ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The mechanical characterization of prostate tissue has not received much attention and is often disconnected from the clinic, where samples are readily attained. METHODS: We developed a spherical indenter for the clinic to generate force-displacement data from ex vivo prostate tissue. Indentation velocity, depth, and sphere diameter, and four means of estimating elastic modulus (EM) were validated. EM was then estimated for 26 prostate specimens obtained via prostatectomy and 6 samples obtained from autopsy. Prostatectomy prostates were evaluated clinically upon digital rectal exam and pathologically post-extirpation. FINDINGS: Whole-mount measurements yielded median EM of 43.2 kPa (SD=59.8 kPa). Once sliced into cross-sections, median EM for stage T2 and T3 glands were 30.9 and 71.0 kPa, respectively, but not significantly different. Furthermore, we compared within-organ EM difference for prostates with (median=46.5 kPa, SD=22.2 kPa) and without (median=31.0 kPa, SD=63.1 kPa) palpable abnormalities. INTERPRETATION: This work finds that diseased prostate tissue is stiffer than normal tissue, stiffness increases with disease severity, and large variability exists between samples, even though disease differences within a prostate are detectable. A further study of late-stage cancers would help to strengthen the findings presented in this work.
Subject(s)
Elastic Modulus , Hardness Tests/instrumentation , Prostate/cytology , Prostate/pathology , Biomechanical Phenomena , Digital Rectal Examination , Humans , Male , Neoplasm Staging , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Gastric cancer is a common tumor worldwide and a tremendous health burden. However, the underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis in this cancer's development are primarily undefined. Allelic imbalance (AI) of 8p has been reported in many cancers, yet, the target(s) of alteration and the importance of allelic imbalance on this chromosomal arm in gastric carcinoma development remained to be characterized. Our findings confirmed a high rate of AI on 8p in gastric cancers. Moreover, we demonstrated that AI on 8p, either overall or at marker D8S560, was associated with poorer survival in patients with gastric cancer. Finally, gastric cancers with a high rate of microsatellite instability were significantly associated with noncardia tumors and with female gender.
Subject(s)
Allelic Imbalance , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics , Stomach Neoplasms/mortality , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Microsatellite Repeats/genetics , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Transplantation/pathology , Prognosis , Stomach Neoplasms/diagnosis , Stomach Neoplasms/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Gastric carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying its development and progression still remain largely uncharacterized. As loss of trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) expression leads to neoplastic growth in the antropyloric mucosa of mice, the authors sought to comprehensively study the human TFF1 gene in primary gastric carcinomas. METHODS: The authors studied the human TFF1 gene in primary gastric carcinomas and normal gastric mucosa at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels through DNA sequencing, quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Strikingly, TFF1 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in all 37 gastric carcinomas studied compared with normal gastric mucosa. Furthermore, six tumor/normal pairs with available histologic samples demonstrated a marked decrease in protein expression in tumor samples. Screening of the entire TFF1 coding region in a panel of 42 human gastric tumors did not reveal any somatic mutations, although a few rare germline sequence variants were identified. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated a significant decrease in the TFF1 transcript in the majority of human gastric carcinomas along with a corresponding reduction in protein expression, both of which occurred in the absence of gene mutation. Dysregulation of TFF1 expression at the transcript level was a critical event in the development of most gastric carcinomas.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/genetics , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Peptides/analysis , Proteins , Stomach Neoplasms/genetics , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Transcription, Genetic , Trefoil Factor-1 , Tumor Suppressor ProteinsABSTRACT
AIM: To investigate CpG methylation and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of a specific promoter region of hMLH1 in primary gastric carcinoma. METHODS: Primary gastric carcinomas (n=80), their corresponding normal mucosal samples, and gastric mucosal biopsies from normal/gastritis control patients (n=54) were used. Hypermethylation at -253 nt and -251 nt in relation with the translational start site and SNP of a silencing specific region (-339 nt-46 nt) in the hMLH1 promoter were analyzed by Bst UI-combined bisulfite assay (COBRA), denaturing high performance liquid chromatogram (DHPLC), and sequencing. RESULTS: (A) The specific methylation at -253 nt and -251 nt was observed in 2 of 60 primary gastric carcinomas, but neither in all of the corresponding mucosa nor in normal/gastritis samples, by Bst UI-COBRA and DHPLC. (B) The hMLH1 promoter was methylated homogeneously in the xenograft of the primary gastric carcinoma with the methylated and unmethylated hMLH1. (C) The pattern of SNP at -93 nt of the hMLH1 promoter in 54 Chinese patients with gastric carcinoma was the same as that in the control patients: 51 % was A/G heteroalleles, 34 % and 15 % were A/A and G/G homoalleles, respectively. CONCLUSION: Biallelic inactivation of hMLH1 by epigenetic silencing existed in human primary gastric carcinoma homogeneously. Hypermethylation of hMLH1 may play a role in the early stage of development of a few gastric carcinomas. The SNP at -93 nt is not related to the susceptibility of gastric carcinomas.