Determination of lytic enzyme activities of indigenous Trichoderma isolates from Pakistan.

This study investigated lytic enzyme activities in three indigenous Trichoderma strains namely, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma sp. Native Trichoderma strains and a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani isolated from infected bean plants were also included in the study. Enzyme activities were determined by measuring sugar reduction by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method using suitable substrates. The antagonists were cultured in minimal salt medium with the following modifications: medium A (1 g of glucose), medium B (0.5 g of glucose + 0.5 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia), medium C (1.0 g of deactivated respective antagonist mycelium) and medium D (1 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia). T asperellum showed presence of higher amounts of chitinases, ß-1, 3-glucanases and xylanases in extracellular protein extracts from medium D as compared to medium A. While, the higher activities of glucosidases and endoglucanses were shown in medium D extracts by T. harzianum. ß-glucosidase activities were lower compared with other enzymes; however, activities of the extracts of medium D were significantly different. T. asperellum exhibited maximum inhibition (97.7%). On the other hand, Trichoderma sp. did not show any effect on mycelia growth of R. solani on crude extract.

Determination of lytic enzyme activities of indigenous Trichoderma isolates from Pakistan

Abstract This study investigated lytic enzyme activities in three indigenous Trichoderma strains namely, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma sp. Native Trichoderma strains and a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani isolated from infected bean plants were also included in the study. Enzyme activities were determined by measuring sugar reduction by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method using suitable substrates. The antagonists were cultured in minimal salt medium with the following modifications: medium A (1 g of glucose), medium B (0.5 g of glucose + 0.5 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia), medium C (1.0 g of deactivated respective antagonist mycelium) and medium D (1 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia). T asperellum showed presence of higher amounts of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases and xylanases in extracellular protein extracts from medium D as compared to medium A. While, the higher activities of glucosidases and endoglucanses were shown in medium D extracts by T. harzianum. β-glucosidase activities were lower compared with other enzymes; however, activities of the extracts of medium D were significantly different. T. asperellum exhibited maximum inhibition (97.7%). On the other hand, Trichoderma sp. did not show any effect on mycelia growth of R. solani on crude extract.

Determination of lytic enzyme activities of indigenous Trichoderma isolates from Pakistan

Abstract This study investigated lytic enzyme activities in three indigenous Trichoderma strains namely, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma sp. Native Trichoderma strains and a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani isolated from infected bean plants were also included in the study. Enzyme activities were determined by measuring sugar reduction by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method using suitable substrates. The antagonists were cultured in minimal salt medium with the following modifications: medium A (1 g of glucose), medium B (0.5 g of glucose + 0.5 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia), medium C (1.0 g of deactivated respective antagonist mycelium) and medium D (1 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia). T asperellum showed presence of higher amounts of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases and xylanases in extracellular protein extracts from medium D as compared to medium A. While, the higher activities of glucosidases and endoglucanses were shown in medium D extracts by T. harzianum. β-glucosidase activities were lower compared with other enzymes; however, activities of the extracts of medium D were significantly different. T. asperellum exhibited maximum inhibition (97.7%). On the other hand, Trichoderma sp. did not show any effect on mycelia growth of R. solani on crude extract.(AU)

Production of peptide antibiotics by Bacillus sp: GU 057 indigenously isolated from saline soil

A total of 112 soil samples were taken from differents areas of district D.I.Khan and Kohat (KPK) Pakistan and screened for production of antibiotics against the Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Widest zone of inhibition (18mm) was produced by microorganism isolated from saline soil. The strain was later identified as Bacillus GU057 by standard biochemical assays. Maximum activity (18mm inhibition zone) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus after 48 hours of incubation at pH 8 and 4% concentration of glucose. The antibiotic was identified by autobiography as bacitracin. The Bacillus strain GU057 was confirmed as good peptide antibiotic producer and can effectively be indulged as biocontrol agent.

Production of peptide antibiotics by Bacillus sp: GU 057 indigenously isolated from saline soil

A total of 112 soil samples were taken from differents areas of district D.I.Khan and Kohat (KPK) Pakistan and screened for production of antibiotics against the Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Widest zone of inhibition (18mm) was produced by microorganism isolated from saline soil. The strain was later identified as Bacillus GU057 by standard biochemical assays. Maximum activity (18mm inhibition zone) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus after 48 hours of incubation at pH 8 and 4% concentration of glucose. The antibiotic was identified by autobiography as bacitracin. The Bacillus strain GU057 was confirmed as good peptide antibiotic producer and can effectively be indulged as biocontrol agent.(AU)

Production of peptide antibiotics by Bacillus sp. GU 057 indigenously isolated from saline soil.

