Dental Stem Cells and Lipopolysaccharides: A Concise Review.

Dental tissue stem cells (DTSCs) are well known for their multipotent capacity and regenerative potential. They also play an important role in the immune response of inflammatory processes derived from caries lesions, periodontitis, and gingivitis. These oral diseases are triggered by toxins known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by gram-negative bacteria. LPS present molecular patterns associated with pathogens and are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in dental stem cells. In this review, we describe the effect of LPS on the biological behavior of DTSCs. We also focus on the molecular sensors, signaling pathways, and emerging players participating in the interaction of DTSCs with lipopolysaccharides. Although the scientific advances generated provide an understanding of the immunomodulatory potential of DTSCs, there are still new reflections to explore with regard to their clinical application in the treatment of oral inflammatory diseases.

Epidemiología de la infección oral por VPH en sujetos jóvenes sanos / Epidemiology of oral HPV infection in young healthy individuals

Resumen Introducción: La infección por VPH es la infección viral de transmisión sexual más frecuente, y se encuentra asociada a diversas neoplasias. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología, historia natural y factores de riesgo asociados a la infección oral por VPH en adultos jóvenes asintomáticos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de corte longitudinal, que incluyó sujetos sin patología oral, a los que se les tomó una muestra de la mucosa bucal. A todos los sujetos con resultados positivos se les realizó un nuevo muestreo seis meses después. Se identificó la presencia del virus por RPC; los datos demográficos y de conducta sexual fueron obtenidos con una encuesta que respondieron sin intervención del investigador. Resultados: Se recolectaron 102 muestras de sujetos de 18-26 años de edad, 60 (58,8%) correspondieron al sexo masculino. La prevalencia del virus fue de 6,9%; todos los sujetos positivos tenían vida sexual. Las relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo fue la única variable asociada a la presencia del virus (p < 0,05). A los seis meses, todos los sujetos habían eliminado al virus. Conclusión: La infección oral por VPH es transitoria y está asociada a relaciones sexuales entre personas del mismo sexo, principalmente mujeres que tienen sexo con mujeres.

Background: HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection, and is associated with several neoplasms. Aim: To describe the epidemiology, natural history and risk factors associated with oral HPV infection in asymptomatic young adults. Methods: A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted, including subjects without oral pathology, who were sampled from the oral mucosa. All subjects with positive results were re-sampled 6 months later. The presence of HPV was identified by PCR. Demographic and sexual behavior data were obtained with a survey that was responded without the intervention of the researcher. Results: 102 samples were collected from subject of 18-26 years old, 60 (58.8%) were male. The prevalence of the virus was 6.9%; all positive subjects had active sexual life. Same-gender relationships were the only variable associated with the presence of the virus (p < 0.05). At six months all subjects had eliminated the virus. Conclusion: Oral HPV infection is transient and is associated to same-gender relationships, mainly women who have sex with women.

[Epidemiology of oral HPV infection in young healthy individuals]. / Epidemiología de la infección oral por VPH en sujetos jóvenes sanos.

BACKGROUND: HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection, and is associated with several neoplasms. AIM: To describe the epidemiology, natural history and risk factors associated with oral HPV infection in asymptomatic young adults. METHODS: A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted, including subjects without oral pathology, who were sampled from the oral mucosa. All subjects with positive results were re-sampled 6 months later. The presence of HPV was identified by PCR. Demographic and sexual behavior data were obtained with a survey that was responded without the intervention of the researcher. RESULTS: 102 samples were collected from subject of 18-26 years old, 60 (58.8%) were male. The prevalence of the virus was 6.9%; all positive subjects had active sexual life. Same-gender relationships were the only variable associated with the presence of the virus (p < 0.05). At six months all subjects had eliminated the virus. CONCLUSION: Oral HPV infection is transient and is associated to same-gender relationships, mainly women who have sex with women.

[Influence of orthodontic appliances on the occurrence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity]. / Influencia de la aparatología ortodóntica sobre la ocurrencia de Candida spp. en la cavidad oral.

INTRODUCTION: Use of orthodontic appliances creates favorable conditions for growth of dental bacterial plaque. AIM: To establish if use of orthodontic appliance affects the presence of Candida species in the oral cavity in a group of pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 60 patients between 4 and 10 years old, requiring treatment with orthodontic appliances. Samples were taken of the oral cavity before orthodontic treatment and six months after use began. Samples were inoculated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Candida CHROMagar®. Candida species confirmation and identification was done by multiple PCR, and results analyzed with a chi-squared test. RESULTS: Candida presence was greater (p < 0,001) in the samples taken six months after use began than in the initial samples. Before treatment, the most frequently found species (percentage of studied patients) was C. albicans (8.3%), while after treatment it was C. tropicalis (20.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of orthodontic appliances in children increases Candida species presence in the oral cavity. Preventative measures should be taken to avoid oral candidiasis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients.

