Melanoma survival by age group: Population-based disparities for adolescent and young adult patients by stage, tumor thickness, and insurance type.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma survival literature predominantly represents patients >65 years of age. Study of younger patients may reveal potential age-group-specific differences in survival outcome. OBJECTIVE: Identify factors associated with differences in melanoma survival in 2 age groups, adolescents and young adults (AYAs; ages 15-39) and older adults (ages 40-64). METHODS: This population-based registry study included all cases (n = 81,597) of cutaneous melanoma diagnosed at ages 15 to 64 from 2004 to 2015 in California. Age-group-specific multivariable Cox hazard regressions were used. RESULTS: In the adjusted, age-group-specific models, AYA patients with stage IV melanoma had worse survival (hazard ratio: 20.39, 95% CI: 13.30-31.20) than was observed among older adults (hazard ratio: 10.79, 95% CI: 9.33-12.48). Thicker tumors and public insurance were also associated with worse survival for AYAs than observed in models for older adults. AYAs experienced better survival when detected at earlier stages. LIMITATIONS: Registry data do not routinely collect behavioral information or family history of melanoma. CONCLUSIONS: Survival was much worse for AYAs with stage IV melanoma than observed among older adults. To improve AYA survival, early melanoma detection is critical. Greater awareness, suspicion, and screening for AYA melanoma may disrupt delays in diagnosis and reduce the excess burden of mortality from stage IV melanoma in young patients.

Correlation between Objective Measures of Sun Exposure and Self-Reported Sun Protective Behavior and Attitudes in Predominantly Hispanic Youth.

Melanoma incidence is increasing, with poor prognosis cases growing faster in California Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites. Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) exposure as a child has been found to disproportionately increase the risk of melanoma. To determine correlates of UVR exposure in this high-risk population, we conducted a study in predominately Hispanic 4th and 5th grade classrooms in Los Angeles County, a high UVR environment, during the spring. To address potential reporting bias, electronic UV dosimeters were utilized to objectively measure the association between UVR exposure and constructs (acculturation, sun protective behavior and knowledge, family interventions) obtained on baseline questionnaires (n = 125). Tanning attitude (wanting to get a tan) was associated with lower median time spent outside (1.73 min versus 22.17, AUC 82.08, Sensitivity 0.78, Specificity 0.73) and standard erythemal dose (SED) on weekends, but positively associated with sun protective knowledge. Sun protective knowledge and family discussion of sunscreen were also inversely associated with objectively measured time outside. Students spent a median 30.61 (IQR 19.88) minutes outside per day (SED 0.30, IQR 0.20), with only 35.70% of it occurring in nonschool hours. We determined the majority of UVR exposure in this population occurs at school, providing valuable guidance for future interventions.

Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Among Colorectal Cancer Survivors in a Population-Based Cohort.

BACKGROUND: There are an estimated 1.4 million colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors in the United States. Research on endocrine and metabolic diseases over the long term in CRC survivors is limited. Obesity is a risk factor for CRC; thus it is of interest to investigate diseases that may share this risk factor, such as diabetes, for long-term health outcomes among CRC survivors. METHODS: A total of 7114 CRC patients were identified from the Utah Population Database and matched to a general population cohort of 25 979 individuals on birth year, sex, and birth state. Disease diagnoses (assessed over three time periods of 1-5 years, 5-10 years, and >10 years) were identified using electronic medical records and statewide ambulatory and inpatient discharge data. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the risk of endocrine and metabolic disease. RESULTS: Across all three time periods, risks for endocrine and metabolic diseases were statistically significantly greater for CRC survivors compared with the general population cohort. At 1-5 years postdiagnosis, CRC survivors' risk for diabetes mellitus with complications was statistically significantly elevated (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.36, 99% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09 to 1.70). CRC survivors also experienced a 40% increased risk of obesity at 1-5 years postcancer diagnosis (HR= 1.40, 99% CI= 1.66 to 2.18) and a 50% increased risk at 5-10 years postdiagnosis (HR = 1.50, 99% CI= 1.16 to 1.95). CONCLUSIONS: Endocrine and metabolic diseases were statistically significantly higher in CRC survivors throughout the follow-up periods of 1-5 years, 5-10 years, and more than 10 years postdiagnosis. As the number of CRC survivors increases, understanding the long-term trajectory is critical for improved survivorship care.

Virtual Reality to Improve the Experience of the Mohs Patient-A Prospective Interventional Study.

