Utilizing machine learning for flow zone indicators prediction and hydraulic flow unit classification.

Reservoir characterization, essential for understanding subsurface heterogeneity, often faces challenges due to scale-dependent variations. This study addresses this issue by utilizing hydraulic flow unit (HFU) zonation to group rocks with similar petrophysical and flow characteristics. Flow Zone Indicator (FZI), a crucial measure derived from pore throat size, permeability, and porosity, serves as a key parameter, but its determination is time-consuming and expensive. The objective is to employ supervised and unsupervised machine learning to predict FZI and classify the reservoir into distinct HFUs. Unsupervised learning using K-means clustering and supervised algorithms including Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were employed. FZI values from RCAL data formed the basis for model training and testing, then the developed models were used to predict FZI in unsampled locations. A methodical approach involves 3 k-fold cross-validation and hyper-parameter tuning, utilizing the random search cross-validation technique over 50 iterations was applied to optimize each model. The four applied algorithms indicate high performance with coefficients determination (R2) of 0.89 and 0.91 in training and testing datasets, respectively. RF showed the heist performance with training and testing R2 values of 0.957 and 0.908, respectively. Elbow analysis guided the successful clustering of 212 data points into 10 HFUs using k-means clustering and Gaussian mixture techniques. The high-quality reservoir zone was successfully unlocked using the unsupervised technique. It has been discovered that the areas between 2370-2380 feet and 2463-2466 feet are predicted to be high-quality reservoir potential areas, with average FZI values of 500 and 800, consecutively. The application of machine learning in reservoir characterization is deemed highly valuable, offering rapid, cost-effective, and precise results, revolutionizing decision-making in field development compared to conventional methods.

Estimated projection of oral squamous cell carcinoma annual incidence from twenty years registry data: a retrospective cross-sectional study in Indonesia.

Background: The incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been well documented in Indonesia. Thus, we aimed to analyze trends and clinicopathological profiles of OSCC cases in Indonesia, focusing on differences between age and sex groups. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Indonesia's main referral hospital, analyzing 1,093 registered OSCC cases from 2001 to 2020. Trend analysis was performed using Joinpoint regression analysis to determine the annual percentage change (APC) for overall cases and each case group based on age, sex, and anatomical subsites. APC significance was assessed using a Monte Carlo permutation test. The projection of case numbers for the following 5 years (2021-2025) was estimated using linear/non-linear regression analysis and presented as a mathematical function. The significance of the trend slope was measured using an ANOVA test. Demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC were analyzed according to age and sex, and their comparative analysis was assessed using Chi-square and its alternatives. Results: The incidence of OSCC in female patients and in the tongue and buccal mucosa showed a positive trend (APC 2.06%; 3.48%; 8.62%, respectively). Moreover, the incidence of OSCC overall, and in women with OSCC, is projected to increase significantly in the next 5 years following the quadratic model. The mean age of patients was 51.09 ± 14.36 years, with male patients being younger than female patients. The male-to-female ratio was 1.15, and 36.5% of these patients were categorized as young (≤45 years old). The tongue was the predominantly affected site. Prominent pathologic characteristics included well-differentiation, keratinization, and grade I of Bryne's (1992) cellular differentiation stage. Most patients presented with advanced staging, lymphovascular invasion, and uninvaded margins. Tumor sites and staging varied according to age, while age and tumor sites differed between sexes. Conclusion: The rising incidence trends of OSCC among Indonesian patients, both in the past and projected future, are concerning and warrant attention. Further research into risk factors should be conducted as preventive measures.

Role of DEK in carcinogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic outcome of breast cancer: An evidence-based clinical review.

Breast cancer is a significantly burdening women's cancer with limited diagnostic modalities. DEK is a novel biomarker overexpressed in breast cancers, currently exhaustively researched for its diagnosis and prognosis. Search for relevant meta-analyses, cohorts, and experimental studies in the last fifteen years was done in five large scientific databases. Non-English, non-full text articles or unrelated studies were excluded. Thirteen articles discussed the potential of DEK to estimate breast cancer characteristics, treatment outcomes, and prognosis. This proto-oncogene plays a role in breast carcinogenesis, increasing tumour proliferation and invasion, preventing apoptosis, and creating an immunodeficient tumour milieu with M2 tumour-associated macrophages. DEK is also associated with worse clinicopathological features and survival in breast cancer patients. Using a Kaplan-Meier plotter data analysis, DEK expression predicts worse overall survival (HR 1.24, 95%CI: 1.01-1.52, p = 0.039), comparable to other biomarkers. DEK is a promising novel biomarker requiring further research to determine its bedside applications.

