Automatic identification of hypertension and assessment of its secondary effects using artificial intelligence: A systematic review (2013-2023).

Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are increasingly used in computer-aided diagnostic tools in medicine. These techniques can also help to identify Hypertension (HTN) in its early stage, as it is a global health issue. Automated HTN detection uses socio-demographic, clinical data, and physiological signals. Additionally, signs of secondary HTN can also be identified using various imaging modalities. This systematic review examines related work on automated HTN detection. We identify datasets, techniques, and classifiers used to develop AI models from clinical data, physiological signals, and fused data (a combination of both). Image-based models for assessing secondary HTN are also reviewed. The majority of the studies have primarily utilized single-modality approaches, such as biological signals (e.g., electrocardiography, photoplethysmography), and medical imaging (e.g., magnetic resonance angiography, ultrasound). Surprisingly, only a small portion of the studies (22 out of 122) utilized a multi-modal fusion approach combining data from different sources. Even fewer investigated integrating clinical data, physiological signals, and medical imaging to understand the intricate relationships between these factors. Future research directions are discussed that could build better healthcare systems for early HTN detection through more integrated modeling of multi-modal data sources.

Medulloblastoma with Subcutaneous Spread: A Rare Entity.

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Histological subclassification and adjuvant therapy have improved prognostication and outcome. Extraneural metastasis remains a poor prognostic factor and subcutaneous seeding is rarely encountered and reported in the pediatric population. We report a 3-year-old child who rapidly presented with subcutaneous seeding a month following gross total resection of his tumor.

Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Young: An Institutional Registry Analysis.

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) accounts for about 10-15% of all strokes. Generally, it is a disease of the elderly; worldwide, the incidence of SICH in the young is showing an increasing trend, especially in India and the Asian continent. An attempt is also made to analyze the presence of factors, which may predict the risk of SICH among young hypertensives. Methods: A six-year retrospective review of patients aged below 50 years who presented with SICH was included in the study. Patients with bleeds secondary to an identifiable cause such as tumor, trauma, vascular malformations, and coagulopathy-induced bleeds were excluded from the study. The outcome was measured at 90 days using the modified ranking scale, and predictors of outcome (good outcome modified ranking score (mRS): 0-3; poor outcome mRS: 4-6) were analyzed. Results: SICH in the young accounted for 28.4% of all intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients admitted during the study period (344/1210). The mean age of our male-dominant (78.5%) cohort was 42.9 ± 6.24 years, and the median Glasgow coma score (GCS) on presentation was 11 (IQR: 8-14). A prior history of hypertension (HTN) was obtained in 51.2% (176), and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was documented in 237 (68.9%) patients. The basal ganglia was the most common location of the bleed (62.2%). At 90 days, 200 patients (58.1%) had good outcome and 144 (41.9%) had poor outcome with an overall mortality of 75 (21.8%). Independent predictors of poor outcome were poor GCS, larger volume, and high serum creatinine values. Conclusion: The incidence of SICH among the young accounts for nearly 30% of admitted ICH. Poor outcome and mortality are high with HTN being the single most important modifiable risk factor in the cohort.

Brain tumor detection and screening using artificial intelligence techniques: Current trends and future perspectives.

A brain tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue located inside the skull. In addition to putting pressure on the healthy parts of the brain, it can lead to significant health problems. Depending on the region of the brain tumor, it can cause a wide range of health issues. As malignant brain tumors grow rapidly, the mortality rate of individuals with this cancer can increase substantially with each passing week. Hence it is vital to detect these tumors early so that preventive measures can be taken at the initial stages. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) systems, in coordination with artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, have a vital role in the early detection of this disorder. In this review, we studied 124 research articles published from 2000 to 2022. Here, the challenges faced by CAD systems based on different modalities are highlighted along with the current requirements of this domain and future prospects in this area of research.

Neurosurgical emergencies during pregnancy - Management dilemmas.

