Understanding the Wellbeing Needs of First Nations Children in Out-of-Home Care in Australia: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the increasing overrepresentation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter respectfully referred to as First Nations) children living in out-of-home care (OOHC) in Australia, little is known about their wellbeing needs. This comprehensive literature review aimed to identify these needs and the features of care required to meet them. METHODS: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, Informit, PsycINFO, and Embase databases and relevant grey literature were searched from inception to December 2023 for articles presenting qualitative accounts and perspectives relevant to the wellbeing needs of First Nations children in OOHC. These included reports from First Nations children in OOHC; First Nations adults with lived experience of OOHC; carers, caseworkers, and organizational stakeholders; and First Nations community members with relevant lived and/or professional experience. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis method for data analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-five articles (19 peer-reviewed, 16 grey literature) met the inclusion criteria. Our analysis revealed six wellbeing needs of First Nations children in OOHC: Being seen, being heard; a sense of stability; holistic health support; social and cultural connections; culturally safe OOHC providers; and preparedness for transitioning out of care. A range of features of OOHC were also identified as critical for supporting these needs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that First Nations children in OOHC have unique wellbeing needs in addition to safety, security, and health. Attention to the development and maintenance of social and cultural connections is an important concern that must be addressed by OOHC providers (caseworkers and organizations) and carers and supported by OOHC policy and the associated systems in Australia as part of providing culturally safe and supportive care.

Children in out-of-home care's right to family and cultural connection: Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous Australian children's perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Children have a right to participate in decisions about their lives. They also have the right to family and cultural connection, including when they are removed due to child protection concerns. However, the literature highlights barriers children in out-of-home care experience connecting to family-of-origin and culture. Moreover, this literature is predominantly from the perspective of practitioners and carers, with children's perspectives notably absent. OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study addresses this gap by exploring Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous Australian children's perspectives and experiences of family and cultural connection while in out-of-home care. It seeks to uphold children's right to express their views on matters that impact their lives. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The participants were 62 children aged 4-15 years (x̄=9 years), who were in out-of-home care in Queensland (Australia). Forty-two of the children were non-Indigenous and 20 identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children. METHODS: Lundy's (2007) model of participation guided the data collection approach. Art-based graphic-elicitation interviews were conducted. Verbatim transcripts were analysed thematically. RESULTS: Children had differing levels of understanding as to why they could not reside with their family. Most children referred to a family-of-origin member not living with them as important in their lives, but it was not always their parent/s. Siblings were mentioned frequently. Barriers to connections with family included distance and cost of travel, parents not attending visits and being uncontactable, incarcerated or deceased. Whilst most children desired increased connection with family, a few wished for reduction or cessation. Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children showed varying levels of connection to culture with both siblings and carers playing key roles in enabling greater connection. CONCLUSIONS: Graphic-elicitation interviews provided an important opportunity for children to voice their experiences of and preferences regarding family and cultural connection. The inclusion of children's voices is needed to inform responsive policies and practices that safely support their rights to family and culture when in out-of-home care.

Working with families of adults affected by eating disorders: uptake, key themes, and participant experiences of family involvement in outpatient treatment-as-usual.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders are associated with significant personal and family costs. Clinical guidelines recommend family members be involved and supported during care, but little has been reported regarding the preferences of adults around carer involvement in treatment. The necessary intensity of family work with adults is also unknown. A trial of a standardised brief family involvement method was conducted in an adult eating disorder service offering treatment-as-usual. Uptake and feasibility of implementing the approach as part of standard outpatient care and the preliminary impact on issues identified by adult patients and carers were evaluated. METHODS: Eligible referrals at an adult eating disorders outpatient clinic were offered as needed family consultation to address presenting interpersonal problems identified by patients and their family members, and outcomes were evaluated 4 weeks later. Pre and post intervention surveys identified participant self-reported change in (i) problem frequency, (ii) distress and disruption caused, and (iii) confidence regarding presenting problems. Open text responses provided an overview of patient and carer goals for family involvement and revealed how the novel method impacted these areas as well as overall experience of, and feedback regarding, the brief family intervention. RESULTS: Twenty-four female participants aged 18-53, and 22 carers participated in 31 consultations. Common concerns raised were eating disorder related interpersonal and communication issues. The focused sessions, offered on a one-at-a-time basis, showed preliminary effectiveness for reducing both patients and carer concerns. For example, adult patients reported that life interference from interpersonal problems was lower and confidence to deal with them was higher following family consultation. Carers also reported that frequency, level of worry, and life interference around presenting problems were lower after the structured family intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Brief family consultation, with a single focus on issues identified by family members and adult patients, was a safe and feasible procedure with adults affected by eating disorders. Effective at meeting the needs of participants, the framework investigated in the current study may also be a useful direction for adult services to consider when looking to support families and meet recommendations for their routine involvement in the outpatient care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian Clinical Trials Register number: ACTRN12621000047897 (www.anzctr.org.au).