A total of 112 soil samples were taken from differents areas of district D.I.Khan and Kohat (KPK) Pakistan and screened for production of antibiotics against the Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Widest zone of inhibition (18mm) was produced by microorganism isolated from saline soil. The strain was later identified as Bacillus GU057 by standard biochemical assays. Maximum activity (18mm inhibition zone) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus after 48 hours of incubation at pH 8 and 4% concentration of glucose. The antibiotic was identified by autobiography as bacitracin. The Bacillus strain GU057 was confirmed as good peptide antibiotic producer and can effectively be indulged as biocontrol agent.

Role of brown-rot fungi in the bioremoval of azo dyes under different conditions

The present study is vital to the understanding of bioremediation of structurally different azo dyes by some unusual Brown-rot fungi. Bioremoval of each dye (20 mg l-1) was tested in two different culture media under static and shaking conditions by taking inocula from different fungi. Fungal strains showed varying dyes removal abilities, though considerable high in case of Acid Red (AR) 151(di-azo) as compared to Orange (Or) II (mono-azo). With an exception of Aspergillus tereus SA3, all the fungal isolates showed higher removal of dyes in SDB. Under static condition, the maximum decolorizing fungal strains were; Aspergillus flavus SA2 (67 percent) and Alternaria spp. SA4 (57 percent) in AR 151, while Penicillium spp. (34 and 33 percent) in Orange II, in SDB and STE, respectively. Bioremoval of dyes was considerably increased when experiments were shifted from static to shaking mode. It was specifically increased ( percent) in; AR 151 (255) with Penicillium spp., Or II with A. flavus SA2 (112) and Alternaria spp. (111). The primary mechanism of dyes removal proved to be fungal biosorption. However, reduction of dyes (onto fungal) with formation of their products (α. naphthol, sulphalinic acid and aniline) furthermore revealed that dyes (specifically azo) were actually biodegraded.

Ethambutol resistance of indigenous Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from human patients

The present study was conducted to find out the ethambutol resistance pattern of indigenous isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Tuberculosis diagnosed human patients. A total of 172 specimens were collected from six different sources and comprised of 84.9 percent sputum, 10.5 percent pus and 4.7 percent bronchial washings. There were 70.9 percent males and 29.1 percent females with 84.30 percent pulmonary and 15.69 percent extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected from primary culture were further studied to determine their pattern and level of resistance. The inoculums were prepared using 0.5 Mac Farland turbidity standards. Five different concentration of ethambutol were used in Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium i.e. 2μg/ml, 4μg/ml, 6μg/ml, 8μg/ml and 10μg/ml for sensitivity testing. Data showed 10 (5.8 percent) resistant and 162 (94.2 percent) sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis out of total 172 clinical isolates. The growth was not inhibited at 1st (2μg/ml) and 2nd (4μg/ml) drug levels, while growth of 50 percent isolates inhibited at 3rd level (6μg/ml), 30 percent inhibited at 4th level (8μg/ml) and 20 percent at 5th level (10μg/ml). The last three levels are above the therapeutic index and not recommended in actual clinical practice. It is thus conceivable to explore some other more effective chemotherapeutic agents, modify combinations or find more effective procedures to stop morbidity and mortality due to ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Role of brown-rot fungi in the bioremoval of azo dyes under different conditions.

The present study is vital to the understanding of bioremediation of structurally different azo dyes by some unusual Brown-rot fungi. Bioremoval of each dye (20 mg l(-1)) was tested in two different culture media under static and shaking conditions by taking inocula from different fungi. Fungal strains showed varying dyes removal abilities, though considerable high in case of Acid Red (AR) 151(di-azo) as compared to Orange (Or) II (mono-azo). With an exception of Aspergillus tereus SA3, all the fungal isolates showed higher removal of dyes in SDB. Under static condition, the maximum decolorizing fungal strains were; Aspergillus flavus SA2 (67%) and Alternaria spp. SA4 (57%) in AR 151, while Penicillium spp. (34 and 33 %) in Orange II, in SDB and STE, respectively. Bioremoval of dyes was considerably increased when experiments were shifted from static to shaking mode. It was specifically increased (%) in; AR 151 (255) with Penicillium spp., Or II with A. flavus SA2 (112) and Alternaria spp. (111). The primary mechanism of dyes removal proved to be fungal biosorption. However, reduction of dyes (onto fungal) with formation of their products (α. naphthol, sulphalinic acid and aniline) furthermore revealed that dyes (specifically azo) were actually biodegraded.