Influencia de la aparatología ortodóntica sobre la ocurrencia de Candida spp. en la cavidad oral / Influence of orthodontic appliances on the occurrence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity

Introducción: El uso de aparatología ortodóntica crea condiciones favorables para el incremento de la placa bacteriana. Objetivo: Evaluar si el uso de aparatología ortodóntica influye en la presencia de especies de Candida en la cavidad oral, en un grupo de pacientes pediátricos. Material y Métodos: Se estudiaron 60 pacientes entre 4 y 10 años de edad, que requirieron tratamiento con aparatología ortodóntica. Se tomaron muestras de la cavidad oral al inicio del tratamiento ortodóntico y a los seis meses de uso. Las muestras fueron sembradas en Agar Dextrosa Sabouraud y CHROMagar® Candida. Las especies de Candida se confirmaron por RPC múltiple. Los resultados se analizaron con la prueba estadística de chi cuadrada. Resultados: La presencia de Candida fue mayor en las muestras tomadas a los seis meses de iniciado el tratamiento (p < 0,001). La especie más frecuente antes del tratamiento fue C. albicans (8,3%) y después del tratamiento fue C. tropicalis (20,0%). Conclusiones: El uso de aparatología ortodóntica influye en la presencia de especies de Candida, por lo que deben tomarse medidas preventivas para evitar su conversión en candidiasis oral, en especial, en pacientes inmunodeprimidos.

Introduction: Use of orthodontic appliances creates favorable conditions for growth of dental bacterial plaque. Aim: To establish if use of orthodontic appliance affects the presence of Candida species in the oral cavity in a group of pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: We studied 60 patients between 4 and 10 years old, requiring treatment with orthodontic appliances. Samples were taken of the oral cavity before orthodontic treatment and six months after use began. Samples were inoculated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Candida CHROMagar®. Candida species confirmation and identification was done by multiple PCR, and results analyzed with a chi-squared test. Results: Candida presence was greater (p < 0,001) in the samples taken six months after use began than in the initial samples. Before treatment, the most frequently found species (percentage of studied patients) was C. albicans (8.3%), while after treatment it was C. tropicalis (20.0%). Conclusions: Use of orthodontic appliances in children increases Candida species presence in the oral cavity. Preventative measures should be taken to avoid oral candidiasis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients.

Actividad de la proteinasa en cepas de Candida albicans aisladas de la cavidad oral de pacientes inmunodeprimidos, con candidiasis oral y sujetos sanos / Proteinase activity in Candida albicans strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunocompromised patients, with oral candidiasis and in healthy subjects

Antecedentes. Candida albicans posee una variedad de factores de virulencia, entre los que se encuentran las enzimas aspartil proteinasas, que constituyen un factor determinante en la patogénesis de esta levadura en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Objetivos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la actividad de la proteinasa de cepas de C. albicans aisladas de la cavidad oral de pacientes inmunodeprimidos con cáncer, diabéticos y seropositivos a VIH, con candidiasis oral y sujetos sanos. Métodos. Se analizaron 250 cepas de C. albicans distribuidas en 5 grupos diferentes: pacientes con cáncer, diabéticos, seropositivos a VIH, con candidiasis oral y sujetos sanos. Resultados. El 46% de las cepas provenientes de pacientes con cáncer, el 54% de VIH, el 60% de diabéticos, el 70% de candidiasis oral y el 42% de sujetos sanos presentaron actividad proteolítica. Las cepas de los pacientes inmunodeprimidos y con candidiasis oral presentaron una mayor actividad proteolítica que las de los sujetos sanos. Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos de candidiasis-sanos, candidiasis-VIH y diabéticos-sanos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las cepas de los pacientes con candidasis oral, diabéticos y con cáncer; tampoco entre los pacientes diabéticos y con VIH, ni entre los pacientes con cáncer, VIH y sujetos sanos. Conclusiones. Con estos hallazgos se puede inferir que a pesar de que las enzimas aspartil proteinasas juegan un papel importante en la patogénesis de C. albicans, su actividad depende de las condiciones del huésped (AU)