Is there any difference in insulin resistance status between cases of benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms? A study on surrogate markers of insulin resistance in Indonesian non-diabetic women.

The association between insulin resistance (IR) and ovarian neoplasm is little known. The present study attempted to investigate the difference in clinicopathological characteristics, metabolic parameters, and IR prevalence between benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms. The cross-sectional study involved 52 non-diabetic women with benign (n=27) and malignant (n=25) diagnoses in a tertiary hospital in Indonesia. Fasting insulin level (FIL), homeostatic model assessment of IR and ß-cell dysfunction (HOMA-IR and HOMA-ß), fasting IR index (FIRI), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were used as surrogate markers to evaluate IR. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were employed to analyze the different parameters between the two groups. Pearson or Spearman's rank test assessed the correlation between markers and clinical variables. Results revealed that patients with benign neoplasms were younger than those with malignant neoplasms (38.63 vs. 47.40 years; P=0.003) and had a higher median body mass index (BMI) than their counterparts (22.98 vs. 18.61 kg/m2; P=0.014). Different characteristics between benign and malignant neoplasm cases were found in menopausal status, ovary side affected, systolic blood pressure, and BMI classes. Endometrial cysts and mucinous carcinoma were the most often diagnosed benign and malignant neoplasms. Malignant neoplasms had a lower median HOMA-ß score than benign neoplasms (49.33 vs. 75.79; P=0.011), indicating more severe ß-cell dysfunction. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of IR between benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms for the following values of each marker: FIL (25.9% vs. 12.0%), HOMA-IR (37.0% vs. 28.0%), FIRI (51.9% vs. 48.0%) and QUICKI (81.5% vs. 92.0%). The indicators of FIL, HOMA-IR, HOMA-ß, FIRI, and QUICKI correlated with each other and confirmed the reliability of these surrogate markers for measuring IR status in ovarian neoplasms. In brief, benign ovarian neoplasms tended to have more IR when compared with malignant ovarian neoplasms. However, this difference was not statistically significant.

Clinicopathological characteristics predicting advanced stage and surgical margin invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A single-center study on 10 years of cancer registry data.

The incidence profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not previously been comprehensively reported in Indonesia. The present study aimed to identify clinicopathological characteristics of patients with OSCC according to sex and age, to analyze histological differentiation patterns specific to tumor subsites, to highlight the role of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in metastasis, and to develop a model to predict advanced stage and margin invasion. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using 581 medical records and pathological specimens from cancer registry data in the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (Jakarta, Indonesia), between January 2011 and December 2020. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for eligible parameters, identified using bivariate analysis, to predict advanced stage and margin invasion. Calibration of the prediction model was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, its discrimination value assessed using the receiver operating characteristic and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Sex-specific patterns in tumor subsites and differences in clinical staging according to age were demonstrated in the patients with OSCC. The proportion of well-differentiated cases was significantly higher in most tumor subsites, except in the buccal mucosa (more moderately differentiated cases) and floor of the mouth (well and moderately differentiated cases being equal). LVI was significantly associated with nodal metastasis but not distant metastasis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age ≤45 years [odds ratio (OR), 2.26] and LVI (OR, 8.42) predicted patients having advanced-stage OSCC among general populations (AUC, 0.773); however, LVI (OR, 8.28) was the sole predictor of advanced stage amongst young patients (AUC, 0.737). Margin invasion was predicted solely by tumor subsite, including mouth not otherwise specified (OR, 3.04) and palate (OR, 6.13), in the general population (AUC, 0.711). Furthermore, margin invasion was predicted by the palate subsite (OR, 38.77) and LVI (OR, 11.61) in young patients (AUC, 0.762). Investigating young patients thoroughly when finding SCC in the mouth and palate, and assessing LVI, especially among young patients, is critical to prevent advanced staging and margin invasion.

Magnetic resonance imaging pitfalls in determining myometrial invasion in stage I endometrial cancer: A case report and literature review.

