ABSTRACT
Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha afectado significativamente la calidad de los servicios de cuidado de la salud. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos en los atributos de la calidad en salud de los servicios de atención de enfermedades diferentes a la COVID-19 en Colombia, durante el periodo 2020-2022. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 24 artículos de alcance nacional y otros específicos de departamentos como Antioquia, Córdoba, Santander y Cundinamarca. Resultados: La pandemia por COVID-19 impactó la calidad de los servicios en la atención de enfermedades como cáncer, accidentes cerebrovasculares y de eventos como la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. Conclusión: La calidad de la salud se vio afectada en todas sus dimensiones durante las fases de la pandemia, especialmente en la población con enfermedades crónicas y relacionadas con la salud infantil y materna. Además, se destacaron respuestas como el uso de la telemedicina y de la atención domiciliaria para contribuir a la calidad de la salud en Colombia.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the quality of health care services. Objective: To analyze the effects of COVID-19 on the quality of health care services focused on treating diseases other than COVID-19 in Colombia during the 2020-2022 period. Materials and methods: 24 articles were analyzed, which included some studies focused on national issues and others specific to the departments of Antioquia, Cordoba, Santander, and Cundinamarca. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the quality of health services caring for diseases such as cancer, strokes, and critical circumstances like voluntary termination of pregnancy. Conclusion: All dimensions of health care were affected during the pandemic, especially impacting populations with chronic diseases and diseases related to child and maternal health. It is important to highlight that telemedicine and home care contributed to improving the quality of health in Colombia.
Introdução: A pandemia de COVID-19 afetou significativamente a qualidade dos serviços de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos da COVID-19 nos atributos de qualidade em saúde dos serviços de atenção a outras doenças além da COVID-19 na Colômbia, durante o período 2020-2022. Materiais e métodos: foram analisados 24 artigos de âmbito nacional e outros específicos de departamentos como Antioquia, Córdoba, Santander e Cundinamarca. Resultados: A pandemia da COVID-19 impactou a qualidade dos serviços no cuidado de doenças como câncer, acidente vascular cerebral e eventos como a interrupção voluntária da gravidez. Conclusão: A qualidade da saúde foi afetada em todas as suas dimensões durante as fases da pandemia, especialmente na população com doenças crônicas e doenças relacionadas à saúde infantil e materna. Além disso, foram destacadas respostas como o uso da telemedicina e do atendimento domiciliar para contribuir para a qualidade da saúde na Colômbia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Delivery of Health Care , Health Services AccessibilityABSTRACT
Objective: Analyze facilitating processes, obstacles, and effects of the implementation of non-pharmacological public health measures for the prevention of COVID-19 in child and adolescent protection centers in two departments (Antioquia and La Guajira) in Colombia during the period 2020-2021. Methods: Mixed methods study with a convergent parallel design in 13 residential child/adolescent protection facilities in Colombia (11 in Antioquia and two in La Guajira). A questionnaire was given to 145 children and adolescents, and 23 interviews were held with persons responsible for the implementation of measures in the national family welfare system. Results: The implemented non-pharmacological public health measures did not differ by department; the most complex to implement were physical distancing and restriction of family visits. Conclusions: In centers for the protection of children and adolescents in Antioquia and La Guajira, non-pharmacological public health measures helped mitigate the spread of the virus in environments considered at-risk.
Objetivo: Analisar os processos que facilitam e dificultam a implementação de medidas não farmacológicas de saúde pública para a prevenção da COVID-19 em centros de proteção de crianças e adolescentes em dois departamentos (Antioquia e La Guajira) da Colômbia, e os efeitos de tal implementação, durante o período 2020-2021. Métodos: Estudo de métodos mistos com delineamento paralelo convergente em 13 internatos para a proteção de crianças e adolescentes na Colômbia (11 em Antioquia e 2 em La Guajira). Foi aplicado um questionário a 145 crianças e adolescentes, e foram realizadas 23 entrevistas com os responsáveis pela implementação das medidas do sistema nacional de bem-estar familiar. Resultados: As medidas não farmacológicas de saúde pública implementadas não diferiram por departamento. As mais complexas de serem aplicadas foram o distanciamento físico e a restrição de visitas familiares. Conclusões: Nos centros de proteção de crianças e adolescentes de Antioquia e La Guajira, medidas não farmacológicas de saúde pública contribuíram para mitigar a propagação do vírus em ambientes considerados de risco.
