Advancements in Brain Research: The In Vivo/In Vitro Electrochemical Detection of Neurochemicals.

Neurochemicals, crucial for nervous system function, influence vital bodily processes and their fluctuations are linked to neurodegenerative diseases and mental health conditions. Monitoring these compounds is pivotal, yet the intricate nature of the central nervous system poses challenges. Researchers have devised methods, notably electrochemical sensing with micro-nanoscale electrodes, offering high-resolution monitoring despite low concentrations and rapid changes. Implantable sensors enable precise detection in brain tissues with minimal damage, while microdialysis-coupled platforms allow in vivo sampling and subsequent in vitro analysis, addressing the selectivity issues seen in other methods. While lacking temporal resolution, techniques like HPLC and CE complement electrochemical sensing's selectivity, particularly for structurally similar neurochemicals. This review covers essential neurochemicals and explores miniaturized electrochemical sensors for brain analysis, emphasizing microdialysis integration. It discusses the pros and cons of these techniques, forecasting electrochemical sensing's future in neuroscience research. Overall, this comprehensive review outlines the evolution, strengths, and potential applications of electrochemical sensing in the study of neurochemicals, offering insights into future advancements in the field.

Research trends on ash stabilization in the pavement during 2002-2021.

Incineration ash stabilization in the pavement is an effective approach to reduce environmental impact and proper disposal. This study aimed to achieve a bibliometric analysis of "ash stabilization in pavement" research during 2002-2021, considering language, chronological trends, source types, subject areas, document types, affiliations, journals, countries, and author keywords. Also, social network analysis (SNA) was used for trends mapping and global collaboration determination among countries. The results exposed that the number of publications has been significantly increased by more than 14-fold over the studied period. Engineering (42%), material science (17%), and environmental science (10%) were three major subject areas. The USA, by 383 publications, was the leading country, followed by India (370) and China (288). The most independent rate of the publications belonged to India (93%), while Australia ranked 1st in cooperator publications (63.4%). The "Construction and Building Materials" published the most related articles, followed by "Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering" and "Road Materials and Pavement Design." Among the top ten productive institutes and organizations, four affiliations were from China, and three institutes were from the USA. Edil, T.B. (34) from the USA, Arulrajah, A. (29) from Australia, and Horpibulsuk, S. (24) from Thailand were the most productive authors. "Fly ash," "compressive strength," "durability," "geopolymer," "strength," and "resilient modulus" had the most growth rate in recent years, based on the author keywords analysis. Besides, the increase of emerging keywords, "pervious concrete," "reclaimed asphalt pavement," and "lateritic soil" are noteworthy in the second half period.

Global trends and status in waste foundry sand management research during the years 1971-2020: a systematic analysis.

Waste foundry sand (WFS) is the by-product of the foundry industry, which is produced about 0.6 tons per 1 ton of foundry industry production. While it cannot be recycled or reused, it will be disposed of in landfills. Today, with increasing attention to environmental issues, the reuse and recycle of materials because of limited resources have been considered. Due to the desirable properties of WFS, many studies have been done on the properties and performance of its use in various industries, especially in concrete technology. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of foundry sand research during the years 1971-2020. Various aspects, such as document types, languages, major journals, key countries, authors, and keywords, have been examined. The collaborations among authors and countries were constructed, visualized, and evaluated through the application of the social network analysis method based on co-authorship relations. Also, keyword cluster analysis has been performed using co-occurrence relations to discover the most prominent issues related to WFS. The results showed that the number of publications (TP) has improved significantly in recent years, especially in 2018-2020. It has increased from 1 in 1971 to 38 in 2020. The engineering subdivision with 33% has had the highest number of papers. Also, India, China, and the USA have the highest number of publications, respectively. Statistical data from the author keyword study showed that in general, papers can be classified into three categories in terms of subject: first, characteristics of WFS and its importance; second, the use of WFS in concrete and the study of mechanical and physical properties as one of its applications; and the third, investigation on environmental effects and damage caused by disposal and landfill of WFS and efforts to find solutions for recycling and reuse. The keywords "Waste Foundry Sand," "Foundry Sand," and "Compressive Strength" with a growth rate of 2700%, 1900%, and 1100%, respectively, are important topics in the field of WFS research.

Environmental and economic assessment of Enhanced Landfill Mining in Tehran.

Landfilling brings many difficulties such as leaching of hazardous substances, methane gas production, loss of land, and natural resources such as groundwater, soil, and minerals. Enhanced landfill mining (ELFM) gives an opportunity to deal with such related problems. This study aimed to assess the environmental performance of ELFM through the application of life cycle assessment (LCA). SimaPro (v 8.5) was utilized to model the consequential life cycle assessment. Moreover, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis was applied to assess the economic performance along with the Monte Carlo simulation to address the related uncertainties. In addition, the indicator of net present value (NPV) was adopted to understand the economic feasibility of the project. The case study landfill was the closed 55-hectare dumpsite of the municipality of Tehran in Kahrizak due to the need for further landfilling space in the future. The results of this study indicated that ELFM could lead to remarkable environmental benefits compared with the landfill's current status (the do-nothing scenario). The ELFM project reduced the impact of global warming by 1,759,790 ton CO2 eq, equaling to 134% reduction in comparison with the do-nothing scenario. Moreover, the potential profitability of the project was calculated to be 370 million $. Among the processes, recycling and thermal treatment of waste significantly dominated the environmental results of the project. Although the research was based on a case study landfill, the methodology can be applied to similar projects worldwide.