RESULTS: The study included 55 flaps from 54 patients. Of the 55 flaps, 50 (90.9%) had a parietal branch, and all 55 (100%) had a frontal branch with a mean diameter of 0.98 and 0.91 mm, respectively. Regarding the frontal artery, 1.8%, 25.5%, 50.9%, 16.35% and 5.45% had 0-4 traverse frontal branch(es), respectively. The mean distance from the frontal artery to the estimated course of the frontal nerve was 10.56 mm. Parietal artery absence is more likely in patients with severe hemifacial microsomia or STA trunk go under the auricular cartilage remnants (p < 0.05). Either frontal or parietal artery absence or small diameter can cause necrosis. Frontal arteries travelling near the frontal nerve may result in post-operative nerve palsy. CONCLUSIONS: Microtia auricular reconstructive surgery is always a big challenge for plastic surgeons. Anatomical variants are common. A detailed anatomical description of the STA, with the help of microsurgery and endoscopy, allows arterial-based flap designing and harvest, which tremendously improves surgical success rate by diminishing flap necrosis and nerve damage. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

A composite electrodynamic mechanism to reconcile spatiotemporally resolved exciton transport in quantum dot superlattices.

Quantum dot (QD) solids are promising optoelectronic materials; further advancing their device functionality requires understanding their energy transport mechanisms. The commonly invoked near-field Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) theory often underestimates the exciton hopping rate in QD solids, yet no consensus exists on the underlying cause. In response, we use time-resolved ultrafast stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, an ultrafast transformation of STED to spatiotemporally resolve exciton diffusion in tellurium-doped cadmium selenide-core/cadmium sulfide-shell QD superlattices. We measure the concomitant time-resolved exciton energy decay due to excitons sampling a heterogeneous energetic landscape within the superlattice. The heterogeneity is quantified by single-particle emission spectroscopy. This powerful multimodal set of observables provides sufficient constraints on a kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of exciton transport to elucidate a composite transport mechanism that includes both near-field FRET and previously neglected far-field emission/reabsorption contributions. Uncovering this mechanism offers a much-needed unified framework in which to characterize transport in QD solids and additional principles for device design.

Calibration of a serum reference standard for Group B streptococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine development using surface plasmon resonance.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Development of a maternal vaccine to protect newborns through placentally transferred antibody is considered feasible based on the well-established relationship between anti-GBS capsular polysaccharide (CPS) IgG levels at birth and reduced risk of neonatal invasive GBS. An accurately calibrated serum reference standard that can be used to measure anti-CPS concentrations is critical for estimation of protective antibody levels across serotypes and potential vaccine performance. For this, precise weight-based measurement of anti-CPS IgG in sera is required. Here, we report an improved approach for determining serum anti-CPS IgG levels using surface plasmon resonance with monoclonal antibody standards, coupled with a direct Luminex-based immunoassay. This technique was used to quantify serotype-specific anti-CPS IgG levels in a human serum reference pool derived from subjects immunized with an investigational six-valent GBS glycoconjugate vaccine.

Size-Dependent Suppression of Molecular Diffusivity in Expandable Hydrogels: A Single-Molecule Study.

By repurposing the recently popularized expansion microscopy to control the meshwork size of hydrogels, we examine the size-dependent suppression of molecular diffusivity in the resultant tuned hydrogel nanomatrices over a wide range of polymer fractions of ∼0.14-7 wt %. With our recently developed single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM) microscopy methods, we thus show that with a fixed meshwork size, larger molecules exhibit more impeded diffusion and that, for the same molecule, diffusion is progressively more suppressed as the meshwork size is reduced; this effect is more prominent for the larger molecules. Moreover, we show that the meshwork-induced obstruction of diffusion is uncoupled from the suppression of diffusion due to increased solution viscosities. Thus, the two mechanisms, respectively, being diffuser-size-dependent and independent, may separately scale down molecular diffusivity to produce the final diffusion slowdown in complex systems like the cell.