Eating disorders are serious problems that can have negative consequences for both the person affected and their family members. Research shows that family involvement can support treatment, but little is known about whether adults with eating disorders want their families involved or how much. This study asked if adding a brief family intervention to normal treatment would be safe, viable and effective. The uptake of, and impact from, a one-off family consultation was measured in 24 adult patients and 22 carers who identified the problems they were facing as a result of the eating disorder, how often these were happening, how worried they felt about them, and how much the issues were interfering in their life before and after the family session. Both the patients and carers reported change in these areas. Issues regarding the eating disorder and communication were the most common concerns of adult patients and carers. Feedback about the sessions was positive and one session was enough to address the immediate concerns for many families. Single session family consultation may be a promising option for services working with the families of adults affected by eating disorders to consider in the future.

How are families included in the treatment of adults affected by eating disorders? A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: The involvement of families in the treatment of adults with eating disorders is recommended as a core component of comprehensive care, yet little is known about the optimal way to implement or routinely facilitate this. This article evaluates the recent evidence on the inclusion of families in treatment programs for adults with eating disorders. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify evidence of family inclusive treatment approaches for adults with eating disorders. A scoping review framework was applied to assess and synthesize findings. RESULTS: Sixty-eight studies were identified. Substantial conceptual research contributing to the theoretical basis of current practice with families of adults with eating disorders and clinical applications in current use were identified. Most research used uncontrolled studies with few experimental designs, reflecting the standing of the extant literature. Common elements of existing approaches have been distinguished and shared core components of interventions identified. DISCUSSION: Results confirmed that family members of adults were willing to be involved with eating disorder treatment services and appeared to respond to interventions of varying intensity and duration. The impact on individual patients, and effect on treatment outcomes, are yet to be established. The localized settings of existing studies, the homogenous nature of interventions used, and the limited diversity in research subjects, make it difficult to generalize from the results to the wide range of adult eating disorder presentations seen in practice. Suggestions for future research and further clinical developments are discussed.

OBJETIVO: La participación de las familias en el tratamiento de adultos con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria se recomienda como un componente central de la atención integral, sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre la 13 forma óptima de implementarlo o facilitarlo de manera rutinaria. Este artículo evalúa la evidencia 14 reciente sobre la inclusión de familias en programas de tratamiento para adultos con trastornos 15 alimentarios. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática para identificar evidencia de 16 enfoques de tratamiento inclusivo familiar para adultos con trastornos alimentarios. Se aplicó un marco de revisión del alcance 17 para evaluar y sintetizar los hallazgos. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 68 estudios 18. Se identificaron investigaciones conceptuales sustanciales que contribuyen a la base teórica de la práctica actual con familias de adultos con trastornos alimentarios y aplicaciones clínicas en 20 usos actuales. La mayoría de las investigaciones utilizaron estudios no controlados con pocos diseños experimentales, lo que refleja la posición de la literatura existente. Se han distinguido los elementos comunes 2 de los abordajes existentes y se han identificado componentes centrales compartidos de 3 intervenciones. DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados confirmaron que los miembros de la familia de los adultos 4 estaban dispuestos a participar en los servicios de tratamiento de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y parecían responder a intervenciones de intensidad y duración variables. Aún no se ha establecido el impacto en 6 pacientes individuales y el efecto en los resultados del tratamiento. Los 7 contextos localizados de los estudios existentes, la naturaleza homogénea de las intervenciones utilizadas y la diversidad limitada de los sujetos de investigación hacen que sea difícil generalizar de los resultados a la amplia gama de presentaciones de trastornos alimentarios en adultos observadas en la práctica. Se discuten sugerencias para investigaciones futuras y desarrollos clínicos adicionales.

After the Biomedical Technology Revolution: Where to Now for a Bio-Psycho-Social Approach to Social Work?

In the late twentieth century, the bio-psycho-social framework emerged as a powerful influence on the conceptualisation and delivery of health and rehabilitation services including social work services in these fields. The bio-psycho-social framework is built on a systems view of health and well-being ( Garland and Howard, 2009). The systems perspective encourages medical and allied health professions, including social work, to recognise and to respond to the multiple systems impacting on individual health and well-being ( Engel, 2003). This paper analyses how advances in biomedical technology, particularly in the fields of neuroscience and human genomics, are challenging the bio-psycho-social approach to practice. The paper examines the pressures on the social work profession to embrace biomedical science and points to the problems in doing so. The conclusion points to some tentative ways forward for social workers to engage critically with biomedical advances and to strengthen the bio-psycho-social framework in the interests of holistic and ethical approaches to social work practice.

