Clinical and laboratory profiles of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in a new rheumatology clinic in southwestern Nigeria.

Introduction: The aims were to study the sociodemographic characteristics of patients presenting to the clinic and to study the clinical and serological pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a new rheumatology clinic of a predominantly Yoruba population. Material and methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study conducted over 7 years (January 2017 - December 2023). Patients who satisfied the 1997 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and/or the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) classification criteria were enrolled using their medical records. Patients with overlap syndromes and other inflammatory or noninflammatory rheumatic diseases were excluded from the study. Their sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were retrieved from their medical records and analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.0 software. Results: A total of 65 patients were diagnosed with SLE with a frequency of 15.8%. The mean age ±SD of the patients at presentation was 33.85 years ±11.01 and the female to male ratio was 9.8 : 1. The median (IQR) duration of symptoms at presentation was 7.0 months (3-24). The common clinical presentations included synovitis (86.2%), acute cutaneous rash (53.8%), oral ulcers (52.3%), nonscarring alopecia (50.8%), and serositis (47.7%). Proteinuria was seen in 37.7% of the patients and the predominant renal histopathological feature was Class IV. Antinuclear antibody was 100% positive with 50.94% of the patients having a titre of 1 : 5,120 and above. Anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid and anti-Smith antibodies each had 50% prevalence. Dyslipidaemia was found in 76.7% of the patients. Conclusions: The study's findings are largely consistent with similar studies done in Africa. Further prospective multi-centred studies are needed to further determine the epidemiological characteristics of the disease in Nigeria with a multi-ethnic population.

Clinicopathologic Study of Sickle Cell-associated Kidney Disease: A Nigerian Experience.

BACKGROUND: Improvements in sickle cell disease (SCD) care have resulted in the survival of many patients into adulthood, although this is accompanied by the increased incidence of end-organ damage, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the prevalence, pattern and predictors of renal dysfunction in SCD patients and investigated the associated renal histopathologic changes. METHODS: We evaluated 105 patients with SCD, for proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and tubular dysfunction. Renal biopsy was conducted on 22 patients who qualified. Data were analysed using SPSS package version 23. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (35.2%) of the 105 patients had CKD, as defined by an eGFR of 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or proteinuria. The fractional excretion of potassium (FEK) was elevated in all patients, whereas the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) was elevated in 98.1%. Glomerular filtration rate was negatively correlated with irreversible percentage sickle cell count (r = -0.616, P = 0.0001), FEK (r = -0.448, P = 0.0001) and FENa (r = -0.336, P = 0.004). Age, irreversible percentage sickle cell count, haemoglobin levels and FENa were the major predictors of CKD. The histological pattern in the 22 patients who had biopsies was consistent with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis 11 (50%), minimal change disease 6 (27.3%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 3 (13.6%) and interstitial nephritis 2 (9.1%). CONCLUSIONS: CKD was prevalent in SCD patients, and it was characterised by tubular dysfunction and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. The main predictors of CKD were increased age, severity of vaso-occlusive crisis, worsening anaemia and tubular dysfunction.

Co-anaerobic digestion of sawdust and chicken manure with plant herbs: Biogas generation and kinetic study.

