ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Research on children's word structure development is limited. Yet, phonological intervention aims to accelerate the acquisition of both speech-sounds and word structure, such as word length, stress or shapes in CV sequences. Until normative studies and meta-analyses provide in-depth information on this topic, smaller investigations can provide initial benchmarks for clinical purposes. AIMS: To provide preliminary reference data for word structure development in a variety of Spanish with highly restricted coda use: Granada Spanish (similar to many Hispano-American varieties). To be clinically applicable, such data would need to show differences by age, developmental typicality and word structure complexity. Thus, older typically developing (TD) children were expected to show higher accuracy than younger children and those with protracted phonological development (PPD). Complex or phonologically marked forms (e.g. multisyllabic words, clusters) were expected to be late developing. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Participants were 59 children aged 3-5 years in Granada, Spain: 30 TD children, and 29 with PPD and no additional language impairments. Single words were digitally recorded by a native Spanish speaker using a 103-word list and transcribed by native Spanish speakers, with confirmation by a second transcriber team and acoustic analysis. The program Phon 1.5 provided quantitative data. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: In accordance with expectations, the TD and older age groups had better-established word structures than the younger children and those with PPD. Complexity was also relevant: more structural mismatches occurred in multisyllabic words, initial unstressed syllables and clusters. Heterosyllabic consonant sequences were more accurate than syllable-initial sequences. The most common structural mismatch pattern overall was consonant deletion, with syllable deletion most common in 3-year-olds and children with PPD. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The current study provides preliminary reference data for word structure development in a Spanish variety with restricted coda use, both by age and types of word structures. Between ages 3 and 5 years, global measures (whole word match, word shape match) distinguished children with typical versus protracted phonological development. By age 4, children with typical development showed near-mastery of word structures, whereas 4- and 5-year-olds with PPD continued to show syllable deletion and cluster reduction, especially in multisyllabic words. The results underline the relevance of multisyllabic words and words with clusters in Spanish phonological assessment and the utility of word structure data for identification of protracted phonological development.
Subject(s)
Articulation Disorders/therapy , Language Development Disorders/diagnosis , Language Development Disorders/therapy , Language Therapy/methods , Language , Phonetics , Speech Disorders/diagnosis , Speech Disorders/therapy , Speech Therapy/methods , Articulation Disorders/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Linguistics , Male , Spain , Speech AcousticsABSTRACT
The metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia, may have genetic determinants. The insulin gene (INS), insulin receptor gene (INSR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 gene (IRS1) have been proposed as candidate genes. We examined eight polymorphisms in these genes in 163 individuals from Yucatan, Mexico; this population has a high prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Subjects were evaluated for body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure. Blood samples were collected to determine glucose, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol levels, as well as for DNA isolation. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in INS, INSR and IRS1 were identified by polymerase chain reaction and digestion with selected restriction enzymes. Among the eight polymorphisms analyzed, the PstI polymorphism in INS was significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia and with the presence of at least one abnormality related to the metabolic syndrome (P=0.007 and 0.004, respectively). The MaeIII polymorphism in INS was associated with fasting hyperinsulinemia (P=0.045). In multilocus analyses including both INS polymorphisms, significant associations were seen with hypertriglyceridemia (P=0.006), hypercholesterolemia (P=0.031) and with presence of at least one metabolic abnormality (P=0.009). None of the polymorphisms in INSR or IRS1 was associated with any of these traits. These findings suggest that the insulin gene may be an important determinant of metabolic syndrome, and particularly of dyslipidemia, in this population.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Insulin/genetics , Metabolic Syndrome/genetics , Phosphoproteins/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Receptor, Insulin/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Alleles , Case-Control Studies , Female , Gene Frequency , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/genetics , Hyperinsulinism/genetics , Hypertriglyceridemia/genetics , Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins , Male , Mexico , Middle AgedABSTRACT
La clasificación actual y los criterios diagnósticos para la diabetes mellitus fueron hechos por el Grupo Nacional de Datos de Estados Unidos (United States National Data Group) en 1979 y aprobados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en 1980, con modificaciones en 1985 y 1994. Los criterios, elegidos para reflejar el riesgo de las complicaciones, fueron la síntesis del debate y la experiencia, representando un consenso útil por igual para todas las personas relacionadas con la diabetes- el médico clínico, el investigador y el epidemiólogo. Es bien sabido que la prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG) esincómoda, variable y no fisiológica. A pesar de estas limitaciones, la glucosa plasmática de 2 hs. postcarga sigue siendo el estándar contra el cual se evalúan el resto de las pruebas. En este artículo se hace una revisión sobre la justificación original de la PTOG y a la luz de investigaciones epidemiológicas más recientes, se busca colocar los actuales criterios diagnósticos para diabetes dentrode una perspectiva fisiopatológica, diagnóstica y pronóstica
Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Diabetic Retinopathy , Glucose Tolerance Test , Glycated Hemoglobin , Diabetic Nephropathies/complicationsABSTRACT
La clasificación actual y los criterios diagnósticos para la diabetes mellitus fueron hechos por el Grupo Nacional de Datos de Estados Unidos (United States National Data Group) en 1979 y aprobados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en 1980, con modificaciones en 1985 y 1994. Los criterios, elegidos para reflejar el riesgo de las complicaciones, fueron la síntesis del debate y la experiencia, representando un consenso útil por igual para todas las personas relacionadas con la diabetes- el médico clínico, el investigador y el epidemiólogo. Es bien sabido que la prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG) esincómoda, variable y no fisiológica. A pesar de estas limitaciones, la glucosa plasmática de 2 hs. postcarga sigue siendo el estándar contra el cual se evalúan el resto de las pruebas. En este artículo se hace una revisión sobre la justificación original de la PTOG y a la luz de investigaciones epidemiológicas más recientes, se busca colocar los actuales criterios diagnósticos para diabetes dentrode una perspectiva fisiopatológica, diagnóstica y pronóstica (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Glucose Tolerance Test , Glycated Hemoglobin , Diabetic Retinopathy , Diabetic Nephropathies/complicationsABSTRACT
A survey for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in wild birds of Costa Rica was conducted by swabbing wild-caught pet birds, backyard chickens, and wild birds captured in Japanese mist nets in tropical rain forests and agricultural areas. Cloacal swabs were collected from 876 birds of approximately 132 species representing 24 taxonomic families. Hemagglutinating agents were isolated from 18.7% of the birds. Paramyxovirus type 2(PMV-2) (Yucaipa-like), unreported in free-flying passerines in the Americas, was recovered from a finch, wren, and chicken, each from a different location. Pathogenicity trials with infected turkey poults and newly hatched chicks did not result in growth impairment or significant clinical signs of disease. Attempts to isolate NDV were negative.