Machine-learning-powered extraction of molecular diffusivity from single-molecule images for super-resolution mapping.

While critical to biological processes, molecular diffusion is difficult to quantify, and spatial mapping of local diffusivity is even more challenging. Here we report a machine-learning-enabled approach, pixels-to-diffusivity (Pix2D), to directly extract the diffusion coefficient D from single-molecule images, and consequently enable super-resolved D spatial mapping. Working with single-molecule images recorded at a fixed framerate under typical single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) conditions, Pix2D exploits the often undesired yet evident motion blur, i.e., the convolution of single-molecule motion trajectory during the frame recording time with the diffraction-limited point spread function (PSF) of the microscope. Whereas the stochastic nature of diffusion imprints diverse diffusion trajectories to different molecules diffusing at the same given D, we construct a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that takes a stack of single-molecule images as the input and evaluates a D-value as the output. We thus validate robust D evaluation and spatial mapping with simulated data, and with experimental data successfully characterize D differences for supported lipid bilayers of different compositions and resolve gel and fluidic phases at the nanoscale.

Radiation-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy After Thoracic Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy: Case Report.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is a highly effective treatment for medically inoperable patients with early stage NSCLC. Because of its noninvasive nature and favorable toxicity profile, the use of SABR continues to expand for eligible patients. We present here two uncommon cases of peripheral neuropathy secondary to SABR-induced injury to recurrent laryngeal and phrenic nerves, resulting in unilateral vocal cord and diaphragmatic paralysis, respectively.

All-inside arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with internal brace Ligament Augmentation using semitendinosus tendon autograft: A case series.

Introduction and importance: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery has been proven to be closely related to the graft healing process, which can last up to 12 months after surgery. In recent years, through various biomechanical and clinical studies, Internal Brace Ligament Augmentation (IBLA) has been shown to protect the graft during these early postoperative stages and improve the outcome of ACL reconstruction. We present this case series of all-inside arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with IBLA using semitendinosus tendon autografts, with the goal of evaluating postoperative clinical and patient-reported outcomes. Case presentation: A total of 37 patients who underwent all-inside arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with IBLA using only semitendinosus tendon autografts, were evaluated, in terms of patient reported outcome and clinical assessment, during the 3, 6 and 12 months post-operative follow-up. Results: The mean Lysholm Knee score at the final follow-up was 94,03 +- 3,65 with a difference of 34,59 +- 5,52 to the baseline level. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) classification rated 30 cases of grade A and 7 cases of grade B. In terms of clinical tests and knee's range of motion, all patients have returned to normal, and no cases of re-rupture or other severe complications were found. Clinical discussion: Early follow-up patient reported outcomes have provided good to great results for the 37 patients who underwent all-inside arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with IBLA using semitendinosus tendon autografts and no cases of graft failure or other notable complication has been discovered. Clinical findings suggest improved knee's integrity and range of movement during the early stages, which may promote early rehabilitation, however future long-term comparative studies are needed. Conclusion: IBLA with all-inside ACL reconstructions using only semitendinosus autograft has provided good to great results however, future long-term comparative studies are needed.