Plant herbs specifically serai wangi (SW) and peppermint (PPM) are selected for its insect repellent properties as the use of chicken manure (CM) in anaerobic digestion (AD) potentially attract flies due to the digestate produced. Hence, the addition of SW and PPM in the AD system of CM could deter flies' infestation while producing biogas. Previous work has shown that AD of sawdust (SD) and CM with these plant herbs were able to produce biogas and reduce the flies attraction towards the digestate. However, the combination of SW and PPM for AD of CM has yet to be investigated. This work describes the effect of mixing SW and PPM on the co-AD of SDCM with respect to biogas production, methane yield and kinetic analysis. The mixture of SW and PPM was varied at different concentrations. The composition of methane in biogas was characterized every 10 days by using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). The results suggest that co-AD of 10SW10PPM exhibited the highest biogas production (52.28 mL/gvs) and methane yield (30.89 mL/gvs), which the purity of methane increased by 18.52% as compared to SDCM. However, increasing the concentration of SW and PPM does not significantly improve the overall process. High R2 (0.927-0.999), low RMSE (0.08-0.61) and low prediction error (<10.00%) were displayed by the modified Gompertz, logistic and Cone models. In contrast, Monod and Fitzhugh model is not preferred for the co-AD of SDCM with a mixture of SW and PM, as a high prediction error is obtained throughout the study. Increasing the dosage of PPM decreases the maximum cumulative methane yield, ranging from 31.76 to 7.01 mL/gvs for modified Gompertz and 89.56 to 19.31 mL/gvs for logistic model. The Modified Gompertz obtained a lag phase of 10.01-28.28 days while the logistic model obtained a lag phase of 37.29-52.48 days.

Regulation of ash slagging behavior of palm oil decanter cake by alum sludge addition.

Combustion of palm oil decanter cake (PODC) is a propitious alternative waste to energy means. However, the mono-combustion of PODC prompt severe ash slagging behavior which give rise to reduction in heat transfer and also shorten the lifespan of combustion reactors. In this study, alum sludge (AS) was introduced at different proportion of 30%, 50% and 70% to revamp the slagging characteristics of PODC during combustion. The addition of AS improved ash fusion temperature of PODC during co-combustion as ash fusion temperature increased significantly under high AS dosage. Slagging and fouling indices showed that at 50% AS addition, slagging tendency of the co-combustion ashes can be ignored. The predictive model for PODC-AS combustion showed good correlation coefficient with 0.89. Overall, co-combustion of PODC and AS is an ideal ash related problem-solving route. The proposed PODC slagging preventive method by AS was based on: (1) limited amount of aluminum content in PODC-AS system resulted in development of refractory ash (2) reduction in proportion of basic oxide which act as ash bonding glue played important role in the regulation of slagging (3) reduction of cohesive bond by formation of spongy and porous structure which prevented ash slagging.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific anti-spike IgM, IgG, and anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies during the second wave of the pandemic: A population-based cross-sectional survey across Kashmir, India.

Background: Within Kashmir, which is one of the topographically distinct areas in the Himalayan belt of India, a total of 2,236 cumulative deaths occurred by the end of the second wave. We aimed to conduct this population-based study in the age group of 7 years and above to estimate the seropositivity and its attributes in Kashmir valley. Methods: We conducted a community-based household-level cross-sectional study, with a multistage, population-stratified, probability-proportionate-to-size, cluster sampling method to select 400 participants from each of the 10 districts of Kashmir. We also selected a quota of healthcare workers, police personnel, and antenatal women from each of the districts. Households were selected from each cluster and all family members with age 7 years or more were invited to participate. Information was collected through a standardized questionnaire and entered into Epicollect 5 software. Trained healthcare personnel were assigned for collecting venous blood samples from each of the participants which were transferred and processed for immunological testing. Testing was done for the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific anti-spike IgM, IgG antibodies, and anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies. Weighted seropositivity was estimated along with the adjustment done for the sensitivity and specificity of the test used. Findings: The data were collected from a total of 4,229 participants from the general population within the 10 districts of Kashmir. Our results showed that 84.84% (95% CI 84.51-85.18%) of the participants were seropositive in the weighted imputed data among the general population. In multiple logistic regression, the variables significantly affecting the seroprevalence were the age group 45-59 years (odds ratio of 0.73; 95% CI 0.67-0.78), self-reported history of comorbidity (odds ratio of 1.47; 95% CI 1.33-1.61), and positive vaccination history (odds ratio of 0.85; 95% CI 0.79-0.90) for anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies. The entire assessed variables showed a significant role during multiple logistic regression analysis for affecting IgM anti-spike antibodies with an odds ratio of 1.45 (95% CI 1.32-1.57) for age more than 60 years, 1.21 (95% CI 1.15-1.27) for the female gender, 0.87 (95% CI 0.82-0.92) for urban residents, 0.86 (95% CI 0.76-0.92) for self-reported comorbidity, and an odds ratio of 1.16 (95% CI 1.08-1.24) for a positive history of vaccination. The estimated infection fatality ratio was 0.033% (95% CI: 0.034-0.032%) between 22 May and 31 July 2021 against the seropositivity for IgM antibodies. Interpretation: During the second wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, 84.84% (95% CI 84.51-85.18%) of participants from this population-based cross-sectional sample were seropositive against SARS-CoV-2. Despite a comparatively lower number of cases reported and lower vaccination coverage in the region, our study found such high seropositivity across all age groups, which indicates the higher number of subclinical and less severe unnoticed caseload in the community.