ABSTRACT
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Analizar los procesos facilitadores y obstaculizadores y los efectos de la implementación de las medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas para la prevención de la COVID-19 en los centros de protección de la infancia y la adolescencia de dos departamentos (Antioquia y la Guajira) de Colombia durante el período 2020-2021. Métodos. Estudio de métodos mixtos con un diseño paralelo convergente en 13 internados de protección de la infancia y adolescencia de Colombia (11 en Antioquia y 2 en La Guajira). Se aplicó un cuestionario a 145 niñas, niños y adolescentes y 23 entrevistas a mediadores de la implementación de las medidas del sistema nacional de bienestar familiar. Resultados. Las medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas implementadas no difieren por departamento; las más complejas para aplicar fueron el distanciamiento físico y la restricción de las visitas familiares. Conclusiones. En los centros de protección de la infancia y la adolescencia de Antioquia y la Guajira, las medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas contribuyeron a mitigar la propagación del virus en entornos considerados de riesgo.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Analyze facilitating processes, obstacles, and effects of the implementation of non-pharmacologi- cal public health measures for the prevention of COVID-19 in child and adolescent protection centers in two departments (Antioquia and La Guajira) in Colombia during the period 2020–2021. Methods. Mixed methods study with a convergent parallel design in 13 residential child/adolescent protection facilities in Colombia (11 in Antioquia and two in La Guajira). A questionnaire was given to 145 children and adolescents, and 23 interviews were held with persons responsible for the implementation of measures in the national family welfare system. Results. The implemented non-pharmacological public health measures did not differ by department; the most complex to implement were physical distancing and restriction of family visits. Conclusions. In centers for the protection of children and adolescents in Antioquia and La Guajira, non-phar- macological public health measures helped mitigate the spread of the virus in environments considered at-risk.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Analisar os processos que facilitam e dificultam a implementação de medidas não farmacológi- cas de saúde pública para a prevenção da COVID-19 em centros de proteção de crianças e adolescentes em dois departamentos (Antioquia e La Guajira) da Colômbia, e os efeitos de tal implementação, durante o período 2020-2021. Métodos. Estudo de métodos mistos com delineamento paralelo convergente em 13 internatos para a proteção de crianças e adolescentes na Colômbia (11 em Antioquia e 2 em La Guajira). Foi aplicado um questionário a 145 crianças e adolescentes, e foram realizadas 23 entrevistas com os responsáveis pela implementação das medidas do sistema nacional de bem-estar familiar. Resultados. As medidas não farmacológicas de saúde pública implementadas não diferiram por departa- mento. As mais complexas de serem aplicadas foram o distanciamento físico e a restrição de visitas familiares. Conclusões. Nos centros de proteção de crianças e adolescentes de Antioquia e La Guajira, medidas não farmacológicas de saúde pública contribuíram para mitigar a propagação do vírus em ambientes considera- dos de risco.
Subject(s)
Child Health Services , Adolescent , Social Work , COVID-19 , Colombia , Child Health , Adolescent , Social Work , Child Health , Social Work , ColombiaABSTRACT
Background: The Collective Efficacy Scale Short-Form (CES-SF) is a short and reliable instrument that assesses collective efficacy in schools at a group level. Previous research has shown a two-factor structure considering the perception of the group competence about their teaching capabilities and task analysis that refers to the opportunities inherent to a specific task. However, there is no conclusive evidence that collective efficacy corresponds to a two-factor model or single-factor structure. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted on a 693 sample of teachers (M age = 39.4; SD = 11.8) from schools in the 16 regions of Chile. They were assessed using the CES-SF, Personal Well-being Index, Social Well-Being Scale, and satisfaction with the school. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the construct validity of the CES-SF. Results: The CES-SF showed mixed results about its construct validity. Best fit has been found to retain two new factors (opportunities and challenges for collective efficacy) with eight items each, yielding a McDonald's ω of 0.803. Convergent validity was also established. Conclusion: The psychometric results suggest that a two-factor structure for the CES-SF is a valid and reliable measure for this construct for Chilean teachers. However, collective efficacy might not strongly relate to subjective wellbeing but to school-context variables.
ABSTRACT
Trust and team communication are central aspects for the achievement of both individual and common goals, which affect not only work efficiency but also the well-being of its members. In addition, organizational justice could affect these indicators, as well as the perception of collective efficacy within organizations, in this case, schools. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of organizational justice on teachers' subjective well-being, and how this is affected/mediated by collective efficacy. We worked with a sample of 693 teachers across Chile. Multiple mediation analysis was carried out, where the latent variables of the study were estimated (subjective well-being, organizational justice, and two dimensions of collective efficacy). The results indicate that there is full mediation of the collective efficacy dimensions between the predictor-criterion relationship. Our findings allow us to hypothesize that perceptions of collective efficacy are central to explaining well-being as an intrinsic factor.
Subject(s)
Organizational Culture , Social Justice , Achievement , Humans , School Teachers , SchoolsABSTRACT
Introducción. La violencia sexual es un problema de salud pública inscrito en las agendas sociales y políticas a nivel global. Representa una urgencia médica que se atiende en los servicios de salud, lo que los convierte en la principal fuente de su registro en los sistemas de vigilancia en salud pública. Objetivo. Analizar las características sociodemográficas de las víctimas de violencia sexual y de sus victimarios en el municipio de Envigado, Antioquia, entre el 2011 y el 2020. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal descriptivo a partir de todos los registros de violencia sexual notificados en el Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de la violencia de género e intrafamiliar de Envigado (código de ficha INS-875), durante el periodo 2011-2020. Resultados. Se registraron 807 casos de violencia sexual entre 2011 y 2020; el 62,0 % correspondió a casos de abuso sexual a personas menores de 18 años; el 82,3 % de las víctimas estaba constituido por mujeres adolescentes agredidas por familiares; los principales agresores fueron hombres (99,1 %), con una mediana de edad 26 años. Conclusión. La violencia sexual es un problema en aumento; en el 2020, año del confinamiento poblacional por la Covid-19, las tasas en mujeres y durante la primera infancia, la adolescencia y la juventud, fueron las más altas del periodo de estudio.