The degree of myometrial invasion (MI) is crucial in the preoperative diagnosis of endometrial cancer (EC) using MRI in terms of therapeutic and prognostic implications. However, several pitfalls should be kept in mind when using this modality. We report a case of EC on a 64-year-old woman, identified preoperatively without MI based on ultrasonography and MRI, implying a low risk of lymph node metastasis; surprisingly, the uterine incision showed the lesion had invaded <50% of the myometrium. Thus, a total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed, and histopathologic analysis confirmed that the EC was on stage IA (cancer is in the endometrium only or less than halfway through the myometrium). In our case, thinning myometrium and uterine atrophy due to aging, multiple leiomyomas, previous curettage, and blood clots were all pitfalls for MRI in detecting MI. By detecting tiny or isointense tumors and depicting distinct vascularity of the malignancy in postmenopausal women, functional MRI techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) can help reduce pitfalls when assessing MI. Clinicians can employ DWI preoperatively, which is more reliable and superior to DCE-MRI in determining tumor areas without contrast injection and perform a postoperative histopathological examination to confirm MI in EC.

Potential of DEK proto-oncogene as a prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer: An evidence-based review.

Given its role in tumorigenesis and its correlation with various pathologic features of colorectal cancer (CRC), DEK is considered to have the potential to predict CRC prognosis. This review attempts to summarize current knowledge and evidence supporting the potential of DEK as a prognostic biomarker of CRC. We searched meta-analyses, systematic reviews, cohort studies, and cell line studies published in the last 10 years. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Pubmed Central (PMC), Proquest, EBSCOHost, Scopus, and Cochrane Library using the keywords 'colorectal/colon/rectal cancer', 'DEK', 'biomarker', and 'prognosis'. Studies that were not published in English, without accessible full text, unrelated to clinical questions, or conducted with a design unsuitable for the eligibility criteria were excluded. Seven included studies reported the potential of DEK as a prognostic biomarker of CRC and its role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This role is achieved through the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, prevention of apoptosis through destabilization of p53, and bridging inflammation and tumorigenesis through the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, causing chronic inflammation and activation of tumorigenic genes. DEK overexpression is also associated with CRC clinical and pathological features, such as tumor size, lymph node metastasis, serosal invasion, differentiation, tumor staging, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. DEK overexpression was found to be associated with lower survival and recovery rates. Its prognostic value was comparable with other prognostic biomarkers of CRC, such as BRAF, topoisomerase-1, and CEA. A cohort study reported that DEK overexpression was associated with a better response to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy, while a cell-line study indicated a correlation between DEK overexpression with a worse response to irinotecan-based chemotherapy. In conclusion, considering its correlation with CRC pathology, its association with worse CRC patient survival, and its possibility to forecast the therapeutic response of various chemotherapeutic regimens, DEK has the potential to be used as a CRC prognostic biomarker.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Indonesian urban communities regarding HPV infection, cervical cancer, and HPV vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Few studies explored Indonesian understanding of cervical cancer (CC) and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. We aimed to investigate the association between knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and socio-demographical influences related to HPV, CC, and vaccination among Indonesian urban citizens. METHODS: We conducted an online survey during March 2020-August 2021 using the Snowball sampling technique. The socio-demographic characteristic and KAP responses were collected via Google Forms from 400 respondents in Jakarta. The knowledge and attitudes were divided into HPV and CC (aspect 1) and HPV vaccination (aspect 2). Correlation between KAP scores was performed using Spearman's test, and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine KAP predictors. RESULTS: Indonesian urban citizens in Jakarta were found to have poor knowledge in individual aspects of the inquiry but moderate knowledge overall, good attitude in inquiry both in each aspect and overall, and unsatisfying practices. Overall, in the general population, men, and women respectively: 50.8%, 32.4%, and 53.6% had good knowledge; 82.0%, 75.2%, and 84.4% expressed positive attitude; and 30.3%, 15.2%, and 35.6% applied favorable practice regarding questions inquired. Knowledge was weakly correlated towards attitude (ρ = 0.385) but moderately correlated with practice (ρ = 0.485); attitude was moderately correlated with practice (ρ = 0.577), all results: p<0.001. Significant odds ratio (OR) for predictors to good knowledge were female sex (OR = 2.99), higher education (OR = 2.91), and higher mother's education (OR = 2.15). Factors related to positive attitudes were higher mother's education (OR = 4.13), younger age (OR = 1.86), and better results in the knowledge inquiries (OR = 2.96). Factors that suggested better practices were female sex (OR = 2.33), being employed (OR = 1.68), excellent knowledge scores (OR = 4.56), and positive attitudes expressions (OR = 8.05). Having done one vaccination dose and intention to receive vaccines were significantly influenced by good KAP. CONCLUSIONS: KAP had inter-association to successful CC and HPV prevention programs, and socio-demographical characteristics are critical to influencing better KAP.

Fulminant necrotizing amoebic colitis presenting as acute appendicitis: a case report and comprehensive literature review.