The Effects of Race on Acute Kidney Injury.

Racial disparities in incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) are pervasive and are driven in part by social inequities and other factors. It is well-documented that Black patients face higher risk of AKI and seemingly have a survival advantage compared to White counterparts. Various explanations have been advanced and suggested to account for this, including differences in susceptibility to kidney injury, severity of illness, and socioeconomic factors. In this review, we try to understand and further explore the link between race and AKI using the incidence, diagnosis, and management of AKI to illustrate how race is directly related to AKI outcomes, with a focus on Black and White individuals with AKI. In particular, we explore the effect of race-adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equation on AKI prediction and discuss racial disparities in the management of AKI and how this might contribute to racial differences in AKI-related mortality among Blacks with AKI. We also identify some opportunities for future research and advocacy.

Current perspectives, future challenges and key technologies of biohydrogen production for building a carbon-neutral future: A review.

The ever-increasing quantity of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can be attributed to the rapid increase in the world population as well as the expansion of globalization. Hence, achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 stands as a challenging task to accomplish. Global industrialization had necessitated the need to enhance the current production systems to reduce greenhouse gases emission, whilst promoting the capture of carbon dioxide from atmosphere. Hydrogen is often touted as the fuel of future via substituting fossil-based fuels. In this regard, renewable hydrogen happens to be a niche sector of novel technologies in achieving carbon neutrality. Microalgae-based biohydrogen technologies could be a sustainable and economical approach to produce hydrogen from a renewable source, while simultaneously promoting the absorption of carbon dioxide. This review highlights the current perspectives of biohydrogen production as an alternate source of energy. In addition, future challenges associated with biohydrogen production at large-scale application, storage and transportation are included. Key technologies in producing biohydrogen are finally described in building a carbon-neutral future.

Association of Race with In-Hospital and Post-Hospitalization Mortality in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is known to be associated with increased mortality, and racial differences in hospital mortality exist in patients with AKI. However, it remains to be seen whether racial differences exist in post-hospitalization mortality among AKI patients. METHODS: We analyzed data of adult AKI patients admitted to the University of Virginia Medical Center between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2015, to compare in-hospital and post-hospitalization mortality among hospitalized black and white patients with AKI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between race and in-hospital mortality, and 90-day post-hospitalization mortality among AKI patients that were discharged. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate long-term survival between black and white patients. RESULTS: Black patients had lower in-hospital mortality than white patients after adjusting for age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hospital length of stay, severity of AKI, comorbidities, and the need for dialysis and mechanical ventilation (odds ratio: 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.96, p = 0.0015). Similarly, at 90-day post-hospitalization, black patients had significantly lower adjusted odds of death than white patients (odds ratio: 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.93; p = 0.008). The median length of follow-up was 11.9 months (0.6-46.7 months). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that long-term survival was significantly better in black patients compared to white patients (median duration of survival; 39.7 vs. 24.8 months; p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Black patients with AKI had lower in-hospital mortality, 90-day post-hospitalization mortality, and better long-term survival rates compared to white patients with AKI.