Diagnostic value of cerebral vasospasm by transcranial doppler ultrasound in Vietnamese patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: Although the application of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography in clinical diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm is popular in clinical practice in Vietnam, available evidence of the predictive value of vasospasm on TCD in the literature was mostly reported from large institutions in developed countries. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the value of TCD ultrasonography in the diagnosis of vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in Vietnam. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a prospective observational study of all aneurysmal SAH patients consecutively admitted to a single center between 2008 and December 2011. TCD and 64-slice computed tomographic angiography (CTA) were used to cerebral vasospasm in SAH patients. RESULTS: 316 patients were analyzed (mean age = 52.97±12.27 years, 52.2% males). There were statistically significant difference rates of the cerebral vasospasm by Hunt and Hess Classification and Fisher classification (p <0.01). The proportion of the patients with cerebral vasospasm who were diagnosed exactly by TCD was 95.2%, while the proportion of the patients without cerebral vasospasm diagnosed exactly was 91.5%. TCD predictive diagnostic value was the highest, with the sensitivity of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91-0.98), specificity of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.85-0.96), positive predictive value of 0.94 (5% CI: 0.90-0.97) and negative predictive value of 0.93 (95 CI: 0.87-0.97). Hemiplegia was the clinical symptom with the highest diagnostic value with the sensitivity of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.27-0.41), specificity of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.96), positive predictive value of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76-0.93) and negative predictive value of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.41-0.54). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of vasospasm diagnosis on TCD ultrasonography was found with high accuracy. Current study enables to suggest the wide application of TCD in Vietnam health facilities from central to grassroots levels instead of the CTA use.

Seasonal variability of ocean circulation near the Dotson Ice Shelf, Antarctica.

Recent rapid thinning of West Antarctic ice shelves are believed to be caused by intrusions of warm deep water that induce basal melting and seaward meltwater export. This study uses data from three bottom-mounted mooring arrays to show seasonal variability and local forcing for the currents moving into and out of the Dotson ice shelf cavity. A southward flow of warm, salty water had maximum current velocities along the eastern channel slope, while northward outflows of freshened ice shelf meltwater spread at intermediate depth above the western slope. The inflow correlated with the local ocean surface stress curl. At the western slope, meltwater outflows followed the warm influx along the eastern slope with a ~2-3 month delay. Ocean circulation near Dotson Ice Shelf, affected by sea ice distribution and wind, appears to significantly control the inflow of warm water and subsequent ice shelf melting on seasonal time-scales.

Displacement Statistics of Unhindered Single Molecules Show no Enhanced Diffusion in Enzymatic Reactions.

Recent studies have sparked debate over whether catalytic reactions enhance the diffusion coefficients D of enzymes. Through high statistics of the transient (600 µs) displacements of unhindered single molecules freely diffusing in common buffers, we here quantify D for four enzymes under catalytic turnovers. We thus formulate how ∼ ±1% precisions may be achieved for D, and show no changes in diffusivity for catalase, urease, aldolase, and alkaline phosphatase under the application of wide concentration ranges of substrates. Our single-molecule approach thus overcomes potential limitations and artifacts underscored by recent studies to show no enhanced diffusion in enzymatic reactions.

Intensification of Penaeid Shrimp Culture: An Applied Review of Advances in Production Systems, Nutrition and Breeding.

Intensification of the shrimp sector, also referred to as vertical expansion, has been predominately driven by consecutive incidences of global disease outbreaks, which have caused enormous economic loss for the main producer countries. A growing segment of the shrimp farming industry has opted to use production systems with higher density, biosecurity, and operating control to mitigate the risks posed by disease. However, successful super-intensive shrimp production is reliant on an advanced understanding of many important biological and economic parameters in the farming system, coupled with effective monitoring, to maintain optimal production. Compared to traditional extensive or semi-intensive systems, super-intensive systems require higher inputs of feed, energy, labor, and supplements. These systems are highly sensitive to the interactions between these different inputs and require that the biological and economical parameters of farming are carefully balanced to ensure success. Advancing nutritional knowledge and tools to support consistent and efficient production of shrimp in these high-cost super-intensive systems is also necessary. Breeding programs developing breeding-lines selected for these challenging super-intensive environments are critical. Understanding synergies between the key areas of production systems, nutrition, and breeding are crucial for super-intensive farming as all three areas coalesce to influence the health of shrimp and commercial farming success. This article reviews current strategies and innovations being used for Litopenaeus vannamei in production systems, nutrition, and breeding, and discusses the synergies across these areas that can support the production of healthy and high-quality shrimp in super-intensive systems. Finally, we briefly discuss some key issues of social license pertinent to the super-intensive shrimp farming industry.

