ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Glioma-associated oncogene homolog-1 (GLI1) is amplified in human glioblastoma, and there is growing evidence suggesting its significant role in tumor development and metastasis. Our aim was to investigate the role of the GLI-1 gene in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its correlation with various clinicopathological features. Additionally, we examined the impact of the GLI-1 gene and other factors on the prognosis of CRC. METHODS: We analyzed a total of 98 confirmed CRC cases and adjacent normal tissue controls. Patients suspected of having colon cancer underwent a colonoscopy and targeted biopsy, while those with rectal cancer underwent CT scans and MRI. GLI1 expression was detected using real-time PCR assay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The GLI1 gene was observed to be overexpressed in tumor tissues at both the protein and mRNA levels (p < 0.05). In addition, GLI1 overexpression was significantly associated with various factors such as tumor invasion (T3/T4), presence of lymph nodes, lymph node metastasis (LNM), stage (III/IV), tumor site (colon), tumor size (≥ 3 cm), localization (nucleocytoplasmic), strong staining intensity and recurrence (p < 0.05). The results of survival analysis showed that the patients with overexpression of GLI1 had a significantly lower DFS rate which was 21 months compared to those with normal expression who had 31 months (p < 0.05). Moreover, individuals with early onset disease (15 months) were more likely to have cytoplasmic localization of the GLI1 gene as opposed to nucleo-cytoplasmic localization of GLI1 which presented late-onset disease( 23 months) (p < 0.05). Finally, Stage and PNI (p < 0.05) were found to independently affect outcomes of CRC according to Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSION: High expression of GLI-1 in CRC is associated with adverse pathology and poor prognosis for patients. The correlation between cytoplasmic localization of GLI-1 and reduced disease-free survival holds potential for guiding prognosis and treatment. Further research is needed to develop strategies targeting GLI-1 for improved outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Vaccines are vital for prevention and control of mycoplasma diseases. The exploration of a vaccine candidate for the development of a vaccine is imperative. The present study envisages the evaluation of immune and oxidative response against an adjuvanted, sonicated antigen of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumonia in male Angora rabbits (1 year old, 2 kg) divided in four groups, each having six animals. Group 1 was the healthy control and received 1 mL PBS via subcutaneous route. Group 2 was administered 1 mL of saponin-adjuvanted and -sonicated antigen, Group 3 was given 1 mL of montanide ISA 50-adjuvanted and-sonicated antigen, and Group 4 was given 1 mL of standard vaccine via subcutaneous route. Animals were evaluated for cellular and humoral immune response and oxidative parameters at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of the study. Total leukocytic, neutrophilic, and basophilic counts showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in vaccinated groups compared to the healthy group on most of the intervals. TNF-α levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the Group 2 than the Group 1 at all the time intervals and more comparable to Group 4 than Group 3. IL-10 levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in vaccinated groups compared to the healthy group on days 14, 21, and 28, but were lower in Group 3 than in Group 2 and Group 4. More hypersensitivity as inflammation and histopathological cellular infiltration in the ear was produced in Group 2 and Group 4 than in Group 3. IgG levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Group 2 and Group 4 than in Group 3 on days 14 and 21. Antibody titers were comparatively higher in Group 4, followed by Group 2 and 3, than Group 1. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher oxidant and lower antioxidant values were noted in Group 2 and 4 compared to Group 3 and Group 1 on most of the intervals. The TLC and antibody titer showed increasing trend throughout the trial, whereas TNF-α, IgG, L, M and E started decreasing from day 14, and IL-10, N and B started decreasing from day 21. This study concludes that the saponin-adjuvanted and-sonicated antigen induces comparatively higher immune response than montanide but is associated with oxidative and inflammatory reactions.