Design and methods of the prevalence and pharmacogenomics of tenofovir nephrotoxicity in HIV-positive adults in south-western Nigeria study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals of African descent are at higher risk of developing kidney disease than their European counterparts, and HIV infection is associated with increased risk of nephropathy. Despite a safe renal profile in the clinical trials, long-term use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been associated with proximal renal tubulopathy although the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. We aim to establish the prevalence of and risk factors for TDF-induced kidney tubular dysfunction (KTD) among HIV-I and II individuals treated with TDF in south-west Nigeria. Association between TDF-induced KTD and genetic polymorphisms in renal drug transporter genes and the APOL1 (Apolipoprotein L1) gene will be examined. METHODS: This study has two phases. An initial cross-sectional study will screen 3000 individuals attending the HIV clinics in south-west Nigeria for KTD to determine the prevalence and risk factors. This will be followed by a case-control study of 400 KTD cases and 400 matched controls to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations. Data on socio-demographics, risk factors for kidney dysfunction and HIV history will be collected by questionnaire. Blood and urine samples for measurements of severity of HIV disease (CD4 count, viral load) and renal function (creatinine, eGFR, phosphate, uric acid, glucose) will also be collected. Utility of urinary retinol binding protein (RBP) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) levels as surrogate markers of KTD will be evaluated. Genomic DNA will be extracted from whole blood and SNP analyses performed using the rhAMP SNP genotyping assays. Statistical analysis including univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses will be performed to identify factors associated with KTD. DISCUSSION: In spite of TDF being the most commonly used antiretroviral agent and a key component of many HIV treatment regimens, it has potential detrimental effects on the kidneys. This study will establish the burden and risk factors for TDF-induced KTD in Nigerians, and explore associations between KTD and polymorphisms in renal transporter genes as well as APOL1 risk variants. This study may potentially engender an approach for prevention as well as stemming the burden of CKD in sub-Saharan Africa where GDP per capita is low and budgetary allocation for health is inadequate.

Association of chronic inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis among an indigenous black population with chronic kidney disease.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammation plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is a major receptor for lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) and other ligands involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation. We determined whether endotoxin levels and the presence of TLR4 polymorphisms are associated with markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis among South African CKD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), serum CD14 (sCD14), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) were measured in 160 participants (120 CKD patients and 40 controls). Associations between endotoxins and CIMT in the presence of sCD14, IL-8 and MCP-1, were assessed using odds ratios. Participants were screened for the presence of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile TLR4 polymorphisms, and CIMT and inflammatory markers were compared between subjects with and without TLR4 polymorphisms. RESULTS: Endotoxin levels correlated with sCD14 (r = 0.441, p<0.001) and MCP-1 (r = 0.388, p<0.001) levels while increased CIMT was associated with MCP-1 (r = 0.448, p<0.001), sCD14 levels (r = 0.476, p<0.001), LBP (r = 0.340, p<0.001), and IL-8 (r = 0.395, p<0.001). Atherosclerosis was associated with endotoxin levels (odds ratio: 4.95; 95% confidence interval: 2.52-9.73; p<0.001), and was predicted by higher serum levels of inflammatory markers. Analysis of patients with TLR4 polymorphisms showed reduced serum levels of inflammatory markers and CIMT values compared with the patients carrying the wild type TLR4 alleles. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated associations between circulating endotoxaemia, systemic inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis among South African CKD patients, and showed that the atherogenic predictive power of endotoxaemia was significantly increased by the presence of elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Additional findings, which must be confirmed, suggest that TLR4 polymorphisms are associated with low levels of inflammatory markers and CIMT values.