A Social Identity Approach to Understanding Responses to Child Sexual Abuse Allegations.

Two studies investigated the role of group allegiances in contributing to the failure of institutions to appropriately respond to allegations of child sexual abuse. In Study 1, 601 participants read a news article detailing an allegation of child sexual abuse against a Catholic Priest. Catholics were more protective of the accused-and more skeptical of the accuser-than other participants, an effect that was particularly pronounced among strongly identified Catholics. In Study 2 (N = 404), the tendency for Catholics to be more protective of the accused and more skeptical of the accuser than non-Catholics was replicated. Moreover, these effects held independently of the objective likelihood that the accused was guilty. Overall, the data show that group loyalties provide a psychological motivation to disbelieve child abuse allegations. Furthermore, the people for whom this motivation is strongest are also the people who are most likely to be responsible for receiving and investigating allegations: highly identified ingroup members. The findings highlight the psychological mechanisms that may limit the ability of senior Church figures to conduct impartial investigations into allegations of child abuse within the Church.

Timed Up and Go Tests in cardiac rehabilitation: reliability and comparison with the 6-Minute Walk Test.

PURPOSE: To test the reliability of Timed Up and Go Tests (TUGTs) in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and compare TUGTs to the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) for outcome measurement. METHODS: Sixty-one of 154 consecutive community-based CR patients were prospectively recruited. Subjects undertook repeated TUGTs and 6MWTs at the start of CR (start-CR), postdischarge from CR (post-CR), and 6 months postdischarge from CR (6 months post-CR). The main outcome measurements were TUGT time (TUGTT) and 6MWT distance (6MWD). RESULTS: Mean (SD) TUGTT1 and TUGTT2 at the 3 assessments were 6.29 (1.30) and 5.94 (1.20); 5.81 (1.22) and 5.53 (1.09); and 5.39 (1.60) and 5.01 (1.28) seconds, respectively. A reduction in TUGTT occurred between each outcome point (P ≤ .002). Repeated TUGTTs were strongly correlated at each assessment, intraclass correlation (95% CI) = 0.85 (0.76-0.91), 0.84 (0.73-0.91), and 0.90 (0.83-0.94), despite a reduction between TUGTT1 and TUGTT2 of 5%, 5%, and 7%, respectively (P ≤ .006). Relative decreases in TUGTT1 (TUGTT2) occurred from start-CR to post-CR and from start-CR to 6 months post-CR of -7.5% (-6.9%) and -14.2% (-15.5%), respectively, while relative increases in 6MWD1 (6MWD2) occurred, 5.1% (7.2%) and 8.4% (10.2%), respectively (P < .001 in all cases). Pearson correlation coefficients for 6MWD1 to TUGTT1 and TUGTT2 across all times were -0.60 and -0.68 (P < .001) and the intraclass correlations (95% CI) for the speeds derived from averaged 6MWDs and TUGTTs were 0.65 (0.54, 0.73) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Similar relative changes occurred for the TUGT and the 6MWT in CR. A significant correlation between the TUGTT and 6MWD was demonstrated, and we suggest that the TUGT may provide a related or a supplementary measurement of functional capacity in CR.

Repeated six-minute walk tests for outcome measurement and exercise prescription in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether repeated 6-minute walk tests (6MWTs) are required for outcome measurement and exercise prescription in a typical cardiac rehabilitation (CR) population. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal observational study. SETTING: Outpatient community health center. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-one of 154 consecutive patients. INTERVENTION: 6MWTs (N = 2) were conducted at 3 assessment points: at CR start, postcompletion, and 6-months postcompletion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: 6MWT distance (6MWD). RESULTS: Mean 6MWD for the first (6MWT1) and second (6MWT2) 6MWTs at the 3 assessment points were 507 ± 85 (522 ± 84), 532 ± 86 (560 ± 87), and 549 ± 99 (575 ± 107)m. Repeated 6MWDs strongly correlated at each assessment point, with intraclass correlation coefficients of .96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-.98), .97 (95% CI, .92-.98), and .94 (95% CI, .89-.97), respectively. Relative increases in mean 6MWD from 6MWT1 to 6MWT2 at each assessment point were 3%, 5%, and 5%, respectively (P<.001 in each case). Differences in walking speed derived from 6MWD1 and 6MWD2 did not translate into differences in exercise prescription. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between 6MWD1 and 6MWD2 was consistent regardless of previous exposure to 6MWTs. A single 6MWT was as effective as 2 repeated 6MWTs for outcome measurement and exercise prescription. We therefore recommend that when 6MWDs are used for CR outcome measurement, either a single 6MWT be used or the number of 6MWTs performed be consistent at all assessment points.