Introduction: Sexual violence is a public health problem included in political and social agendas worldwide. It is a medical emergency seen in health services, which are the main source of record-keeping by means of public health surveillance systems. Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of victims of sex offenses and their offenders in the municipality of Envigado, Antioquia, between 2011 and 2020. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that analyzed all the sexual violence records reported in the Envigado Public Health Surveillance System for gender and intrafamilial violence (file code INS-875) during the 2011-2020 period. Results: A total of 807 cases of sexual violence were recorded between 2011 and 2020; 62.0% were cases of sexual abuse against persons under 18 years of age, and 82.3% of the victims were adolescent women suffering sexual violence exerted by relatives. The main aggressors were men (99.1%) with a median age of 26 years. Conclusion: Sexual violence has increased over time and in 2020, the year of population confinement due to COVID-19, the rates in women and in the life courses of early childhood, adolescence, and youth were the highest during the study period.
Subject(s)
Sex Offenses , Rape , Sexual Harassment , Domestic Violence , Violence Against Women , Gender-Based ViolenceABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar los procesos facilitadores y obstaculizadores y los efectos de la implementación de las medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas para la prevención de la COVID-19 en los centros de protección de la infancia y la adolescencia de dos departamentos (Antioquia y la Guajira) de Colombia durante el período 2020-2021. Métodos. Estudio de métodos mixtos con un diseño paralelo convergente en 13 internados de protección de la infancia y adolescencia de Colombia (11 en Antioquia y 2 en La Guajira). Se aplicó un cuestionario a 145 niñas, niños y adolescentes y 23 entrevistas a mediadores de la implementación de las medidas del sistema nacional de bienestar familiar. Resultados. Las medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas implementadas no difieren por departamento; las más complejas para aplicar fueron el distanciamiento físico y la restricción de las visitas familiares. Conclusiones. En los centros de protección de la infancia y la adolescencia de Antioquia y la Guajira, las medidas de salud pública no farmacológicas contribuyeron a mitigar la propagación del virus en entornos considerados de riesgo.
ABSTRACT Objective. Analyze facilitating processes, obstacles, and effects of the implementation of non-pharmacological public health measures for the prevention of COVID-19 in child and adolescent protection centers in two departments (Antioquia and La Guajira) in Colombia during the period 2020-2021. Methods. Mixed methods study with a convergent parallel design in 13 residential child/adolescent protection facilities in Colombia (11 in Antioquia and two in La Guajira). A questionnaire was given to 145 children and adolescents, and 23 interviews were held with persons responsible for the implementation of measures in the national family welfare system. Results. The implemented non-pharmacological public health measures did not differ by department; the most complex to implement were physical distancing and restriction of family visits. Conclusions. In centers for the protection of children and adolescents in Antioquia and La Guajira, non-pharmacological public health measures helped mitigate the spread of the virus in environments considered at-risk.
RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar os processos que facilitam e dificultam a implementação de medidas não farmacológicas de saúde pública para a prevenção da COVID-19 em centros de proteção de crianças e adolescentes em dois departamentos (Antioquia e La Guajira) da Colômbia, e os efeitos de tal implementação, durante o período 2020-2021. Métodos. Estudo de métodos mistos com delineamento paralelo convergente em 13 internatos para a proteção de crianças e adolescentes na Colômbia (11 em Antioquia e 2 em La Guajira). Foi aplicado um questionário a 145 crianças e adolescentes, e foram realizadas 23 entrevistas com os responsáveis pela implementação das medidas do sistema nacional de bem-estar familiar. Resultados. As medidas não farmacológicas de saúde pública implementadas não diferiram por departamento. As mais complexas de serem aplicadas foram o distanciamento físico e a restrição de visitas familiares. Conclusões. Nos centros de proteção de crianças e adolescentes de Antioquia e La Guajira, medidas não farmacológicas de saúde pública contribuíram para mitigar a propagação do vírus em ambientes considerados de risco.
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Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar una intervención de base poblacional denominada "Malnutrición por exceso de peso en la primera infancia", implementada con recursos del programa de Presupuesto Participativo en Salud de Medellín, Colombia, en 2017. Método: Perspectiva de investigación de tipo evaluativa, con base en el modelo de teoría del cambio, utilizado en el campo de la evaluación de programas y proyectos en salud. Se desarrolló un estudio de caso de método mixto convergente e igualdad de estatus. El caso de análisis fue la implementación y los resultados de la intervención "Malnutrición por exceso de peso en la primera infancia". La evaluación se dio en dos fases: 1) la planeación de la evaluación, y 2) la evaluación de los procesos durante su implementación y de los efectos al finalizar la intervención. Resultados: Al finalizar la intervención, no se observaron efectos significativos para los indicadores antropométricos de los niños y las niñas. En el peso para la talla, la mediana al iniciar el tratamiento era de 2,52, y al finalizarlo, de 2,49 (p (0,174) > 0,05). Para el índice de masa corporal, la mediana al iniciar el tratamiento era de 2,4, y al finalizarlo, de 2,3 (p (0,236) > 0,05). Sin embargo, de forma individual hubo variaciones en las desviaciones estándar de los valores Z antropométricos de los niños y las niñas; esto se explica porque en la evaluación de los procesos se identificó el compromiso, la aceptabilidad y la adopción de las recomendaciones nutricionales y psicosociales por parte de los padres y cuidadores. También se encontraron cambios no previstos en el modelo de teoría del cambio, los cuales hacen referencia a variaciones antropométricas en los cuidadores de los niños y las niñas. Conclusión: Los efectos individuales a corto plazo que se dieron en la intervención "Malnutrición por exceso de peso en la primera infancia" favorecieron variaciones antropométricas y el mejoramiento del estado nutricional de niños, niñas y cuidadores, lo cual se explica por la adopción de estilos de vida saludables, lo que permitió alcanzar el cambio global definido para la intervención en el modelo de teoría del cambio.