APOL1 Genetic Variants Are Associated with Serum-Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in South African CKD Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) plays an important role in cholesterol metabolism and attenuation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. While protecting against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection, APOL1 risk alleles confer greater risk for CKD and cardiovascular disease among patients of African descent. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether APOL1 risk variants are associated with atherosclerosis and oxidized LDL (OxLDL) levels among black South African CKD patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 120 adult CKD patients and 40 controls was undertaken. DNA samples of participants were genotyped for APOL1 G1 and G2 variants. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum lipids, and OxLDL levels were measured, and carotid doppler ultrasonography was performed on all participants. RESULTS: APOL1 alleles rs73885319, rs60910145, and rs71785313 had minor allele frequencies of 9.2, 8.8, and 17.5%, respectively, in the patients, and 8.8, 8.8, and 13.8%, respectively, in the controls. Of the 9 patients with 2 APOL1 risk alleles, 77.8% were compound G1/G2 heterozygotes and 22.2% were G2 homozygotes. Carriers of at least 1 APOL1 risk allele had a 3-fold increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis (odds ratio 3.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.64-6.19; p = 0.01) compared to individuals with no risk alleles. Patients with 1 or 2 APOL1 risk alleles showed a significant increase in OxLDL levels when compared with those without the APOL1 risk allele. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest an increased risk for atherosclerosis in carriers of a single APOL1 risk variant, and the presence of APOL1 risk variants was associated with increased serum OxLDL levels in black South African CKD patients.

Interleukin-6 gene polymorhisms and interleukin-6 levels are associated with atherosclerosis in CKD patients.

Inflammation is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Genetic polymorphisms in the inflammatory cytokine genes have been associated with atherosclerosis. Because levels of inflammatory cytokines are markedly elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), we hypothesized that genotypic variations in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene are a cause of systemic inflammatory states and atherosclerosis in South African CKD patients. 120 CKD patients and 40 healthy controls were included. Serum IL-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured. Functional polymorphisms in the IL-6 genes were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) methods. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the presence of plaque were assessed by B-mode ultrasonography. Serum IL-6 and hs-CRP levels were increased in patients with CKD compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). In CKD patients, serum IL-6 above the median value was associated with carotid plaque (OR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.74 - 2.57, p = 0.004), with excess risk confined to the group with high IL-6 levels. Significant associations were found between the IL-6 gene and atherosclerosis in the CKD group (for G/G genotype: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.05 - 1.39, p = 0.012; for GG+GC vs. CC: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.28, p = 0.035). Patients with GG+GC genotype of the IL-6 gene polymorphism had higher levels of IL-6 than those with CC genotype (p = 0.029). In South African CKD patients, the IL-6 gene promoter polymorphism is associated with high serum IL-6 levels and atherosclerosis. The relationship between atherosclerosis and -174G/C polymorphism in the IL-6 gene suggests that IL-6 may be a potential pro-inflammatory mediator of atherosclerosis in CKD patients.

Transforming Growth Factor-ß Protects against Inflammation-Related Atherosclerosis in South African CKD Patients.

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) may inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. We evaluated serum levels of TGF-ß isoforms concurrently with serum levels of endotoxin and various inflammatory markers. In addition, we determined if any association exists between polymorphisms in the TGF-ß1 gene and atherosclerosis in South African CKD patients. METHODS: We studied 120 CKD patients and 40 healthy controls. Serum TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3, endotoxin, and inflammatory markers were measured. Functional polymorphisms in the TGF-ß1 genes were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer method and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS: TGF-ß isoforms levels were significantly lower in the patients with atherosclerosis compared to patients without atherosclerosis (p<0.001). Overall, TGF-ß isoforms had inverse relationships with CIMT. TGF-ß1 and TGF-ß2 levels were significantly lower in patients with carotid plaque compared to those without carotid plaque [TGF-ß1: 31.9 (17.2 - 42.2) versus 45.9 (35.4 - 58.1) ng/ml, p=0.016; and TGF-ß2: 1.46 (1.30 - 1.57) versus 1.70 (1.50 - 1.87) ng/ml, p=0.013]. In multiple logistic regression, age, TGF-ß2, and TGF-ß3 were the only independent predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in CKD patients [age: odds ratio (OR), 1.054; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.003 - 1.109, p=0.039; TGF-ß2: OR, 0.996; 95% CI: 0.994-0.999, p=0.018; TGF-ß3: OR, 0.992; 95% CI: 0.985-0.999, p=0.029). TGF-ß1 genotypes did not influence serum levels of TGF-ß1 and no association was found between the TGF-ß1 gene polymorphisms and atherosclerosis risk. CONCLUSION: TGF-ß isoforms seem to offer protection against the development of atherosclerosis among South African CKD patients.

Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its correlates in stable black South African kidney transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Despite remarkable improvement in renal function attributable to kidney transplantation, the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) remains high in the post-transplant period. Aggressive use of statins in KTRs may make lipoprotein ratios correlate better with atherosclerotic vascular disease (AsVD) when compared with traditional lipid profile parameters. We therefore evaluated the clinical and echocardiographic correlates of AsVD among non-diabetic, stable, black KTRs in South Africa. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 41 adult (18-65 years), non-diabetic, stable KTRs and 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on participants' sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Anthropometric parameters were measured. Urine and blood samples were obtained and analyzed. Echocardiography was performed and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was assessed in both right and left carotid arteries. Spearman's rank correlation and binary logistic regression were performed to determine the relationship between CVD risk factors and AsVD. RESULTS: AsVD was present in 46.3% of KTRs compared to 17.1% of healthy controls (p = 0.004). Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 92.7% of the KTRs. There were statistically significant differences in waist-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, urine albumin-creatinine ratio, serum fibrinogen, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left atrial diameter, left ventricular mass (LVM), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) between KTRs and controls. A positive relationship was seen between CIMT and certain risk factors for CVD including LVM, LVMI, and mitral valve deceleration time, (p < 0.001). Castelli index 2 and lipoprotein combine index (LCI) showed positive correlation with CIMT. On multivariate analysis, increasing age and kidney transplant status were independent predictors of AsVD after controlling for other risk factors. CONCLUSION: AsVD was common among KTRs. Older age and kidney transplant status independently predicted AsVD. Castelli index 2 and LCI correlated with AsVD better than serum lipid parameters.

Clinical presentation and outcome of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is presumably rare in Africa. Knowledge about the disease in Nigeria is limited as demonstrated by scanty articles on the subject. OBJECTIVES: To determine the pattern of clinical presentation and outcome of ADPKD among ADPKD patients. METHOD: ADPKD subjects were prospectively studied between January 1996 and December 2010. Their demographics, clinical and investigation parameters were documented. Dependency on dialysis, renal transplant and death were the final outcomes. RESULTS: Forty one patients (M:F=1.3:1) with mean age of 48.6±4.6 years were studied. ADPKD was diagnosed at 2.73 cases per annum. Family history of ADPKD and hypertension were present in 56.1% and 82.9% respectively. Their mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 166.9 ±23.6 and 104 ±21.2 respectively.Nocturia (78.0%) and loin pain (68.3%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Liver cysts (31.7%) and aortic regurgitation (22.0%) were the predominant extra-renal manifestations.Twenty three (56.1%) received haemodialysis; no renal transplantation. Death rate was 51.2%. Presence of uraemia and intra-cerebral aneurysm contributed significantly to mortality. CONCLUSION: ADPKD may not be so rare in Nigeria. Awareness campaign to change attitude of family members to screening and further studies using newer criteria for diagnosis of ADPKD should be conducted.

Spectrum of kidney diseases in Africa: malaria, schistosomiasis, sickle cell disease, and toxins.