Intestinal amoebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica. It is commonly found in developing countries with poor hygiene. A rare, life-threatening complication of amoebiasis is fulminant necrotizing amoebic colitis (FulNAC). We report a 59-year-old male with acute lower right abdominal pain. Before coming to our institution, he was diagnosed with acute appendicitis. Extensive necrosis near the caecum involving the appendix and colon was observed intraoperatively. The patient underwent a right hemicolectomy, followed by an ileostomy and colostomy. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of FulNAC. After the surgery, the patient was transferred to the high care unit and treated with metronidazole after histopathologic findings confirmed the etiology. The patient showed excellent response to the antibiotic prescribed, and the symptoms subsided. He was discharged from the hospital on day nine. Additionally, we reviewed fifty-one existing case reports on invasive intestinal amoebiasis worldwide, confirmed by histopathological examination following their preoperative diagnosis, surgery, pharmacology treatment, and outcomes. The learning point of this case is that intestinal amoebiasis should be considered a differential diagnosis for patients around fifty years old with bowel symptoms and travel history or living in tight quarters. Blood tests, radiological examinations, and serological evaluations are valuable diagnostic modalities. Metronidazole should be given as early as possible, and health promotion is recommended to prevent this disease in the population.

Analysing 11 years of incidence trends, clinicopathological characteristics, and forecasts of colorectal cancer in young and old patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study in an Indonesian national referral hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain annual incidence trends, understand clinicopathological characteristics, and forecast the future burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Indonesia. DESIGN: 11-year retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: A national referral hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. PARTICIPANTS: Data from 1584 eligible cases were recorded for trends and forecasting analyses; 433 samples were analysed to determine clinicopathological differences between young (<50 years) and old (≥50 years) patients. METHODS: Trend analyses were done using Joinpoint software, expressed in annual percentage change (APC), and a regression analysis was executed to generate a forecasting model. Patients' characteristics were compared using χ2 or non-parametric tests. MAIN OUTCOMES: Analysis of trends, forecasting model, and clinicopathological features between the age groups. RESULTS: A significant increase in APC was observed among old patients (+2.38%) for CRC cases. Colon cancer increased remarkably (+9.24%) among young patients; rectal cancer trends were either stable or declining. The trend for right-sided CRC increased in the general population (+6.52%) and old patients (+6.57%), while the trend for left-sided CRC was stable. These cases are expected to be a significant health burden within the next 10 years. Patients had a mean age of 53.17±13.94, 38.1% were young, and the sex ratio was 1.21. Prominent characteristics were left-sided CRC, tumour size ≥5 cm, exophytic growth, adenocarcinoma, histologically low grade, pT3, pN0, inadequately dissected lymph nodes (LNs), LN ratio <0.05, no distant metastasis, early-stage cancer, no lymphovascular invasion, and no perineural invasion (PNI). Distinct features between young and old patients were found in the histological subtype, number of dissected LN, and PNI of the tumour. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological trends and forecasting analyses of CRC cases in Indonesian patients showed an enormous increase in colon cancer in young patients, a particularly concerning trend. Additionally, young patients exhibited particular clinicopathological characteristics that contributed to disease severity.

The Utility of Pre-Treatment Inflammation Markers as Associative Factors to the Adverse Outcomes of Vulvar Cancer: A Study on Staging, Nodal Involvement, and Metastasis Models.

BACKGROUND: Given the role of inflammation in carcinogenesis, this study investigated the utility of pre-treatment inflammatory markers as associative indicators for advanced-stage disease, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and distant metastasis (DM) in vulvar cancer (VC). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 86 women with VC in a single centre in Jakarta, Indonesia. The laboratory data was based on C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and fourteen derived, recorded and calculated ratios: leukocyte-to-platelet (LPR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (dNLR), neutrophil-to-monocyte (NMR), platelet-to-monocyte (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte (LMR), basophil-to-monocyte (BLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), body mass index, albumin, and NLR (BAN) score, haemoglobin-to-platelet (HPR), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), CRP-to-albumin, and CRP-to-procalcitonin. The optimal cut-off for each marker was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and their diagnostic indicator performances were assessed. The utility of these ratios as associative factors for three endpoints was further evaluated in multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Investigated inflammatory markers exhibited specific performances for individual adverse outcomes, proving a fair to excellent ability in case finding and screening. After adjustment, the BAN score ≤ 334.89 (OR 9.20, p = 0.001) and ESR ≥ 104 (OR 4.18, p = 0.048) become two advanced-stage associative factors with AUC: 0.769. LNM was solely determined by higher NLR ≥ 2.83 (OR 4.15, p = 0.014) with AUC: 0.615. Meanwhile, BLR ≥ 0.035 (OR 5.67, p = 0.001) and ESR ≥ 84 (OR 6.01, p = 0.003) were contributing factors for DM, with AUC: 0.765. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory markers are crucial for identifying the deleterious outcomes of VC. Accordingly, yielded models require external validation.

Combining LAMP and Au-Nanoprobe to detect INH-RIF resistance accurately in tuberculosis: an evidence-based review.

Approximately 1.41 million people die annually due to tuberculosis. One of the main problems in Tuberculosis eradication is the development of resistance to various antibiotics. However, current efforts to detect resistances face challenges such as limited equipment, budget, and time. This evidence-based review investigated loop-mediated isothermal amplification, an alternative molecular diagnostic tool with promising performance and applicability in developing countries, and its use combined with Au-Nanoprobe to detect antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis. The literature search was conducted through four databases (Proquest, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Pubmed) for useful articles on loop-mediated isothermal amplification and Au-Nanoprobe in detecting tuberculosis and tuberculosis resistance. After filtering the result with inclusion and exclusion criteria, the search produced three papers that best answer the clinical question. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification amplifies a target sequence, and Au-Nanoprobe responds to the DNA specific to the target mutant, producing an observable color change. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification and Au-Nanoprobe showed 100% sensitivity and specificity in detecting rifampicin and isoniazid resistance. Another study investigated its viability to detect tuberculosis and found 98.2% sensitivity and 88.2% specificity. Combining loop-mediated isothermal amplification and Au-Nanoprobe had a shorter time to get results and should also be relatively cheaper because it does not need a high temperature to work and requires less equipment. In conclusion, loop-mediated isothermal amplification and Au-Nanoprobe can be used as an efficient and accurate method to detect isoniazid and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis strains. The new technology is promising for developing countries due to their high disease burden but facing several healthcare barriers.

Relationship between manufacturing complexity, strategy, and performance of manufacturing industries in Indonesia.

Previous research has emphasized the need to further investigate the impact of manufacturing complexity on company strategies and performance in developing countries' manufacturing sector. Indonesia is one such developing country where this relationship has yet to be adequately studied. The manufacturing industry sector is expected to drive Indonesia's economic growth to achieve the targeted average growth of 6% per year in the next five years. This study aimed to examine the relationship between manufacturing complexity, manufacturing strategies (cost, delivery, flexibility, and quality), and manufacturing performance of Indonesian automotive component manufacturing industries. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed in the investigation. The sample size comprised 72 automotive component manufacturing companies located in the Jakarta region. Results indicated that the higher the value of manufacturing complexity, the higher the manufacturing strategies should be prioritized. The manufacturing strategy related to quality, particularly, has a significant positive impact on manufacturing performance. The novelty of this study lies in its detailed examination of the relationship between manufacturing complexity, manufacturing strategies, and manufacturing performance, particularly in developing countries. The results are expected to fill the existing research gaps.

Relationship between ISO 9001:2015 and operational and business performance of manufacturing industries in a developing country (Indonesia).

Previous research has emphasized the need to further investigate the impact of ISO 9001 on company performance in the manufacturing sector of developing countries. Indonesia is one of those developing countries where the implementation of ISO 9001 is yet to be adequately researched. The Indonesian automotive manufacturing industry is still unable to compete with Malaysia and Thailand even though many companies have implemented ISO 9001. This study aimed to examine the relationship between ISO 9001 and operational (productivity, customer satisfaction, and product quality) and business (sales growth, profit rate, and market share) performance of Indonesian automotive component manufacturing industries. It also aimed to identify major obstacles in the effective implementation of ISO 9001. Multiple linear regression analyses about operational and business performance were employed for this purpose. The sample size comprised 50 automotive component manufacturing industries located in the Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang, and Bekasi region of Indonesia. The study demonstrates that the implementation of the ISO 9001:2015 quality management system has a significant positive impact on the operational performance as well as the business performance. Additionally, the operational performance has a significant positive impact on the business performance. This study also reveals the major obstacles in the effective implementation of ISO 9001 in the manufacturing industry, which include a lack of qualified personnel, inadequate training, employee resistance, and lack of commitment among top-level management executives. It offers clear implications for managers who focus on elements that will enhance the effectiveness of ISO 9001 implementation by choosing the correct strategies, allocating sufficient resources, and improving their firm's performance. The novelty of this study lies in filling the existing research gap, which involves a detailed examination of the relationship between the implementation of ISO 9001 and the company's performance, particularly in manufacturing industries of developing countries.