Abstract Objective: To evaluate a population-based intervention named "Early Childhood Malnutrition due to Overweight" implemented with resources of the Participatory Budget for Health program of Medellín, Colombia, in 2017. Methodology: Evaluative research perspective, based on the theory of change model, used in the field of health projects and programs evaluation. A case study of the convergent mixed method and equality of status was conducted. The case under analysis was the implementation and the results of the intervention "Early Childhood Malnutrition due to Overweight". The evaluation was made in two stages: 1) evaluation planning, and 2) evaluation of the processes during their implementation and the effects at the end of the intervention. Results: At the end of the intervention, significant effects in the anthropometric index of the children were not observed. The median weight-for-height at the beginning of the treatment was 2.52; at the end it was 2.49 (p (0.174) > 0.05). The median body mass index at the beginning of the treatment was 2.4, and at the end, it was (p (0.236) > 0.05). Nevertheless, there were individual variations in the standard deviations of the anthropometric Z-score of children, which is explained due to commitment, acceptability, and adoption of the nutritional and psychosocial recommendations by parents and child caregivers, which were identified during the evaluation of the processes. Changes not expected according to the theory of change model were also found. Those changes refer to the anthropometric variations in the child caregivers. Conclusion: The short-term individual effects that occurred during the "Early Childhood Malnutrition due to Overweight" intervention contributed to the anthropometric variations and the nutritional status improvement of the children and child caregivers. This is explained by the adoption of healthy lifestyles, which allow to reach the global change established for the intervention in the theory of change model.
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar uma intervenção de base populacional denominada "Má nutrição por excesso de peso na primeira infância" implantada com recursos do programa de Orçamento Participativo em Saúde de Medellín, Colômbia, em 2017. Metodologia: Perspectiva de estudo do tipo avaliativo, com base no modelo de teoria da mudança, utilizado no campo da avaliação de programas e projetos em saúde. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso de método misto convergente e igualdade de status. O caso analisado foi a implantação e os resultados da intervenção "Má nutrição por excesso de peso na primeira infância". A avaliação foi feita em duas etapas: 1) O planejamento da avaliação, e 2) A avaliação dos processos durante sua implantação e dos efeitos ao terminar tal intervenção. Resultados: Ao concluir a intervenção, não se observaram efeitos significativos para os indicadores antropométricos das crianças. No quesito para o tamanho, a média ao iniciar o tratamento era de 2,52 e ao finalizá-lo, de 2,49 (p (0,174) > 0,05). Para o índice de massa corporal a média ao iniciar o tratamento era de 2,4 e ao finalizá-lo, de 2,3 (p (0,236) > 0,05). Porém, de maneira individual houve variações nos desvios padrão dos valores Z antropométricos das crianças; isto se explica porque na avaliação dos processos foi identificado o compromisso, a aceitação e a adoção das recomendações nutricionais e psicossociais por parte dos pais e cuidadores. Também foram encontradas mudanças não previstas no modelo de teoria da mudança, as quais se referem a variações antropométricas nos cuidadores das crianças Conclusão: Os efeitos individuais em curto prazo que se deram na intervenção "Má nutrição por excesso de peso na primeira infância" foram favoráveis às variações antropométricas e ao melhoramento do estado nutricional das crianças e cuidadores, o qual se explica pela implantação de estilos de vida saudáveis, o que permitiu alcançar a mudança global definida para a intervenção no modelo de teoria da mudança
ABSTRACT
The aim of this review was to describe HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation, and the studies' characteristics in terms of place, time, population, and sample design. This was a systematic review, not a meta-analysis, based on an article search in 10 electronic databases: Science Direct, MEDLINE, OVID, LILACS, Wiley InterScience, MD Consult, Springer Link, Embase, Web of Science, and Ebsco. A complementary search was also performed in the libraries of schools of public health and webpages of U.N. agencies, besides the reference lists from the selected articles. We selected observational studies focused on children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation, ranging in age from 10 to 20 years, with the results for HIV prevalence rates. A total of 9,829 references were retrieved, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria and comprise this descriptive summary. Of these 15 articles, 12 were conducted in children and youth living on the street and three in children subject to commercial sexual exploitation. All 15 were cross-sectional studies. HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street ranged from 0% in Dallas, USA and Cochabamba, Bolivia to 37.4% in St. Petersburg, Russia. In children and youth living subject to commercial sexual exploitation, prevalence ranged from 2% in Toronto, Canada to 20% in Kolkata, India. In conclusion, HIV infection is present in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation. Measures are needed for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment as a public health priority and an ethical responsibility on the part of governments and society.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Homeless Youth , Sex Work , Adolescent , Child , Global Health , Humans , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Resumen: Describir la prevalencia de infección por el VIH en los niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y de explotación sexual comercial y las características de lugar, tiempo, población y tipo de muestreo de los estudios. Revisión sistemática, no metaanálisis, con búsqueda en 10 bases de datos electrónicas: Science Direct, MEDLINE, OVID, LILACS, Wiley InterScience, MD Consult, Springer Link, Embase, Web of Science, Ebsco. También, existe búsqueda complementada en dos bibliotecas de escuelas de salud pública y páginas de Internet de Organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas y lista de referencias de los artículos incluidos. Seleccionamos estudios observacionales con niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y explotación sexual comercial en edades entre diez y veinte años, con resultados de las prevalencias del VIH. Fueron recuperadas 9.829 referencias, 15 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y componen esta síntesis descriptiva. De este conjunto, doce fueron realizados en niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y tres en población en explotación sexual comercial. Todos fueron estudios transversales. La prevalencia del VIH en la población en situación de calle va desde 0% en Dallas, Estados Unidos y Cochabamba, Bolivia hasta 37,4% en San Petersburgo, Rusia. En la población en explotación sexual comercial, va desde 2% en Toronto, Canadá hasta 20% en Calcuta, India. Concluimos que la infección por VIH está presente en los niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y de explotación sexual. Siendo necesarias acciones de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento como un asunto prioritario de la salud pública y una responsabilidad ética de los gobiernos y la sociedad.