Background: Neurosurgical emergencies in the obstetric setting pose considerable challenges. Decision-making involves deliberations on the gestational age, critical nature of the illness, timing of surgery, maternal positioning during neurosurgery, anesthesiologic strategies, monitoring of the pregnancy during surgery, and the mode of delivery. The present study discusses the management and ethical dilemmas encountered during the management of six obstetric patients with neurosurgical emergencies. Methods: A retrospective review of all neurosurgical operations performed between January 2016 and December 2022 were included in the study. Results: This study includes a series of six pregnant women who presented with neurosurgical emergencies, secondary to freshly diagnosed pathologies in the period 2016-2022. The mean maternal age was 31.33 years. Four of the six patients were in the third semester and two were in the second trimester. The underlying etiologies were as follows: spontaneous intracerebral hypertensive hemorrhage (1), obstructive hydrocephalus due to shunt malfunction (1), brain tumor (02), and compressive spinal cord myelopathy due to tumors (02). Three patients who were near term underwent lower cesarean section followed by emergency neurosurgical procedure in the same sitting. Two second trimester patients continued their pregnancy after the emergency neurosurgical operation. In one patient, in whom a brain tumor was diagnosed near term, underwent neurosurgery 1 week after successful cesarean section. All the six mothers and fetus recovered well, ex3cept two patients who have persisting residual deficits. Conclusion: Treatment of neurosurgical emergencies during pregnancy needs to be customized depending on the clinical condition of the pregnant woman, prognosis of the disease, gestational age and the status of the pregnancy. With careful planning, timely intervention, consultative decision making and it is possible to achieve the ultimate goal - which is to protect and safeguard the mother and preserve and deliver a viable fetus.

Extraventricular Neurocytoma of the Posterior Fossa: A Case Report Written by ChatGPT.

ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is the latest artificial intelligence (AI) tool that has taken the internet by storm. A large language model-based AI tool, ChatGPT is used to generate natural prose-like answers learning from a large database of text. A lot is being written and spoken about the future of academic writing using this tool.We attempt to generate a short case report of a brain tumour labelled extraventriuclar neurocytoma (EVN) which is a rare tumour of the central nervous system. When posed with a set of questions on this uncommon topic, ChatGPT did well with relevant but not very specific answers. Validation of the information is an issue like with most machine learning solutions. This case report is an attempt to summarise EVN and its management. Q: Summarise extraventricular neurocytoma. ChatGPT: EVN is a rare and benign tumor that typically occurs in the brain. It often causes no symptoms, but as it grows, it can cause headaches, seizures, and changes in vision or balance. Surgery is usually curative, but there is a lack of studies to know the best treatment options. The prognosis is generally good with high rates of long-term survival and low rates of recurrence. Text italicised in the article is generated by ChatGPT.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and its correlation with visual symptoms and radiological features in pituitary macroadenoma.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) with (i) visual symptoms and (ii) suprasellar extension defined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with pituitary macroadenoma. Materials and Methods: RNFL thickness of 50 consecutive patients operated for pituitary macroadenoma between July 2019 and April 2021 were compared with standard visual examination findings and MRI measurements such as optic chiasm height, distance between the optic chiasm and adenoma, suprasellar extension, and chiasmal lift. Results: The study group included 100 eyes of 50 patients operated for pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extension. RNFL thinning predominantly involved the nasal (84.26 ± 16.43 µm) and temporal quadrants (70.72 ± 14.80 µm) and correlated well with the visual field deficit (P < 0.001). Patients with moderate-to-severe deficit in visual acuity had a mean RNFL thickness <85 µm and patients with severe disc pallor had extremely thin RNFLs (<70 µm). Suprasellar extension defined as Wilsons Grade C, D, and E and Fujimotos Grades 3 and 4 were significantly associated with thin RNFLs <85 µm (P < 0.01). Chiasmal lift more than 1 cm and tumor chiasm distance of <0.5 mm were associated with thin RNFL (P < 0.002). Conclusion: RNFL thinning correlates directly with the severity of visual deficits in patients with pituitary adenoma. Wilsons Grade D and E, Fujimoto Grade 3 and 4, chiasmal lift more than 1 cm, and chiasm tumor distance <0.5 mm are strong predictors of RNFL thinning and poor vision. Pituitary macro adenoma and other suprasellar tumors need to be excluded in patients with preserved vision but having obvious RNFL thinning.