MOXAIC: A classification of major maxillofacial wounds, concerning 310 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Although classification for facial fractures have been extensively described in the literature, corresponding systems for major maxillofacial wounds (MMW) are few. We would like to present MOXAIC: a new classification system for MMW. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 310 patients with MMW who underwent emergency operation between January 2005 and December 2016. MMW was defined as a facial wound longer than 10 cm, which includes damage to the craniofacial bone or other important facial structures such as the carotid arteries, facial nerves, parotid gland, Stensen's duct, or the eye. All the patients were followed at least 36 months. RESULT: Based on the shape of the wound, the severity, and the mechanism of injury we were able to classify the MMW into five types: O, X, A, I, C. For each wound type we then looked at the treatment required and the outcome, objectively classified as good, satisfactory, or poor, concerning anatomical correction, aesthetics, and function. + Type OCircumferential wound: 81.6% result good. + Type X-Oblique wound: only 48.1% good, despite initial multidisciplinary approach. + Type A-Transverse facial wound: 78.1% good. + Type I-Direct wound: Immediate airway management and hemorrhage control are important. 48.8% good. + Type CCut wound: 88.1% good. The above classification was named MOXAIC which is a mnemonic of 'Maxillofacial' and the five wound types: O, X, A, I, C. CONCLUSION: This classification is highly reproducible, easy to use, and allows quick treatment work up and prognosis. However, this classification requires further specialist review and study.

Significant Vision Recovery from Filler-Induced Complete Blindness with Combined Intra-Arterial Injection of Hyaluronidase and Thrombolytic Agents.

With the increase of cosmetic injectable hyaluronic acid (HA), there have been more cases with serious complications, including skin necrosis, blindness, and cerebral embolism. Patients who have recovered from HA filler-induced total vision loss are extremely rare. We report a case of a 27-year-old female who developed severe ocular pain on the right side and total vision loss following a 1.0 ml HA filler injection in the nasal dorsum. She arrived at our hospital 4 hours later. Her visual acuity was no light perception (NLP), and she exhibited eyelid ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and frontal and nasal ecchymosis. She was promptly treated with subcutaneous and retrobulbar hyaluronidase injections, as well as intra-arterial 1500 IU hyaluronidase injections into the right ophthalmic artery with DSA assistance. Her vision improved from NLP to counting fingers at 1.0 meters. Unfortunately, 13 hours later, she felt an intense headache, and her vision again decreased to NLP. We immediately performed an injection of 1500 IU hyaluronidase combined with 8 mg alteplase for intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) into the right ophthalmic artery. Her vision improved immediately afterward. After 3 months, her visual acuity had significantly recovered from NLP (admission vision status) to 20/50 (Snellen chart with glasses). Similarly, skin, conjunctival, eye movement, and ptosis symptoms completely recovered. This case demonstrates that reversal of complete blindness due to embolism of the ophthalmic and central retinal arteries could be accomplished through multidisciplinary therapies, especially IAT using fibrinolytic agents combined with hyaluronidase followed by an anticoagulant regimen.Level of evidence VThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Moving the ER tip by tip.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and microtubule (MT) interactions have been observed in different cell types. However, how these interactions are regulated remains unknown. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Nourbakhsh et al. show that an ER-localized kinase, TAOK2, catalyzes the dynamic tethering of the ER tip to the MT tip.

Comparison Of Endoscopic Transaxillary And Peri-areolar Approaches In Breast Augmentation With Smooth Implants.