Ethambutol resistance of indigenous Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from human patients.

The present study was conducted to find out the ethambutol resistance pattern of indigenous isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Tuberculosis diagnosed human patients. A total of 172 specimens were collected from six different sources and comprised of 84.9% sputum, 10.5% pus and 4.7% bronchial washings. There were 70.9% males and 29.1% females with 84.30% pulmonary and 15.69% extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected from primary culture were further studied to determine their pattern and level of resistance. The inoculums were prepared using 0.5 Mac Farland turbidity standards. Five different concentration of ethambutol were used in Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium i.e. 2µg/ml, 4µg/ml, 6µg/ml, 8µg/ml and 10µg/ml for sensitivity testing. Data showed 10 (5.8%) resistant and 162 (94.2%) sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis out of total 172 clinical isolates. The growth was not inhibited at 1(st) (2µg/ml) and 2(nd) (4µg/ml) drug levels, while growth of 50% isolates inhibited at 3(rd) level (6µg/ml), 30% inhibited at 4(th) level (8µg/ml) and 20% at 5(th) level (10µg/ml). The last three levels are above the therapeutic index and not recommended in actual clinical practice. It is thus conceivable to explore some other more effective chemotherapeutic agents, modify combinations or find more effective procedures to stop morbidity and mortality due to ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Ethambutol resistance of indigenous Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from human patients

The present study was conducted to find out the ethambutol resistance pattern of indigenous isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Tuberculosis diagnosed human patients. A total of 172 specimens were collected from six different sources and comprised of 84.9% sputum, 10.5% pus and 4.7% bronchial washings. There were 70.9% males and 29.1% females with 84.30% pulmonary and 15.69% extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected from primary culture were further studied to determine their pattern and level of resistance. The inoculums were prepared using 0.5 Mac Farland turbidity standards. Five different concentration of ethambutol were used in Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium i.e. 2g/ml, 4g/ml, 6g/ml, 8g/ml and 10g/ml for sensitivity testing. Data showed 10 (5.8%) resistant and 162 (94.2%) sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis out of total 172 clinical isolates. The growth was not inhibited at 1st (2g/ml) and 2nd (4g/ml) drug levels, while growth of 50% isolates inhibited at 3rd level (6g/ml), 30% inhibited at 4th level (8g/ml) and 20% at 5th level (10g/ml). The last three levels are above the therapeutic index and not recommended in actual clinical practice. It is thus conceivable to explore some other more effective chemotherapeutic agents, modify combinations or find more effective procedures to stop morbidity and mortality due to ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Role of brown-rot fungi in the bioremoval of azo dyes under different conditions

The present study is vital to the understanding of bioremediation of structurally different azo dyes by some unusual Brown-rot fungi. Bioremoval of each dye (20 mg l-1) was tested in two different culture media under static and shaking conditions by taking inocula from different fungi. Fungal strains showed varying dyes removal abilities, though considerable high in case of Acid Red (AR) 151(di-azo) as compared to Orange (Or) II (mono-azo). With an exception of Aspergillus tereus SA3, all the fungal isolates showed higher removal of dyes in SDB. Under static condition, the maximum decolorizing fungal strains were; Aspergillus flavus SA2 (67%) and Alternaria spp. SA4 (57%) in AR 151, while Penicillium spp. (34 and 33 %) in Orange II, in SDB and STE, respectively. Bioremoval of dyes was considerably increased when experiments were shifted from static to shaking mode. It was specifically increased (%) in; AR 151 (255) with Penicillium spp., Or II with A. flavus SA2 (112) and Alternaria spp. (111). The primary mechanism of dyes removal proved to be fungal biosorption. However, reduction of dyes (onto fungal) with formation of their products (. naphthol, sulphalinic acid and aniline) furthermore revealed that dyes (specifically azo) were actually biodegraded.