Mini anterior interhemispheric approach for A3 segment distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms.

INTRODUCTION: Aneurysms of the A3 segment of the distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA), in relation to the genu of the corpus callosum, are specific sub-group which pose unique surgical challenges due to their discrete anatomical location. We describe a mini-anterior interhemispheric approach which can be safely utilised to clip these aneurysms rather than the traditional bifrontal approach. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the clinical and radiological data of ruptured DACA-A3 aneurysms operated between 2014 and 2021 at our institute. A curvilinear scalp incision within the hairline followed by raising small, unilateral, free frontal bone flap, avoiding the opening of frontal sinus. Superior sagittal sinus is displaced medially, inter-hemispheric dissection carried out with posterior trajectory and small callosotomy is performed. DACA is skeletonised, proximal control is established, and the A3 aneurysm is dissected and clipped. RESULT: Our cohort of 18 patients had a definite female preponderance (F:M::2:1) with mean age of 55.6 years. On admission three patients were categorized as WFNS Grade I, thirteen in Grade II, and two in Grade III for subarachnoid haemorrhage. All the patients had evidence of blood in the interhemispheric fissure; intraparenchymal haemorrhage was seen in seven, with intraventricular haemorrhage in six patients. Within the A3 segment six aneurysms were infragenu (inferior), eight were at the genu (anterior) and four were supragenu (superior). Two (11.1%) elderly patients succumbed post-surgery following ischemic infarcts and associated complications. At the time of follow-up at 3 months of the remaining sixteen (72.2%) patients, thirteen had a good outcome (mRS 0-3) and three (16.7%) had a poor outcome (mRS > 3). CONCLUSION: The mini anterior interhemispheric is an effective minimally invasive alternative for A3 segments aneurysms and helps to avoid the complications of the conventional bifrontal interhemispheric approach.

First reported case of hydrocephalus in jointly diagnosed bacterial meningitis and a colloid cyst: how Ockham's razor became Hickam's dictum.

We report the first case in the literature of acute hydrocephalus due to a simultaneous diagnosis of bacterial (not asceptic) meningitis and a colloid cyst. Diagnosing disease is the cornerstone skill of a medical practitioner. Both education and experience allow for sharpening of this skill throughout years of medical practice. Disease is fraught with nuances and inconsistencies which can render an accurate diagnosis a difficult task. Medical practitioners can be guilty of cognitive biases such as Ockham's razor. We present the case of a patient with an initial diagnosis of obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a colloid cyst. However, pneumococcal meningitis blunted Ockham's razor in favour of Hickam's dictum.

Spinal paraganglioma presenting with raised intracranial pressure: a note on the diagnosis and post-operative management.

BACKGROUND: Spinal paragangliomas are tumors of neuroendocrine origin that present with symptoms of mass effect or neurosecretion but rarely involve the central nervous system. Raised intracranial pressure and papilledema are therefore unusual presentations of a spinal paraganglioma. METHODS: We review the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with headache and visual disturbance. Fundoscopy confirmed papilledema with normal intracranial imaging. Neuraxis imaging revealed a lumbar intradural extramedullary tumor and pathological analysis confirmed a WHO Grade I spinal paraganglioma. The tumor was resected and post operatively his vison improved with resolution of optic disc swelling. CONCLUSIONS: Raised intracranial pressure and papilledema are unusual clinical manifestations of spinal tumors and imaging the entire neuraxis can be valuable.

A Review on Computer Aided Diagnosis of Acute Brain Stroke.

Amongst the most common causes of death globally, stroke is one of top three affecting over 100 million people worldwide annually. There are two classes of stroke, namely ischemic stroke (due to impairment of blood supply, accounting for ~70% of all strokes) and hemorrhagic stroke (due to bleeding), both of which can result, if untreated, in permanently damaged brain tissue. The discovery that the affected brain tissue (i.e., 'ischemic penumbra') can be salvaged from permanent damage and the bourgeoning growth in computer aided diagnosis has led to major advances in stroke management. Abiding to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we have surveyed a total of 177 research papers published between 2010 and 2021 to highlight the current status and challenges faced by computer aided diagnosis (CAD), machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) based techniques for CT and MRI as prime modalities for stroke detection and lesion region segmentation. This work concludes by showcasing the current requirement of this domain, the preferred modality, and prospective research areas.