INTRODUCTION: The most common surgical approaches for breast augmentation in Asia have traditionally been peri-areolar and transaxillary. In recent years, transaxillary approach has become increasingly popular with the use of endoscopic methods, which result in safer and better outcomes. In the literature, there are no comparison studies of endoscopic transaxillary and peri-areolar approaches. METHODS: This prospective study compared the outcomes of 275 women undergoing primary breast augmentation (endoscopic transaxillary n=205, peri-areolar n=70). All procedures were performed by a single surgeon using smooth round silicone implants and dual-plane pockets from April 2013 to March 2016. Every patient was monitored for a minimum of 4 years for minor and major complications. RESULTS: Types and percentage of patients experiencing minor complications among transaxillary and peri-areolar patients were localized fluid collection in the wound (1% transaxillary, 7.1% peri-areolar), hypertrophic scarring or keloids (1% transaxillary, 8.6% peri-areolar), and areolar and nipple deformity (0% transaxillary, 8.6% peri-areolar). Major complications were postoperative bleeding (0% transaxillary, 2.9% peri-areolar) and capsular contracture, Baker Group III or IV (1% transaxillary, 5.7% peri-areolar). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic transaxillary breast augmentation had better outcomes, with lower rates of complications than the peri-areolar approach. Reviewing the literature, our study is the first direct comparison of peri-areolar and endoscopic transaxillary incisions using smooth implants. With the risk of anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with certain macrotexture implants, endoscopic transaxillary approach using smooth implants is the safer technique and very good alternative choice for Asian women who do not want any scarring on their breasts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

[Results of comprehensive conservative treatment of patients with no-option chronic limb-threatening ischaemia]. / Rezul'taty kompleksnogo konservativnogo lecheniia 'nerekonstruktabel'nykh' patsientov s ugrozhaiushchei khronicheskoi ishemiei nizhnikh konechnostei.

AIM: The study was aimed at comparing efficacy of conventional conservative therapy and comprehensive treatment including a plasmid VEGF-165-gene therapy drug in 'no-option' chronic limb-threatening ischaemia with different prevalence of trophic ulcers and infection during a 1-year follow-up period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 101 patients (54% being men and 46% women, mean age 69 years) with 'no-option' chronic limb-threatening ischaemia underwent comprehensive conservative treatment. They were subdivided into 4 groups according to the WIFI classification: WIFI 130 (n=38), 131 (n=23), 230 (n=16), 231 (n=24). The control group patients (n=58) received standard treatment using a PGE1 analogue (Vasaprostan) and the study group patients (n=43) underwent standard conservative treatment (SCT) in combination with gene therapy. The end points of the study were as follows: major amputation rate, amputation-free survival, total mortality, and ulcer healing rate during a 1-year of follow up. RESULTS: Major amputation rate in the control and study groups amounted to 35 and 28% (p=0.48), respectively, with amputation-free survival of 53 and 63% (p=0.35), total mortality of 21 and 12% (p=0.23), ulcer healing rate of 31 and 51% (p=0.04), respectively. The WIfI classification made it possible to single out a subgroup of patients (WIfI combination 130) yielding other statistically significant results: major amputation rate 27% and 0% (p=0.03), amputation-free survival 59 and 94% (p=0.025), ulcer healing rate 50 and 88% (p=0.016), respectively. CONCLUSION: Using plasmid-based VEGF-165 gene therapy in the subgroup with the WIfI combination 130 decreases the major amputation rate (p=0.03), increases amputation-free survival (p=0.025) and promotes ulcer healing (p=0.016) compared with the standard therapy during 1-year follow up. No significant differences in the compared groups were revealed by all endpoints of the study for other combinations analysed. The total mortality rate in patients with limb-threatening ischaemia does not depend on either the initial severity of ulcer or the selcted methods of conservative treatment.

False-Negative Initial Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Posterior Circulation Stroke: A Case Report Describing Locked-in Syndrome.

Locked-in syndrome is defined as quadriplegia and anarthria with the preservation of consciousness. Typically, locked-in syndrome is caused by an insult to the ventral pons secondary to trauma or vascular disease. Presented herein is a case of a locked-in syndrome with an initial MRI with no restricted diffusion and clinical deterioration over the course of four days. Repeat interval MRI demonstrated bilateral pontine ischemia.