Kidney diseases have assumed epidemic proportions in both developed and developing countries, particularly chronic kidney disease (CKD). While treatment modalities are available and accessible in developed economies with improvement in outcomes, survival, and quality of life, they are either unavailable or inaccessible in nations with emerging economies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with an attendant worsening outcome and survival for CKD patients. The epidemiology of CKD in SSA has revealed that it preferentially affects adults in their economically productive years, usually below the age of 50 years, with consequent drain on the economy. This derives mainly from the major etiologies in the region, which are infection-induced chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension, compounded by poverty as well as societal and health underdevelopment, poor resource allocation to health, and underdeveloped health infrastructures. This has made preventive nephrology a major goal in the sub-region, although those who have already developed CKD must be managed up to tertiary levels. In this review, we assessed the contributions of parasitic diseases (i.e., malaria and schistosomiasis), sickle cell disease and nephrotoxins with the aim of espousing their contributions to the burden of kidney disease, and proposing management options with the goal of ultimately reducing the burden of kidney disease in these disadvantaged populations.

Correlation between volume overload, chronic inflammation, and left ventricular dysfunction in chronic kidney disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Fluid overload is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, potentially driving chronic inflammation and left ventricular dysfunction. We investigated the association between volume overload, chronic inflammation, and left ventricular dysfunction across subgroups of CKD patients. METHODS: The study included 160 participants, comprising peritoneal dialysis (PD), hemodialysis (HD), stage-3 CKD patients, and age- and sex-matched controls (40 in each group). Fluid status was assessed using a body composition monitor (BCM); serum endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), C-reactive protein (CRP). and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured as markers of inflammation. Echocardiography was done to assess left ventricular dimension and function. RESULTS: Endotoxemia and volume overload were common across the spectrum of CKD patients and were aggravated by worsening kidney function. Among HD cohorts, postdialysis endotoxemia was increased among patients with dialysis-induced hemodynamic instability and was also closely related to ultrafiltration volume. Endotoxin, IL-6, CRP, and LBP levels were elevated in patients with volume overload compared to euvolemic patients (p < 0.05). Patients with elevated circulating endotoxemia had higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) compared to patients with lower endotoxin levels. Fluid overload correlated with endotoxin levels, IL-6, and LVMI; while LVMI correlated weakly with LBP and CRP. CONCLUSION: CKD patients typically presented with significant endotoxemia and overt volume overload, which may contribute significantly to chronic low-grade inflammation and left ventricular dysfunction. An additive contribution from hemodialysis treatment may strongly enhance the severity of endotoxemia in HD patients.

Volume overload and its risk factors in South African chronic kidney disease patients: an appraisal of bioimpedance spectroscopy and inferior vena cava measurements.

BACKGROUND: Fluid retention occurs early in chronic kidney disease (CKD) resulting in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess volume and nutritional status among South African CKD participants and determine the relationship between malnutrition, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and volume overload using a body composition monitor (BCM). We also evaluated the usefulness of BCM measurement in assessing volume overload. METHODS: 160 participants comprising hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, stage 3 CKD patients, and healthy controls (40 in each group) were studied. A BCM was used to assess fluid and nutritional status. Cardiac dimension measurements, and inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) and carotid intima media thickness were assessed by echocardiography and ultrasonography, respectively. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured as markers of inflammation. RESULTS: Fluid overload and malnutrition were present in 68% and 63% of studied patients, respectively. Using physical examination findings as the reference measurements for volume overload, the area under the concentration curves for BCM and IVCD measurements were 0.866 (sensitivity 82%, specificity 74%, p < 0.001) and 0.727 (sensitivity 57%, specificity 70%, p < 0.001), respectively. Lean tissue index, inflammation, and atherosclerosis were associated with volume overload. CONCLUSIONS: Volume overload and malnutrition were common across the spectrum of South African CKD cohorts; volume overload was associated with malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a useful and sensitive tool for the assessment of fluid status in clinically euvolumic nondialytic CKD patients.

Filter membrane-based automated therapeutic plasma exchange: a report of two cases from Nigeria.

These case reports demonstrated the diagnostic dilemma encountered in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura particularly in settings with limited diagnostic facilities and laboratory support. The similarities in the diagnostic criteria for both conditions make clear distinction as well as management decisions difficult. We present the difficulties encountered with both the diagnosis and the management of these two patients that were managed in our facility.