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1.
Nat Commun ; 14(1): 1631, 2023 03 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36959217

ABSTRACT

Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathology, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific role of plasma ASM in promoting these pathologies is poorly understood. Herein, we explore plasma ASM as a circulating factor that accelerates neuropathological features in AD by exposing young APP/PS1 mice to the blood of mice overexpressing ASM, through parabiotic surgery. Elevated plasma ASM was found to enhance several neuropathological features in the young APP/PS1 mice by mediating the differentiation of blood-derived, pathogenic Th17 cells. Antibody-based immunotherapy targeting plasma ASM showed efficient inhibition of ASM activity in the blood of APP/PS1 mice and, interestingly, led to prophylactic effects on neuropathological features by suppressing pathogenic Th17 cells. Our data reveals insights into the potential pathogenic mechanisms underlying AD and highlights ASM-targeting immunotherapy as a potential strategy for further investigation.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Neurodegenerative Diseases , Mice , Animals , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Amyloid beta-Peptides , Mice, Transgenic , Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Immunotherapy , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
2.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 119(3)2022 01 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35027452

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by complex, multifactorial neuropathology, suggesting that small molecules targeting multiple neuropathological factors are likely required to successfully impact clinical progression. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activation has been recognized as an important contributor to these neuropathological features in AD, leading to the concept of using ASM inhibitors for the treatment of this disorder. Here we report the identification of KARI 201, a direct ASM inhibitor evaluated for AD treatment. KARI 201 exhibits highly selective inhibition effects on ASM, with excellent pharmacokinetic properties, especially with regard to brain distribution. Unexpectedly, we found another role of KARI 201 as a ghrelin receptor agonist, which also has therapeutic potential for AD treatment. This dual role of KARI 201 in neurons efficiently rescued neuropathological features in AD mice, including amyloid beta deposition, autophagy dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, leading to an improvement in memory function. Our data highlight the possibility of potential clinical application of KARI 201 as an innovative and multifaceted drug for AD treatment.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Neuropathology/methods , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Hippocampus/metabolism , Hippocampus/pathology , Memory , Mice , Neuronal Plasticity , Neurons/metabolism , Receptors, Ghrelin/metabolism , Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/genetics , Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/metabolism
3.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 116(47): 23426-23436, 2019 11 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31685616

ABSTRACT

As a central feature of neuroinflammation, microglial dysfunction has been increasingly considered a causative factor of neurodegeneration implicating an intertwined pathology with amyloidogenic proteins. Herein, we report the smallest synthetic molecule (N,N'-diacetyl-p-phenylenediamine [DAPPD]), simply composed of a benzene ring with 2 acetamide groups at the para position, known to date as a chemical reagent that is able to promote the phagocytic aptitude of microglia and subsequently ameliorate cognitive defects. Based on our mechanistic investigations in vitro and in vivo, 1) the capability of DAPPD to restore microglial phagocytosis is responsible for diminishing the accumulation of amyloid-ß (Aß) species and significantly improving cognitive function in the brains of 2 types of Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mice, and 2) the rectification of microglial function by DAPPD is a result of its ability to suppress the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins through its impact on the NF-κB pathway. Overall, our in vitro and in vivo investigations on efficacies and molecular-level mechanisms demonstrate the ability of DAPPD to regulate microglial function, suppress neuroinflammation, foster cerebral Aß clearance, and attenuate cognitive deficits in AD transgenic mouse models. Discovery of such antineuroinflammatory compounds signifies the potential in discovering effective therapeutic molecules against AD-associated neurodegeneration.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Cognition/drug effects , Microglia/drug effects , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Phenylenediamines/pharmacology , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Inflammasomes/drug effects , Inflammasomes/genetics , Maze Learning , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Microglia/physiology , Molecular Structure , Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Peptide Fragments/genetics , Phenylenediamines/chemistry , Phenylenediamines/therapeutic use , Presenilin-1/genetics , Spatial Memory/drug effects
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