ABSTRACT
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe genetic disorder that manifests in progressive neuromuscular degeneration. SMA originates from loss-of-function mutations of the SMN1 (Survival of Motor Neuron 1) gene. Recent evidence has implicated peripheral deficits, especially in skeletal muscle, as key contributors to disease progression in SMA. In this study we generated myogenic cells from two SMA-affected human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines with deletion of SMN1 bearing two copies of the SMN2 gene and recapitulating the molecular phenotype of Type 1 SMA. We characterized myoblasts and myotubes by comparing them to two unaffected, control hESC lines and demonstrate that SMA myoblasts and myotubes showed altered expression of various myogenic markers, which translated into an impaired in vitro myogenic maturation and development process. Additionally, we provide evidence that these SMN1 deficient cells display functional deficits in cholinergic calcium signaling response, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Our data describe a novel human myogenic SMA model that might be used for interrogating the effect of SMN depletion during skeletal muscle development, and as model to investigate biological mechanisms targeting myogenic differentiation, mitochondrial respiration and calcium signaling processes in SMA muscle cells.
Subject(s)
Human Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism , Muscle Development/physiology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/metabolism , Myoblasts/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Calcium/metabolism , Cations, Divalent/metabolism , Cell Line , Gene Expression , Human Embryonic Stem Cells/pathology , Humans , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/genetics , Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/pathology , Myoblasts/pathology , Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism , Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein/genetics , Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein/metabolism , Survival of Motor Neuron 2 Protein/genetics , Survival of Motor Neuron 2 Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease caused by mutation or deletion of the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. A paralogous gene in humans, SMN2, produces low, insufficient levels of functional SMN protein due to alternative splicing that truncates the transcript. The decreased levels of SMN protein lead to progressive neuromuscular degeneration and high rates of mortality. Through chemical screening and optimization, we identified orally available small molecules that shift the balance of SMN2 splicing toward the production of full-length SMN2 messenger RNA with high selectivity. Administration of these compounds to Δ7 mice, a model of severe SMA, led to an increase in SMN protein levels, improvement of motor function, and protection of the neuromuscular circuit. These compounds also extended the life span of the mice. Selective SMN2 splicing modifiers may have therapeutic potential for patients with SMA.