Background. Candida albicans has a variety of virulence factors, including secreted aspartyl proteases, which are determinant factors in the pathogenesis of this yeast in immunocompromised patients. Aims. Proteinase activity was identified in C. albicans strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunocompromised patients with cancer, diabetes and HIV+, with oral candidiasis and in healthy subjects. Methods. Two hundred and fifty C. albicans strains were analyzed, distributed in 5 different groups: patients with cancer, diabetes, HIV+, with oral candidiasis and healthy subjects. Results. Proteolytic activity was identified in 46% of the strains from cancer patients, 54% from HIV+ patients, 60% from diabetics, 70% from oral candidiasis patients, and 42% from healthy subjects. Activity was higher in strains from immunocompromised and oral candidiasis patients than in healthy subjects. Differences were observed between the candidiasis-healthy, candidiasis-HIV+, and diabetic-healthy groups. No differences were observed between the oral candidiasis, diabetes and cancer patients, between the diabetes and HIV+ patients, or between the cancer patients, HIV+ patients and healthy subjects. Conclusions. The present results suggest that although secreted aspartyl proteases are important in the pathogenesis of C. albicans, their activity depends on host conditions (AU)

[Proteinase activity in Candida albicans strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunocompromised patients, with oral candidiasis and in healthy subjects]. / Actividad de la proteinasa en cepas de Candida albicans aisladas de la cavidad oral de pacientes inmunodeprimidos, con candidiasis oral y sujetos sanos.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans has a variety of virulence factors, including secreted aspartyl proteases, which are determinant factors in the pathogenesis of this yeast in immunocompromised patients. AIMS: Proteinase activity was identified in C. albicans strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunocompromised patients with cancer, diabetes and HIV+, with oral candidiasis and in healthy subjects. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty C. albicans strains were analyzed, distributed in 5 different groups: patients with cancer, diabetes, HIV+, with oral candidiasis and healthy subjects. RESULTS: Proteolytic activity was identified in 46% of the strains from cancer patients, 54% from HIV+ patients, 60% from diabetics, 70% from oral candidiasis patients, and 42% from healthy subjects. Activity was higher in strains from immunocompromised and oral candidiasis patients than in healthy subjects. Differences were observed between the candidiasis-healthy, candidiasis-HIV+, and diabetic-healthy groups. No differences were observed between the oral candidiasis, diabetes and cancer patients, between the diabetes and HIV+ patients, or between the cancer patients, HIV+ patients and healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that although secreted aspartyl proteases are important in the pathogenesis of C. albicans, their activity depends on host conditions.

Low prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in normal oral mucosa by hybrid capture 2

High risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) are recognized as a necessary factor to development cervical cancer. During the last decade many studies have found HR-HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa, however the association between HR-HPV and OSCC is still uncertain. The aim of the study was to determine DNA HR-HPV in normal oral cavity of healthy adults. A cross-sectional study was performed; samples from 77 patients with normal oral cavity were collected at the Dentistry school, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México. HR-HPV was detected by hybrid capture 2. One sample out of 77(1.2 percent) was positive for HR-PVH. It was from a man of 50 years old. HR-HPV is present in low rate among healthy oral mucosa. Hybrid capture 2 could be a good methodology for large epidemiology studies.

Papilomavírus humano de alto risco (HR-HPV) é um fator reconhecido como necessário para o desenvolvimento de câncer cervical. Na última década vários estudos encontraram HR-HPV em OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) e em mucosa oral normal, mas a associação entre HR-HPV e OSCC não é bem conhecida. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar DNA de HR-HPV na cavidade oral normal de adultos saudáveis. Realizou-se um estudo cross-sectional com amostras da cavidade oral normal de 77 pacientes da Escola de Odontologia da Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México. HR-HPV foi detectado através de Captura Híbrida 2. Uma amostra em 77 (1,2 por cento) foi positiva para HR-PVH e era proveniente de um homem de 50 anos de idade. Concluiu-se que HR-HPV tem baixa prevalência na mucosa oral normal e a Captura Híbrida 2 pode ser um método adequado para estudos epidemiológicos.

Low prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in normal oral mucosa by hybrid capture 2.

High risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) are recognized as a necessary factor to development cervical cancer. During the last decade many studies have found HR-HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa, however the association between HR-HPV and OSCC is still uncertain. The aim of the study was to determine DNA HR-HPV in normal oral cavity of healthy adults. A cross-sectional study was performed; samples from 77 patients with normal oral cavity were collected at the Dentistry school, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México. HR-HPV was detected by hybrid capture 2. One sample out of 77(1.2%) was positive for HR-PVH. It was from a man of 50 years old. HRHPV is present in low rate among healthy oral mucosa. Hybrid capture 2 could be a good methodology for large epidemiology studies.