Automated Detection and Screening of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Using Computed Tomography Images: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs due to the disruption in the normal functioning of the brain by sudden external forces. The primary and secondary injuries due to TBI include intracranial hematoma (ICH), raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and midline shift (MLS), which can result in significant lifetime disabilities and death. Hence, early diagnosis of TBI is crucial to improve patient outcome. Computed tomography (CT) is the preferred modality of choice to assess the severity of TBI. However, manual visualization and inspection of hematoma and its complications from CT scans is a highly operator-dependent and time-consuming task, which can lead to an inappropriate or delayed prognosis. The development of computer aided diagnosis (CAD) systems could be helpful for accurate, early management of TBI. In this paper, a systematic review of prevailing CAD systems for the detection of hematoma, raised ICP, and MLS in non-contrast axial CT brain images is presented. We also suggest future research to enhance the performance of CAD for early and accurate TBI diagnosis.

Aggressive-fungating retinal hemangioblastoma.

Retinal hemangioblastomas are one of the most common and early manifestations of Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Early detection is the key in their management. When left untreated, these benign neoplasms may continue to grow and result in scleral infiltration and extraocular extension warranting enucleation of the globe.

Postcode based participatory disease surveillance systems : a comparison with traditional risk-based surveillance and its application in the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Background: The SARS-Cov-2 infection has rapidly saturated health systems and traditional surveillance networks are finding hard to keep pace with its spread. We designed a participatory disease surveillance (PDS) system, to capture symptoms of Influenza-like illness (ILI) to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community. While data generated by these platforms can help public health organisations find community hotspots and effectively direct control measures, it has never been compared to traditional systems. OBJECTIVE: Methods and Objectives: A completely anonymised web based PDS system, www.trackcovid-19.org was developed. We evaluated the symptomatic responses received form the PDS system to the traditional risk based surveillance carried out by the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike over a period of 45 days in the South Indian city of Bengaluru. METHODS: Methods and Objectives: A completely anonymised web based PDS system, www.trackcovid-19.org was developed. We evaluated the symptomatic responses received form the PDS system to the traditional risk based surveillance carried out by the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike over a period of 45 days in the South Indian city of Bengaluru. RESULTS: Results: The PDS system recorded 11062 entries from 106 Postal codes. A healthy response was obtained from 10863 users while 199 (1.8%) reported symptomatic. Subgroup analysis of a 14 day symptomatic window recorded 33 (0.29%) responses. Risk based surveillance was carried out covering a population of 605,284 with 209 (0.03%) individuals identified symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusion: Web PDS platforms provide better visualisation of community infection when compared to traditional risk based surveillance systems. They are extremely useful by providing real time information in the extended battle against this pandemic. When integrated into national disease surveillance systems, they can provide long term community surveillance adding an important cost-effective layer to already available data sources.

