Tumor Budding: Prognostic Value in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

OBJETIVES: To assess if "tumor budding" (TB) behaves as a poor prognostic factor in muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (MIBC). TB is the presence of tumor cells isolated or in small groups of fewer than 5 cells located at the tumor invasion front. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 106 patients with MIBC who underwent radical cystectomy. A cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunostaining was applied to identify and quantify TB by the "hot-spot" method. The variables evaluated were: age, gender, Tumour, Node, Metastasis Classification (TNM) stage, associated Carcinoma in situ, differentiation degree, tumor size, tumor location, lymphatic, venous or perineural invasion, p53, Ki67, molecular subtype (basal/luminal) and chemotherapy. Main variables were overall and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 47 ± 46.45 months. The mean TB count was 32.3 ± 25.9 "buds." The ROC curve established 14 "buds" as the cut-off point: the median survival rate for the "low-grade TB" group (≤14 "buds") was 69.5 months, and for the "high-grade TB" group (>14 "buds") was 18.5 months (P= .003). In the multivariate analysis, independent predictive variables regarding mortality were: age, TB, and TNM stage. Patients with more than 14 "buds" had 2.27 times more risk of mortality, 95%CI:1.19-4.34, P = .013. In addition, the risk of mortality rises progressively as the number of "buds" increases, at a rate of 2% per "bud." CONCLUSION: According to our results, TB becomes an independent predictor factor for cancer-specific mortality in MIBC, with a cut-off point of 14 "buds."

Clasificación inmunofenotípica de 3 casos de adenomas hepatocelulares. Diagnóstico diferencial con hiperplasia nodular focal / Immunophenotypic classification of 3 cases of hepatocellular adenoma. Differential diagnosis with focal nodular hyperplasia

El descubrimiento de los cambios moleculares de los adenomas ha dado lugar a un renovado interés en este tipo de tumor. En la última edición de la OMS de los tumores del tracto gastrointestinal (2010) se incluyen 4 tipos de adenomas hepáticos, bien caracterizados inmunohistoquímicamente, genotípicamente y fenotípicamente, en los que tienen un papel importante los antecedentes clínicos y su comportamiento morfológico para determinar el posterior riesgo de malignidad, fundamentalmente en aquellos con mutación de la b-catenina. La presencia de esteatosis, inflamación y cambios vasculares, unidos a la respuesta frente a la FABP, el amiloide sérico A y la glutamina sintetasa nos permite clasificarlos en 4 grupos: con mutación de HNF1A (H-HCA), con mutación de b-catenina (b-HCA), inflamatorios (IHCA) y sin marcadores. La ausencia de expresión frente al glypican 3, el HSP 70 y el mapeo perivenular frente a la glutamina sintetasa ayuda a excluirlos frente a los hepatocarcinomas bien diferenciados. En este trabajo describimos el comportamiento clínico, morfológico e inmunofenotípico de 3 casos de pacientes diagnosticados de adenomas hepáticos en un período de 2 años (AU)

Interest in adenomas has been renewed by the discovery of the molecular changes in these tumors. The latest World Health Organization publication on gastrointestinal tract tumors (2010) includes four types of hepatic adenomas, which are well characterized immunohistochemically, genotypically and phenotypically. In these tumors, medical history and morphological behavior play an important role in determining the risk of malignancy, mainly in adenomas with a b-catenin mutation. The presence of steatosis, inflammation, vascular changes linked to response to L-FABP, serum amyloid A, and glutamyl synthetase help to classify these tumors into four groups: hepatocellular adenomas with the HNF1A mutation (H-HCA), those with the b-catenin mutation (b-HCA), inflammatory HCA (IHCA), and HCA without markers. The absence of glypican 3 expression, HSP 70 and perivenular mapping of glutamyl synthetase helps to distinguish these tumors from well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. We describe the clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic features of three patients diagnosed with hepatic adenomas in a 2-year period (AU)

[Immunophenotypic classification of 3 cases of hepatocellular adenoma. Differential diagnosis with focal nodular hyperplasia]. / Clasificación inmunofenotípica de 3 casos de adenomas hepatocelulares. Diagnóstico diferencial con hiperplasia nodular focal.

Interest in adenomas has been renewed by the discovery of the molecular changes in these tumors. The latest World Health Organization publication on gastrointestinal tract tumors (2010) includes four types of hepatic adenomas, which are well characterized immunohistochemically, genotypically and phenotypically. In these tumors, medical history and morphological behavior play an important role in determining the risk of malignancy, mainly in adenomas with a b-catenin mutation. The presence of steatosis, inflammation, vascular changes linked to response to L-FABP, serum amyloid A, and glutamyl synthetase help to classify these tumors into four groups: hepatocellular adenomas with the HNF1A mutation (H-HCA), those with the b-catenin mutation (b-HCA), inflammatory HCA (IHCA), and HCA without markers. The absence of glypican 3 expression, HSP 70 and perivenular mapping of glutamyl synthetase helps to distinguish these tumors from well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. We describe the clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic features of three patients diagnosed with hepatic adenomas in a 2-year period.