BACKGROUND: Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States with significant quality of life impact. OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of a highly immersive virtual reality (VR) experience in the context of outpatient skin cancer surgery as a means to minimize patient-reported feelings of anxiety or pain. The authors also sought to assess the effects on patient-reported overall satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients completed a pre-VR experience survey after completion of their first Mohs surgery layer, followed by a 10-minute VR experience, and a post-VR experience survey. Differences in the pre-VR survey and post-VR survey were compared using the chi-square test. The anxiety scores were compared using a t-test. RESULTS: In all but 2 questions, there was a trend toward improvement of the anxiety-related sensations after completion of the VR experience. There were statistically significant differences for 4 questions: "Are you currently feeling unable to relax" (p = .0013), "are you currently feeling fear of the worst happening" (p < .0001), "are you currently feeling terrified or afraid" (p = .0046), and "are you currently feeling nervous" (p < .0001). CONCLUSION: Virtual reality experiences during the Mohs surgical day significantly improved measures of anxiety and patient satisfaction.

Cetuximab as a Component of Multimodality Treatment of High-Risk Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis From a Single Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer and has potential for regional or distant metastasis. Despite the standardization of features associated with high-risk cSCC, an advanced subset of cSCC, there is no established consensus regarding proper management of this tumor. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of cetuximab, add to existing management options, and aid in the development of standardized treatment for this tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records were searched using Current Procedural Terminology codes for cetuximab and cSCC. Demographic data and tumor characteristics, along with treatment regimens and follow-up times, were collected. A total of 20 cases were examined. RESULTS: Of the 20 cases, 3 experienced a complete response and 7 experienced a partial response, yielding an overall response of 50% and a combined median disease-free survival of 6.35 months (range 1-46.8 months). CONCLUSION: As most of the patients who experienced a response received cetuximab as part of a multimodality treatment approach, cetuximab may be most efficacious when administered with concurrent therapies such as surgery or radiation. Further larger prospective studies to determine the optimal dosing and frequency of cetuximab and the utility of concurrent therapies are warranted.

Poor prognosis for thin ulcerated melanomas and implications for a more aggressive approach to treatment.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines for the treatment of melanoma are based largely on the behavior of thicker tumors. As a result, little is known about survival differences among patients with thinner tumors. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the variability in survival for American Joint Committee on Cancer stage T1 thin melanoma tumors, defined as tumors less than 1 mm thick at diagnosis. METHODS: This population-based series included 43,008 non-Hispanic whites in whom cutaneous melanoma was diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 from the California Cancer Registry. Survival outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risk of death. RESULTS: Survival for patients with thin ulcerated tumors was comparable to that for patients with stage II tumors, who are currently treated more aggressively. At 12 months, patients with thin ulcerated tumors had approximately 6% lower survival (92.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 90.6%-93.9%]) compared with patients with thin nonulcerated tumors (98.2% [95% CI, 98.0%-98.3%]). At 24 months, this survival difference increased (85.2% [95% CI, 82.8%-87.4%] vs 96.1% [95% CI, 95.8-96.3%] for those with thin ulcerated and thin nonulcerated tumors, respectively) and a greater than 15% survival difference was seen at 60 months. LIMITATIONS: Previous reports of cancer registry data have noted some evidence of miscoding of thin tumors. CONCLUSION: The poorer survival in patients with ulcerated tumors less than 1 mm thick implies the need for additional studies to determine potential benefits of more aggressive treatment.

Do cancer survivors develop healthier lifestyle behaviors than the cancer-free population in the PLCO study?

BACKGROUND: Current studies report mixed results in health status and health behaviors after a diagnosis of cancer. The aim of our study is to investigate potential differences in lifestyle factors among cancer survivors and cancer-free individuals in a prospective cohort study conducted in the United States. METHODS: Using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Trial, 10,133 cancer survivors were identified and compared to 81,992 participants without cancer to evaluate differences in body mass index (BMI), smoking, NSAID use, and physical activity. RESULTS: Cancer survivors, compared to the cancer-free, were significantly less likely to engage in physical activity (odds ratio (OR) = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.77-0.88). Compared to those who were obese at baseline, cancer survivors were more likely to be at normal BMI at follow-up compared to the cancer-free (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.42-2.54). Cancer survivors were less likely to report regular aspirin use as compared to the cancer-free population (OR = 0.86, 95 % CI = 0.82-0.92). Of the current smokers, cancer survivors were more likely to be former smokers at follow-up compared to the cancer-free (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.30-1.74). CONCLUSION: Upon stratification by baseline health markers, cancer survivors practice healthier lifestyle habits such as smoking cessation and maintenance of a healthy weight. However, cancer survivors are less likely to be physically active as compared to cancer-free individuals, regardless of baseline practices. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: For cancer survivors who reported poor health status and behaviors at baseline, a cancer diagnosis may encourage the practice of healthier lifestyle behaviors.