Resumo: O objetivo da revisão era descrever a prevalência do HIV em crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua e sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial, além das características dos estudos em termos de local, tempo, população e tipo de amostra. A revisão sistemática (não meta-análise) fez uma busca de artigos em dez bases de dados eletrônicos: Science Direct, MEDLINE, OVID, LILACS, Wiley InterScience, MD Consult, Springer Link, Embase, Web of Science e Ebsco. Realizamos uma busca complementar em bibliotecas de escolas de saúde pública, websites de agências da ONU e listas de referências dos artigos selecionados. Foram selecionados estudos observacionais sobre crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua e sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial, com idades entre 10 e 20 anos, e com os resultados para prevalência de HIV. Recuperamos 9829 referências, das quais 15 atenderam os critérios de inclusão e compõem esta síntese descritiva. Do conjunto de 15 estudos, 12 foram realizados em crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua e três nesses mesmos grupos, sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial. Todos os 15 eram estudos transversais. A prevalência de HIV em crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua variou desde 0% em Dallas, Estados Unidos, e Cochabamba, Bolívia, até 37,4% em São Petersburgo, Rússia. Na população de crianças e adolescentes sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial, a prevalência variou desde 2% em Toronto, Canadá, até 20% em Calcutá, Índia. O estudo concluiu que a infecção pelo HIV está presente em crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua e sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial. São necessárias medidas de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento como prioridade de saúde pública, e como dever ético do estado e da sociedade.
Abstract: The aim of this review was to describe HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation, and the studies' characteristics in terms of place, time, population, and sample design. This was a systematic review, not a meta-analysis, based on an article search in 10 electronic databases: Science Direct, MEDLINE, OVID, LILACS, Wiley InterScience, MD Consult, Springer Link, Embase, Web of Science, and Ebsco. A complementary search was also performed in the libraries of schools of public health and webpages of U.N. agencies, besides the reference lists from the selected articles. We selected observational studies focused on children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation, ranging in age from 10 to 20 years, with the results for HIV prevalence rates. A total of 9,829 references were retrieved, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria and comprise this descriptive summary. Of these 15 articles, 12 were conducted in children and youth living on the street and three in children subject to commercial sexual exploitation. All 15 were cross-sectional studies. HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street ranged from 0% in Dallas, USA and Cochabamba, Bolivia to 37.4% in St. Petersburg, Russia. In children and youth living subject to commercial sexual exploitation, prevalence ranged from 2% in Toronto, Canada to 20% in Kolkata, India. In conclusion, HIV infection is present in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation. Measures are needed for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment as a public health priority and an ethical responsibility on the part of governments and society.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Sex Work , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Homeless Youth , Global Health , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Lactase persistence (LP) is an adaptive trait that certain human populations have acquired in response to lactose consumption in adulthood. The T-13910 variant has been reported as a causal polymorphism in Europeans. The Ecuadorian population has been described as multicultural and multiethnic, comprised of three main ethnic groups (Mestizo, Native Amerindian, and Afro-Ecuadorian). The aim of the study was to identify the molecular basis of LP in these admixed populations for the first time and determine the association between the T-13910 marker and the European ancestry proportion of each ethnic group. METHODS: Genotyping was performed in 741 Ecuadorian individuals by sequencing a 576 bp region around the -13910 position upstream of the LCT gene. The ancestry proportions of Mestizo, Afro-Ecuadorian, and Native Amerindians were calculated using Ancestry Informative Markers and were compared with the diversity panel of the Human Genome Diversity Project. RESULTS: LP prevalence calculated from T-13910 allele frequency in Mestizo, Afro-Ecuadorian, and Native Amerindians was 24.4%, 16%, and 12.5%, respectively. The ancestry percentage correlated to the admixture proportion of each ethnic group, and the C/T-13910 genotype frequency was influenced by the European ancestry proportion. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the T-13910 polymorphism in the Ecuadorian population suggested that LP was a trait introduced by European migration and inherited by admixture that occurred during the colonization of South America. This variant was not fixed in a population with a history of admixture, and its allele frequency was proportional to the ancestry proportion of each Ecuadorian ethnic group. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:774-781, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Lactase/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Adult , Ecuador , Female , Humans , Lactase/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Racial Groups/ethnology , Young AdultABSTRACT
La explotación sexual de niños, niñas y adolescentes (ESCNNA) es una grave violación los derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes. En Medellín, existe poca información sobre cuantificación y sectores de ocurrencia del problema, que permita la ejecución de estrategias para su prevención y atención. Objetivo: describir magnitud y ubicación, días y horarios de ocurrencia de la ESCNNA, modalidad abierta, en Medellín y las características de los escenarios donde ocurre. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, con uso de sistemas de información geográfica y realización de mapas temáticos. Se realizó en tres fases: pre-mapeo, mapeo y validación. Se acudió también a técnicas cualitativas. Resultados: De los 634 tramos visitados, hubo reporte de ESCNNA en 18,9%. Se observó agrupación del fenómeno en 11 lugares de concentración. En éstos lugares confluyen factores contextuales que favorecen la ESCNNA: fallas del alumbrado público; poca presencia estatal y de la policía; microtráfico de drogas; cercanía a bares, hoteles y casas de masajes; permisividad social; acceso a drogas y hospedaje. Conclusión: La georreferenciación de estos sectores y el reconocimiento de los factores contextuales que promueven la problemática resultan de gran importancia para contribuir al control y erradicación de esta situación que vulnera la dignidad de niños, niñas y adolescentes de la ciudad.
Commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents (CSECA) is a severe violation of the rights of children and adolescents. In Medellin, data on the quantity and locations where this issue takes place is scarce, and it could be useful for implementing strategies for preventing and addressing this issue. Objective: To describe the magnitude of street-based CSECA along with the places, days, hours and characteristics of the scenarios in which it takes place in Medellín. Methodology: A descriptive study in which geographical information systems where used to draw thematic maps. The study had three stages: pre-mapping, mapping and validation. In addition, qualitative techniques were used. Results: Of the 634 areas visited, 18.9% had reported cases of CSECA. The phenomenon was found to be concentrated in 11 cluster areas exhibiting the following context factors that favor CSECA: problems with street lighting, insufficient presence of the State and the local police, drug trafficking, existence of bars, hotels and massage parlors in the area, social permissiveness, easy access to drugs and lodging. Conclusion: georeferencing these areas and identifying the contextual factors behind this situation is very important if this problem, which violates the rights of children and adolescents, is to be controlled and eradicated.
Introdução: a exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes (ESCCA) é uma grave violação dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes Em Medellín, há pouca informação sobre a quantificação e setores da ocorrência do problema, que permita a execução de estratégias para sua prevenção e atenção. Objetivo: descrever a magnitude ealocalização, dias e períodos de ocorrência da ESCCA, modalidade aberta, na Medellín e as características dos cenários em que ocorre. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo, utilização dos sistemas de informação geográfica e desenvolvimento de mapas temáticos. Realizou-se em três fases: pré-mapeamento, mapeamento e validação. Recorreu-se também a técnicas qualitativas. Resultados: das 634 seções visitadas, houve relatos de ESCA em 18,9%. Observou-se agrupamento do fenômeno em 11 sítios de concentração. Esses locais convergem fatores contextuais que favorecem a ESCA: falhas da iluminação pública; pouca presença estatal e da polícia; microtráfico de drogas; proximidade a bares, hotéis e casas de massagens; permissividade social; acesso a drogas e hospedagem. Conclusão: A georreferenciação desses sectores e o reconhecimento dos fatores contextuais que promovem questões que são de grande importância para ajudar ao controlar e erradicar essa situação que viola a dignidade de crianças e adolescentes na cidade.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Se analizó la utilización de servicios de salud reproductiva (atención prenatal, parto y posparto), según la etnia de las mujeres, a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud 2010 de Colombia. La etnia fue medida por auto- reconocimiento (indígenas, afrodescendientes y ninguna) y se estimaron modelos logísticos para cada servicio. Encontramos que, respecto a quienes no pertenecen a ninguna etnia, la utilización de servicios de salud reproductiva es menor en las mujeres indígenas y afrodescendientes. En los modelos de regresión se encontró que mujeres indígenas tienen menores posibilidades de un número adecuado de controles prenatales (OR = 0,61), así como también afrodescendientes. Igual situación para la atención institucional del parto: indígenas (OR = 0,33), afrodescendientes (OR = 0,60); y en control posparto: indígenas (OR = 0,80), afrodescendientes (OR = 0,80). En conclusión, existen inequidades en la utilización de servicios de salud reproductiva en las mujeres de grupos étnicos de Colombia que deben ser atendidas con estrategias gubernamentales que garanticen el derecho a la salud.