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio - A novel prognostic marker following spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays a role in secondary brain injury after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Peripheral biomarkers of inflammation especially the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have been shown to influence outcome following ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. Role of NLR in outcome prognostication following haemorrhagic stroke has not yet been conclusively established. This study analyses the prognostic significance of admission neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio on mortality and 90-day outcome in patients admitted with acute SICH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 851 patients with spontaneous ICH were retrospectively investigated. Admission haematological parameters were retrieved from our hospital laboratory systems and NLR was then calculated using the formula ANC/ALC. (Absolute neutrophil count/Absolute lymphocyte count) Clinical outcome was assessed by modified Rankin Scale at 90 days. Logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors of mortality and 90-day outcome. Receiver operator curve (ROC) test was used to determine the predictive value of NLR for 30-day death. RESULTS: A total of 851 patients enrolled in the study. Our 30 day and 90 day mortality were 125 (17.7 %) and 244 (28.7 %) respectively. The mean NLR in the entire cohort was 9.03 ±â€¯7.6. NLR was significantly higher in the mortality group compared to the survivors (11.98 ±â€¯9.91 vs 8.52 ±â€¯7.05) P < 0.001. NLR in patients with a good outcome at 90 days (7.21 ±â€¯6.06) was a lower in comparison to patients with poor outcome(10.66 ±â€¯8.48).(p=<0.001). NLR was dichotomised at 8.2 which was computed based on ROC curve. Mortality and poor outcome were higher in the NLR > 8.2 group at 140 (40.1 %) and 23 (67.8 %) respectively (p < 0.001). Age, GCS < 8, Volume of Hematoma, Intra ventricular extension of hematoma and NLR > 8.2 were found to be independent predictors of outcome. GCS < 8 had a greater predictive value (5.236) compared to NLR.8.2 (1.78). CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of admission NLR were independently related to poor mortality and 90-day outcome after ICH. NLR is a novel, easily available and cost effective prognostic biomarker following ICH.

Adult Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes.

Background Adult primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is a rare type of hemorrhagic stroke that is poorly understood. The study attempts to define the clinical profile, yield of diagnostic cerebral angiography, and prognosis of patients with PIVH. Patients and Methods Retrospective data analysis of all patients with PIVH admitted between February 2015 and February 2019 at a tertiary care center. Outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 6 months. Results and Discussion Our study group of 30 patients constituted 3.3% (30/905) of our spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) patients in the study period. The mean Glasgow Coma Score on admission was 11 ± 3.33 and the mean IVH Graeb score was 5.2±2.4. All patients underwent angiography. Angiography detected moyamoya disease in four patients (13.3%) and aneurysms in two patients (6.6%) and these patients were managed surgically. Extraventricular drainage with intraventricular instillation of Streptokinase was performed in five patients. The rest of the patients was managed conservatively. At 6-month follow-up, 25 patients (83.33%) achieved favorable outcome (mRS score of 0.1 or 2), whereas five (16.66%) patients had a poor outcome (mRS score of 3 or more. Three patients succumbed to the illness. IVH Graeb score and presence of hydrocephalus have significant correlation with poor outcome. Conclusion PIVH is an uncommon entity but carries a better long-term prognosis than SICH angiography helps in diagnosing surgically remediable underlying vascular anomalies and is indicated in all cases of PIVH.

Decompressive Craniectomy in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Comparison with Standard Craniotomy Using Propensity-Matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage carries a poor prognosis with a 30-day mortality rate of 35%-52%. There is no standardized surgical technique for treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. While minimally invasive techniques are popular, there has been renewed interest in decompressive craniectomy (DC). We compared surgical and functional outcomes of standard craniotomy and DC, both with hematoma evacuation, in the surgical treatment of supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. METHODS: This 4-year retrospective study compared outcomes of 2 surgical techniques: standard craniotomy in group A (n = 78) and DC in group B (n = 54). To minimize bias in case selection, propensity matching was performed to match preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale score and hematoma volume (group C). RESULTS: Hematoma evacuation was performed in 132 patients. Mean age of patients was 53.3 years, 50.5 years, and 52.06 years in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Median preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale score was 9, 7, and 8 (P = 0.01; P = 0.45), and mean hematoma volume was 46.21 mL, 50.91 mL, and 49.90 mL. Overall mortality was 26.5%; 62.9% (n = 22) of deaths were in group A, and 37.1% (n = 13) were in group B (P = 0.69). Median modified Rankin Scale score was similar in both groups, both at discharge and at 3 months. After determining propensity scores, mortality and outcomes of matched groups remained similar. CONCLUSIONS: DC with hematoma evacuation does not appear to provide a significant advantage over standard craniotomy with regard to functional outcomes and mortality. DC may overcome the need for subsequent surgery in accommodating postoperative mass effect in residual bleeds and rebleeds but is associated with greater blood loss and longer operative duration.