ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) faces anatomical challenges, currently limiting widespread adoption. OBJECTIVES: To describe the natural history and prognosis of patients ineligible for various TMVR devices. METHODS: During a 4-year period (2019-2023) 3 TMVR devices (SAPIEN M3, Intrepid and Alta Valve) became available at a single institution (The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, OH) in the setting of pivotal clinical trials or early feasibility study. Consenting patients who were deemed ineligible ≥1 of these trials were prospectively studied to capture anatomical reasons for ineligibility, cross-over to alternative mitral valve therapies (surgery or high-risk mitral transcatheter edge to edge repair [M-TEER]), and clinical events. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients (out of 71 consenting patients or 85.9 %) were deemed ineligible for TMVR during the study period. The mean age was 79.2 ± 8.8 years, 65.6 % were female, with elevated surgical risk (median STS 4.3, IQR: 2.7-7.3). The 2 most common anatomical reasons for ineligibility were increased risk of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) (n = 24, 39.3 %) and annular size (n = 29, 47.5 %). During follow-up (median 277 [162-555] days) there were 7 deaths (11.5 %) and 12 (19.7 %) hospitalizations for heart failure. Management strategies included high-risk M-TEER in 11 patients (1 death [9.0 %], 0 HF hospitalizations [0 %]), surgery in 9 patients (0 deaths, 1 HF hospitalizations [11.1 %]), and medical management in 41 patients (6 deaths [14.6 %], 11 HF hospitalizations [26.8 %]) (p = 0.715 for mortality and p = 0.093 for HF hospitalizations). Residual MR ≥ moderate was 0 %, 50 %, and 100 % for surgery, M-TEER and medical treatment, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: One third of patients deemed ineligible for TMVR are candidates for high-risk M-TEER or surgery with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Our results have practical implications for patient management.
ABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease in both adults and children. The earliest stage of this disease is hepatic steatosis, in which triglycerides are deposited as cytoplasmic lipid droplets in hepatocytes. Through a forward genetic approach in zebrafish, we found that guanosine monophosphate (GMP) synthetase mutant larvae develop hepatic steatosis. We further demonstrate that activity of the small GTPase Rac1 and Rac1-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are down-regulated in GMP synthetase mutant larvae. Inhibition of Rac1 activity or ROS production in wild-type larvae by small molecule inhibitors was sufficient to induce hepatic steatosis. More conclusively, treating larvae with hydrogen peroxide, a diffusible ROS that has been implicated as a signaling molecule, alleviated hepatic steatosis in both GMP synthetase mutant and Rac1 inhibitor-treated larvae, indicating that homeostatic production of ROS is required to prevent hepatic steatosis. We further found that ROS positively regulate the expression of the triglyceride hydrolase gene, which is responsible for the mobilization of stored triglycerides in hepatocytes. Consistently, inhibition of triglyceride hydrolase activity in wild-type larvae by a small molecule inhibitor was sufficient to induce hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION: De novo GMP synthesis influences the activation of the small GTPase Rac1, which controls hepatic lipid dynamics through ROS-mediated regulation of triglyceride hydrolase expression in hepatocytes.