Abstract The aim of this study in Colombia was to analyze the use of reproductive health services (prenatal care, childbirth, and postpartum) according to women’s ethnicity, based on the National Demographic and Health Survey for 2010. Ethnicity was self-reported (indigenous, African-descendant, or neither), and logistic models were performed for each service. The use of reproductive health services was lower among indigenous and African-descendant Colombian women when compared to those that did not declare their ethnicity. According to the regression models, indigenous women showed lower odds of having an adequate number of prenatal visits (OR = 0.61), and the same was true for African-descendant women. The same situation prevailed for institutional childbirth care: indigenous women (OR = 0.33) and African-descendant women (OR = 0.60); and postpartum follow-up: indigenous (OR = 0.80), African-descendant (OR = 0.80). In conclusion, there are inequities in the use of reproductive health services by women belonging to ethnic groups in Colombia, who should be targeted with government strategies to guarantee their right to health.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo na Colômbia foi analisar o uso de serviços de saúde reprodutiva (pré-natal, parto e pós-parto) de acordo com a identidade étnica das mulheres, com base na Pesquisa Nacional sobre Demografia e Saúde de 2010. A identidade étnica era autorreferida (indígena, afrodescendente ou nenhuma das duas), e modelos logísticos foram aplicados a cada serviço de saúde. As mulheres colombianas indígenas e afrodescendentes usavam menos os serviços de saúde reprodutiva, quando comparadas àquelas que não informaram a identidade étnica. De acordo com os modelos de regressão, as mulheres indígenas mostravam menores chances de ter um número adequado de consultas de pré-natal (OR = 0,61), o mesmo valendo para as afrodescendentes. As mesmas disparidades apareciam em relação ao parto hospitalar: parturientes indígenas (OR = 0,33) e afrodescendentes (OR = 0,60); e atendimento puerperal: indígenas (OR = 0,80) e afrodescendentes (OR = 0,80). O estudo concluiu que há desigualdades no uso de serviços de saúde reprodutiva por mulheres pertencentes a grupos étnicos na Colômbia, e que estas devem ser alvo de estratégias públicas para garantir seu direito à saúde.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Black People , Healthcare Disparities/ethnology , Indians, South American , Prenatal Care , Reproductive Health Services , Colombia/ethnology , Health Services, Indigenous , Socioeconomic Factors , Women's Health ServicesABSTRACT
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with increased short and long-term mortality. Animal models of liver failure have demonstrated that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) accelerates the liver regeneration process and improves survival. However, clinical evidence regarding the use of G-CSF in ACLF remains scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the benefits and harms of G-CSF in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. An electronic search was made in The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS up to November 2013. Randomized clinical trials comparing the use of any regimen of G-CSF against placebo or no intervention in patients with ACLF were included. Primary outcomes included overal mortality, mortality due multi-organ failure, and adverse events. Relative risk (RR) and mean difference (MD) were used. Two trials involving 102 patients were included. A significant reduction in short-term overall mortality was observed in patients receiving G-CSF compared to controls (RR 0.56; 95%CI 0.39,0.80). G-CSF failed to reduce mortality secondary to gastrointestinal bleeding (RR 1.45; 95%CI 0.50, 4.27). Adverse effects reported included: fever, rash, herpes zoster, headache and nausea. In conclusion, the use of G-CSF for the treatment of patients with ACLF significantly reduced short-term mortality. While the evidence is still limited, the apparent benefit observed on short-term mortality, mild adverse effects and lack of an alternative therapy make the use of G-CSF in ACLF patients a reasonable alternative when liver transplantation is contraindicated or unavailable.
Subject(s)
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/drug therapy , Filgrastim/therapeutic use , Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/diagnosis , Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/mortality , Cause of Death , Chi-Square Distribution , Disease Progression , Filgrastim/adverse effects , Humans , Multiple Organ Failure/mortality , Odds Ratio , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Survival Analysis , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in 2014. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MTR), and MTR reductase (MTRR) are enzymes that play an important role in folate metabolism. The single nucleotide polymorphisms, MTHFR C677T, A1298C, MTR A2756G, and MTRR A66G, alter plasmatic folate and homocysteine concentrations, causing problems during the repairment, synthesis, and methylation of the genetic material. Therefore, it is essential to know how BC risk is associated with histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, genotype polymorphisms, and gene expression in a high altitude Ecuadorian mestizo population. DNA was extracted from 195 healthy and 114 affected women. Genotypes were determined by restriction enzymes and genomic sequencing. mRNA was extracted from 26 glandular breast tissue samples, both from cancerous tissue and healthy tissue adjacent to the tumor. Relative gene expression was determined with the comparative Livak method (2(-ΔΔCT)). We found significant association between the rs1801133 (A222V) genotypes and an increased risk of BC development: C/T (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-3.2; P = 0.039), T/T (OR = 2.9; 95 % CI = 1.2-7.2; P = 0.025), and C/T + T/T (OR = 1.9; 95 % CI = 1.1-3.3; P = 0.019). Regarding relative gene expression, we found significant mRNA subexpression between the combined genotypes C/T + T/T (rs1801133) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (P = 0.034). In brief, the MTHFR gene and its protein could act as potential predictive biomarkers of BC, especially TNBC among the high altitude Ecuadorian mestizo population.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Folic Acid/metabolism , Genetic Association Studies , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics , Adult , Aged , Altitude , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Ecuador , Female , Folic Acid/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Humans , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/biosynthesis , Middle Aged , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The aim of this study in Colombia was to analyze the use of reproductive health services (prenatal care, childbirth, and postpartum) according to women's ethnicity, based on the National Demographic and Health Survey for 2010. Ethnicity was self-reported (indigenous, African-descendant, or neither), and logistic models were performed for each service. The use of reproductive health services was lower among indigenous and African-descendant Colombian women when compared to those that did not declare their ethnicity. According to the regression models, indigenous women showed lower odds of having an adequate number of prenatal visits (OR = 0.61), and the same was true for African-descendant women. The same situation prevailed for institutional childbirth care: indigenous women (OR = 0.33) and African-descendant women (OR = 0.60); and postpartum follow-up: indigenous (OR = 0.80), African-descendant (OR = 0.80). In conclusion, there are inequities in the use of reproductive health services by women belonging to ethnic groups in Colombia, who should be targeted with government strategies to guarantee their right to health.
Subject(s)
Black People , Healthcare Disparities/ethnology , Indians, South American , Prenatal Care/statistics & numerical data , Reproductive Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Colombia/ethnology , Female , Health Services, Indigenous , Humans , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Socioeconomic Factors , Women's Health Services , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Describing the characteristics, morbidity and risk behaviour of street children from Medellin. METHODOLOGY: This was a descriptive, retrospective study. The medical charts of children aged less than 17 who sought medical attention in five protection institutions in Medellin during 2008 were reviewed. The analysis included descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis. Age was categorised into two groups: boys/girls (0- 12 years) and adolescents (13-17 years). RESULTS: The following characteristicswere found after reviewing 483 medical charts: being male (73.1 %), adolescent (73.1 %) and living in the streets (44.7 %). The most common diagnoses were for infectious and parasite illnesses (21.8 %), factors that affected health status and contact with health services (13.7 %), respiratory diseases (11.8 %). A total of 81.0 % of all children were engaged in psychoactive substance abuse,smoking marijuana being the most common (80.0 %);84.0 % reported engaging in sexual activity. CONCLUSION: Infectious diseases, sexual activity and usingpsychoactive substances placed this population in a high vulnerability category. This situation demands that local health-policy makers guarantee thispopulation's constitutional right to health, through health-promotion programmes and sexual and reproductive health strategies to prevent disease and psychoactive substance abuse.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Child Behavior , Homeless Youth , Morbidity , Risk-Taking , Adolescent , Child , Colombia/epidemiology , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Community Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Female , Homeless Youth/psychology , Homeless Youth/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Male , Orphanages , Residence Characteristics , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urban Population , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable PopulationsABSTRACT
Objetivos Describir características, morbilidad atendida y conductas de riesgo para la salud de la niñez y adolescencia en situación de calle de Medellín. Metodología Estudio observacional descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se revisaron historias clínicas de niños, niñas y adolescentes que recibieron atención médica en cinco instituciones de protección entre enero y diciembre del 2008. El análisis incluyo análisis uni y bivariado con las variables de interés. La edad fue agrupada en: niños y niñas (0-12 años) y adolescentes (13-17 años). Resultados Se incluyeron 483 historias clínicas. El 73,1 por ciento de los registros del sexo masculino, 73,1 por ciento adolescentes y 44,7 por ciento residían en la calle. Los principales diagnósticos fueron: Ciertas enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias (18,3 por ciento), factores que influyen con el estado de salud y contacto con servicios de salud (13,7 por ciento), enfermedades del sistema respiratorio (11,8 por ciento). El 81,0 por ciento consumían sustancias sicoactivas, la más consumida fue la marihuana (80,0 por ciento). El 84,0 por ciento reporta actividad sexual. Conclusión La morbilidad atendida, su actividad sexual y consumo de sicoactivos evidencian una alta vulnerabilidad en salud en este grupo poblacional. Esto exige a instancias de planificación y dirección de políticas públicas en salud la garantía de su derecho constitucional a la salud a través de la ejecución de programas de promoción de la salud y la salud sexual y reproductiva y de estrategias para la prevención de enfermedades y del consumo de sicoactivos.
Objectives Describing the characteristics, morbidity and risk behaviour of street children from Medellin. Methodology This was a descriptive, retrospective study. The medical charts of children aged less than 17 who sought medical attention in five protection institutions in Medellin during 2008 were reviewed. The analysis included descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis. Age was categorised into two groups: boys/girls (0- 12 years) and adolescents (13-17 years). Results The following characteristicswere found after reviewing 483 medical charts: being male (73.1 percent), adolescent (73.1 percent) and living in the streets (44.7 percent). The most common diagnoses were for infectious and parasite illnesses (21.8 percent), factors that affected health status and contact with health services (13.7 percent), respiratory diseases (11.8 percent). A total of 81.0 percent of all children were engaged in psychoactive substance abuse,smoking marijuana being the most common (80.0 percent);84.0 percent reported engaging in sexual activity. Conclusion Infectious diseases, sexual activity and usingpsychoactive substances placed this population in a high vulnerability category. This situation demands that local health-policy makers guarantee thispopulation's constitutional right to health, through health-promotion programmes and sexual and reproductive health strategies to prevent disease and psychoactive substance abuse.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Adolescent Behavior , Child Behavior , Homeless Youth , Morbidity , Risk-Taking , Colombia/epidemiology , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Community Health Services , Homeless Youth/psychology , Homeless Youth/statistics & numerical data , Orphanages , Surveys and Questionnaires , Residence Characteristics , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Urban Population , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable PopulationsABSTRACT
El campylobacter pylori, bacilo curvo gramnegativo asociado a enfermedades gastroduodenales, ha sido investigado en un grupo de pacientes de 17 a 86 años mediante prueba de ureasa, coloración de Gram y cultivo, de 71 biopsias de tejido gástrico o duodenal. El microorganismo fue identificado en 46 pacientes para el 64,7 por ciento . la prueba de Gram resultó muy específica(100 por ciento ) y sensible(75 por ciento ), no así la ureasa, la cual tuvo el 78 por ciento de especificidad y el 86 por ciento de sensibilidad. Lamayoría de los casos positivos coincidió con pacientes que sobrepasaban la tercera década de la vida. Con este trabajo, logramos montar una técnica útil y factible de realizar en el laboratorio de un hospital, además de abrir un campo de investigación sobre este nuevo microorganismo