ABSTRACT
Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) on absorbent surfaces, such as fabrics, is far more complex compared to its application on smooth, hard, non-porous surfaces. Angle of impact and directionality are commonly interpreted from bloodstains but may be adversely affected by porous surfaces. In fact, there is a lack of evidence that traditional approaches to BPA are even applicable when blood impacts absorbent materials such as clothing and other fabrics. Hence, there is a critical need for research focusing on the validity and reliability of methods for bloodstain pattern analysis on textiles. Here, human blood drops were deposited on six different fabric types (cotton, satin polyester, rayon, blended polyester/spandex, blended nylon/spandex, and blended modal/polyester/spandex) at two known impact angles: 30° and 10°. Bloodstain morphology was found to be unique for each fabric. Calculated angles of impact for cotton and satin polyester were not statistically different from the known angle of impact while blended polyester/spandex, blended nylon/spandex, and blended modal/polyester/spandex significantly underestimated the known angle of impact. Even when stain morphology on fabric resembled those on a glass control, the angle of impact significantly underestimated the known. The ability to assign directionality based upon bloodstain morphology was dependent on the fabric type. These findings support the need for further research and the development of guidelines for bloodstain pattern interpretation on fabric materials.
ABSTRACT
The syntheses of novel tricyclic pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues of O(6)-methylguanine and S(6)-methylthioguanine are described. The crystal structures and pK(a) values of these analogues are reported. In a standard substrate assay with the human repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) only the oxygen-containing analogue displayed activity.
Subject(s)
Guanine/analogs & derivatives , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Guanine/chemical synthesis , Guanine/chemistry , Guanine/pharmacology , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Kinetics , Molecular Structure , O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] We report the development of the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition (click) reaction for the multiple postsynthetic labeling of alkyne-modified DNA. A series of alkyne-modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) of increasing alkyne density were prepared, and the click reaction using various azide labels was investigated. Complete high-density conversion was observed for ODNs containing up to six consecutive alkyne functions. Compatibility of the click conditions with long DNA strands was shown using a PCR product obtained with an alkyne-modified primer.
Subject(s)
Alkynes/chemistry , Azides/chemistry , DNA/chemistry , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemical synthesis , Copper/chemistry , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
The syntheses of novel tricyclic pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues of S6-methylthioguanine are described. The crystal structures and pKa values of these and related O6-methylguanine analogues are reported. All compounds display higher pKa values than O6-methylguanine with the sulfur-containing analogues being the more basic and exhibiting higher stability in aqueous solution. In a standard substrate assay with the human repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) only the oxygen-containing analogue displayed activity.
Subject(s)
Guanine/analogs & derivatives , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrroles/chemical synthesis , Thioguanine/analogs & derivatives , Crystallography, X-Ray , Guanine/chemical synthesis , Guanine/chemistry , Guanine/metabolism , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Molecular Structure , O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase/metabolism , Substrate Specificity , Thioguanine/chemical synthesis , Thioguanine/chemistry , Thioguanine/metabolismABSTRACT
The syntheses of the novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-based heterocycles as tricyclic analogues of O6-methylguanine are described. Compound 5 is a weak inhibitor of human O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase.