Reduced CC Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in Tumor Cells after Lenalidomide Treatment for Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: A Case Report.

Introduction: CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4), which is involved in leukocyte migration, is expressed in most tumor cells in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Case Presentation: Here we report the case of a 78-year-old man diagnosed with lymphoma-type ATLL expressing CCR4. The patient was administered two cycles of lenalidomide but died because of sepsis 5 months after the initial diagnosis. Autopsy revealed ATLL cells at several sites. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that these ATLL cells had reduced CCR4 expression. Conclusion: The present case suggests that treatment should be carefully determined in ATLL with reference to a history of lenalidomide use and CCR4 expression.

Prediction of bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy with the R-R interval variation of the electrocardiogram in plasma cell myeloma: a retrospective study.

Bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN) is a key dose-limiting toxicity in patients with plasma cell myeloma (PCM). This study examined 56 patients with PCM treated with bortezomib to determine the possible predisposing factors to BIPN with the R-R interval variation (RRIV) of the electrocardiogram (ECG). Of all, 17 patients developed Clinically obvious BIPN, grades 2-4 or grade worsening from the baseline neuropathy per the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (v5.0). In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal RRIV cutoff value to distinguish patients with and without risk to develop BIPN was 1.391. A lower RRIV before bortezomib treatment independently correlated with the onset of Clinically obvious BIPN (p = .002) and the time to the onset of Clinically obvious BIPN (p < 0.001). A lower RRIV of the ECG before the bortezomib treatment is a predictive factor for BIPN in PCM.

Transforming growth factor ß- and interleukin 13-producing mast cells are associated with fibrosis in bone marrow.

Although bone marrow fibrosis is a lethal condition, its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of fibrosis in the bone marrow through histologic examination of mast cell infiltration and the expression of fibrosis-associated cytokines. We analyzed 22 bone marrows with fibrosis (8 primary myelofibrosis [PMF], 5 post-essential thrombocythemia [ET], myelofibrosis, and 9 myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS] with bone marrow fibrosis [BMF]). Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence stainings were performed using anti-mast cell tryptase, interleukin (IL) 13, transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß), CD34, and CD42b antibodies. The number of mast cells in bone marrows with fibrosis was significantly higher than that in controls (P<.0001 for all cases with fibrosis versus control, P=.0470 for PMF versus control, P<.0001 post-ET myelofibrosis versus control, and P=.0005 for MDS with BMF versus control). Moreover, bone marrows with higher fibrotic grades exhibited greater amounts of infiltrating mast cells. Mast cells were positive for TGF-ß and IL-13 in bone marrows with fibrosis of all 3 groups. Megakaryocytes were negative for TGF-ß in post-ET and MDS with BMF, but some megakaryocytes in PMF were weakly positive for TGF-ß. Megakaryocytes were negative for IL-13 in all 3 groups. Blasts were negative for both TGF-ß and IL-13 in all 3 groups. Thus, TGF-ß- and IL-13-producing mast cells might be key players in the development of BMF. Therefore, mast cells could be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of BMF.

Infiltration of effector regulatory T cells predicts poor prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) specifically express the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and contribute to tumor progression. FOXP3-positive cells have been recently proven to be heterogeneous in phenotype and function, including effector Tregs (eTregs), naïve Tregs, and non-Tregs, which harbor no suppressive function. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the "true Treg (eTreg)" population, rather than the entire FOXP3 population, with regards to their effect on tumor immunity. In particular, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS), FOXP3-positive cells correlated with a better prognosis. The present study sought to evaluate the relationship between the prognosis of DLBCL, NOS patients and the infiltration of true Tregs by employing dual immunostaining with FOXP3 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). CTLA-4 is a negative immunomodulatory known to be expressed by eTregs, but not by non-Tregs. Lymph nodes from 82 nodal DLBCL, NOS patients were stained with anti-FOXP3 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. A high infiltration of FOXP3-positive cells was associated with a significantly better prognosis than patients with low levels of FOXP3-positive cells for overall survival (OS) (P = .0233). In sharp contrast, a high infiltration of FOXP3/CTLA-4 double-positive cells was significantly associated with a poor prognosis than patients with low levels of FOXP3/CTLA-4 double-positive cells for OS (P = .0121) and progression-free survival (P = .0171), independent of the international prognostic index. FOXP3/CTLA-4 double-positive cells, eTregs, play an important role in DLBCL, NOS progression.